PedBotLab: A Novel Video Game–Based Robotic Ankle Platform Created for Therapeutic Exercise for Children With Neurological Impairments

References

• Alhusaini, A. A. A., Dean, C. M., Crosbie, J., Shepherd, R. B., & Lewis, J. (2010). Evaluation of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy using Ashworth and Tardieu Scales compared with laboratory measures. Journal of Child Neurology, 25(10), 1242–1247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073810362266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, A. W., Thomas, M. W., & Bohannon, R. W. (1996). Normative values for isometric muscle force measurements obtained with hand-held dynamometers. Physical Therapy, 76(3), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/76.3.248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahrami, F., Noorizadeh Dehkordi, S., & Dadgoo, M. (2017). Inter and Intra Rater Reliability of the 10 Meter Walk Test in the Community Dweller Adults with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 11(1), 57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailes, A. F., Greve, K., Long, J., Kurowski, B. G., Vargus-Adams, J., Aronow, B., & Mitelpunkt, A. (2021). Describing the Delivery of evidence-based physical therapy intervention to individuals with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association, 33(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzer, J., Marsico, P., Mitteregger, E., van der Linden, M. L., Mercer, T. H., & van Hedel, H. J. A. (2016). Construct validity and reliability of the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(2), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12805 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baptista, C. R. J. A. d., Vicente, A. M., Souza, M. A., Cardoso, J., Ramalho, V. M., & Mattiello-Sverzut, A. C. (2020). Methods of 10-meter walk test and repercussions for reliability obtained in typically developing children. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2020, 4209812–4209817. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4209812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayon, C., & Raya, R. (2016). Robotic therapies for children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Translational Biomedicine, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21767/2172-0479.100044
   Google Scholar
• Cada, E. A., & O’Shea, R. K. (2008). Identifying barriers to occupational and physical therapy services for children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 1(2), 127–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, C., Shen, I.-hsuan., Chen, C., Wu, C., Liu, W., & Chung, C. (2013). Validity, responsiveness, minimal detectable change, and minimal clinically important change of Pediatric Balance Scale in children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(3), 916–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.11.006 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarello, L. A., O'Neil, M., Dichter, C. G., Westcott, S. L., Orlin, M., Marchese, V. G., Tieman, B., & Rose, R. U. (2005). Exploring physical therapy clinical decision making for children with spastic diplegia: Survey of pediatric practice. Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association, 17(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pep.0000154105.19384.d3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley, C., Kovelman, S., Belschner, J., Cleary, K., Schladen, M., Evans, S. H., Salvador, T., Monfaredi, R., Fooladi Talari, H., Slagle, J., & Rana, M. S. (2022). PedBotHome: A video game-based robotic ankle device created for home exercise in children with neurological impairments. Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association, 34(2), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusick, B. (2012). Neuro-Orthopedic Development & Rehabilitation: Optimizing Movement Training and Minimizing Deformities using Orthotics Modifications and Theratogs Orthotic Systems. [Course Manual] Progressive Gaitways of Telluride.
   Google Scholar
• Deleu, P.-A., Chèze, L., Dumas, R., Besse, J.-L., Leemrijse, T., Devos Bevernage, B., Birch, I., & Naaim, A. (2020). Intrinsic foot joints adapt a stabilized-resistive configuration during the stance phase. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 13(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-020-0381-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhote, S. N., Khatri, P. A., & Ganvir, S. S. (2012). Reliability of “Modified timed up and go” test in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences, 7(2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1745.102564
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dos Anjos, S., Morris, D., & Taub, E. (2020). Constraint-induced movement therapy for lower extremity function: Describing the LE-CIMT protocol. Physical Therapy, 100(4), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elon University. (2015). Tests & Measures: A Resource for Pediatric Physical Therapy Practitioners / Timed ‘Up and Go’ in Children (TUG-IC). Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://blogs.elon.edu/ptkids/2015/03/12/timed-up-and-go-in-children/
   Google Scholar
• Fosang, A. L., Galea, M. P., McCoy, A. T., Reddihough, D. S., & Story, I. (2003). Measures of muscle and joint performance in the lower limb of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 45(10), 664–670. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162203001245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, E. G., Staudt, L. A., Greenberg, M. B., & Oppenheim, W. L. (2009). Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE): Development, validation, and interrater reliability of a clinical tool for patients with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51(8), 607–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03186.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franjoine, M. R., Gunther, J. S., & Taylor, M. J. (2003). Pediatric balance scale: A modified version of the berg balance scale for the school-age child with mild to moderate motor impairment. Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association, 15(2), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PEP.0000068117.48023.18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franki, I., Desloovere, K., De Cat, J., Feys, H., Molenaers, G., Calders, P., Vanderstraeten, G., Himpens, E., & Van Broeck, C. (2012). The evidence-base for basic physical therapy techniques targeting lower limb function in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a conceptual framework. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(5), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajdosik, R. L., & Bohannon, R. W. (1987). Clinical measurement of range of motion. Review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Physical Therapy, 67(12), 1867–1872. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/67.12.1867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, S.-M., Tung, L.-C., Tang, Y.-H., & Wang, C.-H. (2008). Psychometric properties of functional balance assessment in children with cerebral palsy. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 22(6), 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968308316474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracies, J.-M., Burke, K., Clegg, N. J., Browne, R., Rushing, C., Fehlings, D., Matthews, D., Tilton, A., & Delgado, M. R. (2010). Reliability of the Tardieu Scale for assessing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(3), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hof, A. L., Van Zandwijk, J. P., & Bobbert, M. F. (2002). Mechanics of human triceps surae muscle in walking, running and jumping. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 174(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.00917.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang, C. E., MacDonald, J. R., & Gnip, C. (2007). Counting repetitions: An observational study of outpatient therapy for people with hemiparesis post-stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy: JNPT, 31(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.npt.0000260568.31746.34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim, H. (2015). Correlation between the selective control assessment of lower extremity and pediatric balance scale scores in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(12), 3645–3649. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.3645
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, L., Baker, R., & Harvey, A. (2010). A systematic review of common physiotherapy interventions in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 30(4), 294–312. https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2010.500581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, Q., Zhang, M., Wang, C., & Li, H. (2018). Towards optimal platform-based robot design for ankle rehabilitation: The state of the art and future prospects. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2018, 1534247–1534249. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1534247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll, I., Vles, J. S. H., Soudant, D. L. H. M., Witlox, A. M. A., Staal, H. M., Speth, L. A. W. M., Janssen-Potten, Y. J. M., Coenen, M., Koudijs, S. M., & Vermeulen, R. J. (2017). Functional electrical stimulation of the ankle dorsiflexors during walking in spastic cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 59(12), 1230–1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau, N. G., Bodkin, A. W., Bjornson, K., Hobbs, A., Soileau, M., & Lahasky, K. (2016). Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Interventions to Improve Gait Speed in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Physical Therapy, 96(12), 1938–1954. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutlu, A., Livanelioglu, A., & Gunel, M. K. (2007). Reliability of goniometric measurements in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 13(7), CR323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, E. (2016). Chapter 19, Normal gait kinematics and kinetics. In M. Rahlin (Ed.), Physical Therapy for Children with Cerebral Palsy: An Evidenced Based Approach. Slack Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Page, Z. E., Barrington, S., Edwards, J., & Barnett, L. M. (2017). Do active video games benefit the motor skill development of non-typically developing children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(12), 1087–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, D. R., Neelakantan, M., Pandher, K., & Merrick, J. (2020). Cerebral palsy in children: A clinical overview. Translational Pediatrics, 9(Suppl 1), S125–S135. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.01.01 
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry, J., Hsu, J. D., Michael, J. W., & Fisk, J. R. (2008). Chapter 5, Normal and pathological gait. In American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices (4th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, D. M., McPherson, A. K., Fletcher, B., McClenaghan, B. A., & Fritz, S. L. (2013). Counting repetitions: An observational study of video game play in people with chronic poststroke hemiparesis. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy: JNPT, 37(3), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0b013e31829ee9bc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraswat, P., MacWilliams, B. A., Davis, R. B., & D'Astous, J. L. (2014). Kinematics and kinetics of normal and planovalgus feet during walking. Gait & Posture, 39(1), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schladen, M., Koumpouros, Y., Choong, E., & Belschner, J. (2022). Chapter 4, Interactive computer play in the pursuit of gait optimization for children with cerebral palsy: Home, video games, and motivation. In F. Stasolla, Assitive Technologies for Assessment and Recovery of Neurological Impairments. IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Shirley Ryan AbilityLab. (2014). 10 Meter Walk Test. Retrieved November 8, 2022, from https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/10-meter-walk-test
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, D. H., Cooper, L., & Daniel, D. (1980). The role of the ankle plantar flexors in normal walking. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 62(3), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198062030-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, N. F., Dodd, K. J., & Graham, H. K. (2004). Test-retest reliability of hand-held dynamometric strength testing in young people with cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(1), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00379-4 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebani, A., & Marret, S. (2021). Early intervention in cerebral palsy and beyond. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(8), 785–787. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedroff, K., Knutson, L. M., & Soderberg, G. L. (2006). Synergistic muscle activation during maximum voluntary contractions in children with and without spastic cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48(10), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206001721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitrikas, K., Dalton, H., & Breish, D. (2020). Cerebral palsy: An overview. American Family Physician, 101(4), 213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., Davies, T. C., & Xie, S. (2013). Effectiveness of robot-assisted therapy on ankle rehabilitation – a systematic review. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 10(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-10-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar