How to Allocate White Space in Ad Design? The Impact of Product Layouts on Perceived Entitativity and Advertising Performance

References

• Amazon. 2022. “Sponsored Display.” Amazon Advertising. https://advertising.amazon.com/ solutions/products/sponsored-display.
   Google Scholar
• Ambler, T., and E. A. Hollier. 2004. “The Waste in Advertising Is the Part That Works.” Journal of Advertising Research 44 (4):375–89. doi:10.1017/S0021849904040413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, D. M., and R. C. Burnett. 2011. “A Group Construal Account of Drop-in-The-Bucket Thinking in Policy Preference and Moral Judgment.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47 (1):50–7. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.003
   Google Scholar
• Behrens, R. R. 1998. “Art, Design and Gestalt Theory.” Leonardo 31 (4):299–303. doi:10.2307/1576669
   Google Scholar
• Bernardo, F., J. M. Palma-Oliveira. 2022. “Tell Me Where You Live… How the Perceived Entitativity of Neighborhoods Determines the Formation of Impressions about Their Residents.” Frontiers in Psychology 13:1–17. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.821786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, C. F., R. G. Sarasa, and C. O. Sanclemente. 2010. “Effects of Visual and Textual Information in Online Product Presentations: Looking for the Best Combination in Website Design.” European Journal of Information Systems 19 (6):668–86. doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Book, A. C., and C. D. Schick. 1997. Fundamentals of Copy & Layout. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, M. B., and A. S. Harasty. 1996. “Seeing Groups as Entities: The Role of Perceiver Motivation.” In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, Vol. 3. The Interpersonal Context, edited by R. M. Sorrentino and E. T. Higgins, 347–70. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. T. 1958. “Common Fate, Similarity, and Other Indices of the Status of Aggregates of Persons as Social Entities.” Behavioral Science 3 (1):14–25. doi:10.1002/bs.3830030103
   Google Scholar
• Castelo, N., M. W. Bos, and D. R. Lehmann. 2019. “Task-Dependent Algorithm Aversion.” Journal of Marketing Research 56 (5):809–25. doi:10.1177/0022243719851788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, I. A., A. C. Morales, and S. M. Nowlis. 2013. “The Influence of Disorganized Shelf Displays and Limited Product Quantity on Consumer Purchase.” Journal of Marketing 77 (4):118–33. doi:10.1509/jm.11.0495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J. K., and D. T. Wegener. 2009. “Source Entitativity and the Elaboration of Persuasive Messages: The Roles of Perceived Efficacy and Message Discrepancy.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 (1):42–57. doi:10.1037/a0015450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlen, M., and S. Rosengren. 2016. “If Advertising Won’t Die, What Will It Be? Toward a Working Definition of Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 45 (3):334–45. doi:10.1080/00913367.2016.1172387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, X., B. E. Kahn, H. R. Unnava, and H. Lee. 2016. “A “Wide” Variety: Effects of Horizontal versus Vertical Display on Assortment Processing, Perceived Variety, and Choice.” Journal of Marketing Research 53 (5):682–98. doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois, D., D. D. Rucker, and A. D. Galinsky. 2012. “Super Size Me: Product Size as a Signal of Status.” Journal of Consumer Research 38 (6):1047–62. doi:10.1086/661890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisend, M. 2008. “Explaining the Impact of Scarcity Appeals in Advertising: The Mediating Role of Perceptions of Susceptibility.” Journal of Advertising 37 (3):33–40. doi:10.2753/JOA0091-3367370303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facebook. 2022. “Facebook Ads Guide.” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/business/ads-guide/image
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, D. 1996. “Can Pictures Be Arguments?” Argumentation and Advocacy 33 (1):11–22.
   Google Scholar
• Google. 2022. “Uploaded Display Ads Specifications.” Google Ads Help. https://support.google.com/google-ads/answer/1722096?hl=en&ref_topic=10274147#zippy=%2Animated-and-non-animated-image-ads.
   Google Scholar
• Graf, L. K., S. Mayer, and J. R. Landwehr. 2018. “Measuring Processing Fluency: One versus Five Items.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 28 (3):393–411. doi:10.1002/jcpy.1021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, T., and H. Hagtvedt. 2021. “Safe Together, Vulnerable apart: How Interstitial Space in Text Logos Impacts Brand Attitudes in Tight versus Loose Cultures.” Journal of Consumer Research 48 (3):474–91. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucab006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagtvedt, H. 2011. “The Impact of Incomplete Typeface Logos on Perceptions of the Firm.” Journal of Marketing 75 (4):86–93. doi:10.1509/jmkg.75.4.86
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, D. L., S. J. Sherman, and B. Lickel. 1998. “Perceptions of Groups: The Importance of the Entitativity Continuum.” In Intergroup Cognition and Intergroup Behavior, edited by C. Sedikides, J. Schopler, and C. A. Insko, 47–74. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. 2017. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heinecke, L. 2021, March 5. “Google Ads Display Ad Sizes: Your Ad Specs Cheat Sheet.” Linear. https://lineardesign.com/blog/google-ads-display-ad-sizes/.
   Google Scholar
• Hipp, J. R., and A. J. Perrin. 2009. “The Simultaneous Effect of Social Distance and Physical Distance on the Formation of Neighborhood Ties.” City & Community 8 (1):5–25. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01267.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huseynova, A. 2020, May 13. “Never Underestimate the Importance of White Space.” Attention Insight. https://attentioninsight.com/importance-of-white-space/.
   Google Scholar
• Interbrand. 2022, July 27. “Best Global Brands.” https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/.
   Google Scholar
• Irvin, M. 2022, May 20. “Google Ads Benchmarks for Your Industry [Updated!].” WordStream. https://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2016/02/29/google-adwords-industry-benchmarks.
   Google Scholar
• Jewler, J. A., and B. Drewniany. 2001. Creative Strategy in Advertising. 7th ed. New York: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, B. E. 2017. “Using Visual Design to Improve Customer Perceptions of Online Assortments.” Journal of Retailing 93 (1):29–42. doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2016.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., C. T. Allen, and F. R. Kardes. 1996. “An Investigation of the Mediational Mechanisms Underlying Attitudinal Conditioning.” Journal of Marketing Research 33 (3):318–28. doi:10.1177/002224379603300306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimchi, R. 1992. “Primacy of Wholistic Processing and Global/Local Paradigm: A Critical Review.” Psychological Bulletin 112 (1):24–38. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, V., and S. Gupta. 2016. “Conceptualizing the Evolution and Future of Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 45 (3):302–17. doi:10.1080/00913367.2016.1199335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, H., Y. Zhang, M. Puzakova, and T. Moriguchi. 2020. “Going It Alone or Together: The Role of Space between Products on Consumer Perceptions of Price Promotions.” International Journal of Advertising 39 (7):1086–114. doi:10.1080/02650487.2020.1753443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, C. M. C., X. Dai, and R. S. Wyer, Jr. 2017. “Contextual Influences on Message Persuasion: The Effect of Empty Space.” Journal of Consumer Research 44 (2):448–64. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, J., and D. Nayakankuppam. 2015. “Strength without Elaboration: The Role of Implicit Self-Theories in Forming and Accessing Attitudes.” Journal of Consumer Research 42 (2):316–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., X. Deng, H. R. Unnava, and K. Fujita. 2014. “Monochrome Forests and Colorful Trees: The Effect of Black-and-White versus Color Imagery on Construal Level.” Journal of Consumer Research 41 (4):1015–32. doi:10.1086/678392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lickel, B., D. L. Hamilton, G. Wieczorkowska, A. Lewis, S. J. Sherman, and A. N. Uhles. 2000. “Varieties of Groups and the Perception of Group Entitativity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2):223–46. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinnon, S. P., C. H. Jordan, and A. E. Wilson. 2011. “Birds of a Feather Sit Together: Physical Similarity Predicts Seating Choice.” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 37 (7):879–92. doi:10.1177/0146167211402094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell, A. R., S. J. Sherman, and D. L. Hamilton. 1997. “Target Entitativity: Implications for Information Processing about Individual and Group Targets.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (4):750–62. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.72.4.750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogury. 2022, July 25. “The Evolution of Advertising Placements.” https://ogury.com/blog/the-evolution-of-advertising-placements/.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, G. D., J. W. Pracejus, and T. C. O’Guinn. 2012. “Print Advertising: White Space.” Journal of Business Research 65 (6):855–60. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, C. L., and D. A. Perrott. 2004. “Shall I Compare Thee? Perceived Entitativity and Ease of Comparison.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40 (3):283–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00121-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pracejus, J. W., T. C. O’Guinn, and G. D. Olsen. 2013. “When White Space Is More than “Burning Money”: Economic Signaling Meets Visual Commercial Rhetoric.” International Journal of Research in Marketing 30 (3):211–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pracejus, J. W., G. D. Olsen, and T. C. O’Guinn. 2006. “How Nothing Became Something: White Space, Rhetoric, History, and Meaning.” Journal of Consumer Research 33 (1):82–90. doi:10.1086/504138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds-McIlnay, R., M. Morrin, and J. Nordfält. 2017. “How Product–Environment Brightness Contrast and Product Disarray Impact Consumer Choice in Retail Environments.” Journal of Retailing 93 (3):266–82. doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2017.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocheleau, J. 2016, June 15. “The Guide to Understanding Micro and Macro White Space in Web Design.” Vandelay Design. https://www.vandelaydesign.com/micro-macro-white-space-in-web-design/
   Google Scholar
• Roggeveen, A. L., D. Grewal, C. Townsend, and R. Krishnan. 2015. “The Impact of Dynamic Presentation Format on Consumer Preferences for Hedonic Products and Services.” Journal of Marketing 79 (6):34–49. doi:10.1509/jm.13.0521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarantopoulos, P., A. Theotokis, K. Pramatari, and A. L. Roggeveen. 2019. “The Impact of a Complement-Based Assortment Organization on Purchases.” Journal of Marketing Research 56 (3):459–78. doi:10.1177/0022243718823698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreuder, R., G. B. Flores d‘Arcais, and G. Glazenborg. 1984. “Effects of Perceptual and Conceptual Similarity in Semantic Priming.” Psychological Research 45 (4):339–54. doi:10.1007/BF00309710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevilla, J., and C. Townsend. 2016. “The Space-to-Product Ratio Effect: How Interstitial Space Influences Product Aesthetic Appeal, Store Perceptions, and Product Preference.” Journal of Marketing Research 53 (5):665–81. doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, N. 2021. “The Effects of Matching Empty Ad Space Color to Featured Product’s Color on Consumer Buying Impulse.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 38 (3):262–71. doi:10.1108/JCM-10-2019-3477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, N., and J. R. Stock. 2022. “The Moderating Impact of Product Shadows on Ad Effectiveness Perceptions for Gestalt Versus Component Product Frames, Product Presentation Color, and Consumer Visual Processing Modes.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 39 (4):345–57. doi:10.1108/JCM-04-2020-3776
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, N., and L. Monahan. 2019. “Product Performance Implications of Framing White Space in Advertising.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 36 (7):977–85. doi:10.1108/JCM-05-2018-2679
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, N., and S. Varki. 2018. “Active White Space (AWS) in Logo Designs: Effects on Logo Evaluations and Brand Communication.” Journal of Advertising 47 (3):270–81. doi:10.1080/00913367.2018.1463880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. W., and J. P. Redden. 2020. “The Role of Holistic Processing in Simultaneous Consumption.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 91:104023. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. R. 2022. “Research on Advertising in the Metaverse: A Call to Action.” International Journal of Advertising 41 (3):383–4. doi:10.1080/02650487.2022.2058786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To, R. N., and V. M. Patrick. 2021. “How the Eyes Connect to the Heart: The Influence of Eye Gaze Direction on Advertising Effectiveness.” Journal of Consumer Research 48 (1):123–46. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, C., and B. E. Kahn. 2014. “The “Visual Preference Heuristic”: The Influence of Visual versus Verbal Depiction on Assortment Processing, Perceived Variety, and Choice Overload.” Journal of Consumer Research 40 (5):993–1015. doi:10.1086/673521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, A. 1998. “The Perception of Features and Objects.” Visual Attention 8:26–54.
   Google Scholar
• Vanbergen, N., C. Irmak, and J. Sevilla. 2020. “Product Entitativity: How the Presence of Product Replicates Increases Perceived and Actual Product Efficacy.” Journal of Consumer Research 47 (2):192–214. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., J. Hoegg, and D. W. Dahl. 2018. “The Impact of a Sales Team’s Perceived Entitativity on Customer Satisfaction.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 46 (2):190–211. doi:10.1007/s11747-017-0573-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., X. He, and F. Liu. 2016. “From Similitude to Success: The Effects of Facial Resemblance on Perceptions of Team Effectiveness.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied 22 (1):48–58. doi:10.1037/xap0000068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Won, A. S., K. Shriram, and D. I. Tamir. 2018. “Social Distance Increases Perceived Physical Distance.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 9 (3):372–80. doi:10.1177/1948550617707017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., H. Kwak, M. Puzakova, and C. R. Taylor. 2021. “Space between Products on Display: The Impact of Interspace on Consumer Estimation of Product Size.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 49 (6):1109–31. doi:10.1007/s11747-021-00772-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar