References
- Adelfio, M., Serrano-Estrada, L., Martí-Ciriquián, P., Kain, J.-H., & Stenberg, J. (2020). Social activity in Gothenburg’s intermediate city: Mapping third places through social media data. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 13(4), 985–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09338-3
- Alexander, B. (2019). Commercial, social and experiential convergence: Fashion’s third places. The Journal of Services Marketing, 33(3), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-04-2018-0116
- Bach, B., Pietriga, E., & Fekete, J.-D. (2014). Visualizing dynamic networks with matrix cubes. In M. Jones & P. Palanque (Eds.), Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Toronto, Canada (pp. 877–886). HAL. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557010
- Bendapudi, N., & Berry, L. L. (1992). Customers’ motivations for maintaining relationships with service providers. Journal of Retailing, 73(1), 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90013-0
- Bhatia, G. (2019, October 4). Cities for Public Enjoyment: Where Are the Spaces in Indian Cities That Can Take Us Away from Daily Routine?. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/cities-for-public-enjoyment-where-are-the-spaces-in-indian-cities-that-can-take-us-away-from-daily-routine/
- Biloria, N. (2021). From smart to empathic cities. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2020.10.001
- Bosman, C., & Dolley, J. (2019). Rethinking third places: informal public spaces and community building. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A., & Charlton, M. (1996). Geographically weighted regression: A method for exploring spatial nonstationarity. Geographical Analysis, 28(4), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x
- Cabras, I., & Mount, M. (2017). Assessing the impact of pubs on community cohesion and well-being in the English countryside. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 489–506. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2015-0717
- Camille. (2018). Camille’s blog – GEOB479 research in GIScience. UBC. Retrieved from, https://blogs.ubc.ca/cpotiergeob479/labs/lab-3-introduction-to-geographically-weighted-regression/
- Camp, B. (2015). A study of Third Place: Benefits of shared leisure practices in public gathering places [PhD Thesis]. Middle Tennessee State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
- Cantillon, Z., & Baker, S. (2018). DIY heritage institutions as Third Places: Caring, community and wellbeing among volunteers at the Australian Jazz Museum. Leisure Sciences.
- Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
- Crick, A. (2011a). New third places: Opportunities and challenges. In A. Woodside (Eds.), Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research (pp. 63–77). Emerald Group.
- Crick, A. (2011b). Rethinking Oldenburg: Third Places and generation Y in a developing country contex. 2011 ICHRIE Conference, ScholarWorks@UMass, Amherst.
- Cristino, S. (2019). The community concourse: Parks serve as “Third Places” in NYC Neighborhoods. NRPA. Retrieved from, https://www.nrpa.org/blog/the-community-concourse-parks-serve-as-third-places-in-nyc-neighborhoods/
- ESRI. (2021). Interpreting GWR Results. ArcMap. Retrieved from, https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/tools/spatial-statistics-toolbox/interpreting-gwr-results.htm#:~:text=Its%20value%20varies%20from%200.0,of%20squared%20dependent%20variable%20values
- Getis, A., & Ord, J. (1992). The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24(3), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
- Goosen, Z., & Cilliers, E. (2018). Third places for social sustainability: A planning framework based on local and international comparisons. International Journal of Urban and Civil Engineering, 12(3), 204–208. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1315982
- Goosen, Z., & Cilliers, E. (2020). Enhancing social sustainability through the planning of third places: A theory-based framework. Social Indicators Research, 150(3), 835–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02350-7
- Hägerstraand, T. (1970). what about people in regional science? Papers in Regional Science, 21(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1970.tb01464.x
- Haque, I., Mehta, S., & Kumar, A. (2019). Towards sustainable and inclusive cities: The case of Kolkata. Observer Research Foundation.
- Houghton, K., Foth, M., & Miller, E. (2013). The continuing relevance of the library as a third place for users and non-users of IT: The case of Canada Bay. The Australian Library Journal, 62(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049670.2013.771764
- Hutchinson, S. L., & Gallant, K. A. (2019). Can senior centres be contexts for aging in third places. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(1), 50–68. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2016-v48-i1-6263
- Jin, H.-Y., Cho, J., Kim, Y., & Lim, L. (2024). Can residents access leisure spaces in our city: Investigating the Leisure Space Distribution in Seoul, South Korea. leisure sciences, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2024.2305661
- Johnson, M. (2022). Third Places in Seattle. ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved from, https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/72d8598b6d584c81b82172401f45fe19
- Kansara, D., & Mishra, M. (2020, March 20). Indian restaurant & food service industry update. CARE Ratings. Retrieved from, https://www.careratings.com/uploads/newsfiles/Restaurants%20%20QSRs_Mar2020.pdf
- Kortas, F., Grigoriev, A., & Piccillo, G. (2022). Exploring multi-scale variability in hotspot mapping: A case study on housing prices and crime occurrences in Heerlen. Cities, 128, 103814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103814
- Lak, A., Sharifi, A., Badr, S., Zali, A., Maher, A., Mostafavi, E., & Khalili, D. (2021). Spatio-temporal patterns of the COVID-19 pandemic, and place-based influential factors at the neighborhood scale in Tehran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 72(72), 103034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103034
- Lan, Y.-P., & Clements, C. J. (2000). Consumer leisure behavior change based on the new weekend policy in Taiwan, R.O.C. University of Wisconsin–Stout.
- Leo, W., & Jeffres, C. C. (2009). The impact of third places on community quality of life. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 4(4), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-009-9084-8
- Lin, E. (2012). Starbucks as the Third Place: Glimpses into Taiwan’s consumer culture and lifestyles. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 24(1–2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2012.650142
- Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Jin, S. T., & Liu, Y. (2020). Spatial pattern of leisure activities among residents in Beijing, China: Exploring the impacts of urban environment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, 101806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101806
- Mair, H. (2009). Club life: Third Place and shared leisure in Rural Canada. Leisure Sciences, 31(5), 450–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400903199740
- Mehta, V., & Bosson, J. (2010). Third places and the social life of streets. Environment & Behavior, 42(6), 779–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509344677
- Mikunda, C. (2004). Brand lands, hot spots and cool spaces: Welcome to the Third Place and the total marketing experience. Kogan Page.
- Miller, H. J. (2005). A measurement theory for time geography. Geographical Analysis, 37(1), 17–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2005.00575.x
- MJV Team. (2020). Third place and the starbucks empire: The user experience at the heart of strategy. MJV. Retrieved from, https://www.mjvinnovation.com/blog/third-place-and-the-starbucks-empire-the-user-experience-at-the-heart-of-strategy/
- Morisson, A. (2018). A typology of places in the knowledge economy: Towards the fourth place. In F. D. Calabrò (Eds.), Smart innovation, systems and technologies (Vol. 100, pp. 444–451). Springer.
- NSSO. (2015). Literacy Rate at 71% in Rural India, 86% in Urban: Survey. The Economic Times. https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/indicators/april-rings-in-good-times-as-gst-collections-rise-inflation-eases/articleshow/100428617.cms
- Oldenberg, R. (1989). The great good place: Cafes, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community. De Capo press.
- Pacione, M. (2001). Urban geography – a global perspective. Routledge.
- PPS. (2008, December 31). Ray Oldenburg. Project for Public Spaces. Retrieved from, https://www.pps.org/article/roldenburg
- Pritchard, M. P., Howard, D. R., & Havitz, M. E. (1992). Loyalty measurement: A critical examination and theoretical extensions. Leisure Sciences, 14(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513164
- Purnell, D. (2019). Public parks: Third places or places eliciting moral panic? Qualitative Inquiry, 25(6), 531–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800418806612
- Ramanathan, S. (2018). India must revive or build third places in its cities. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/india-must-revive-or-build-third-places-in-its-cities/story-HeROmnlBLPjxcOwB5w0m8M.html
- Raubal, M., Miller, H. J., & Bridwell, S. (2004). User-centered time geography for location-based services. Geografiska annaler Series B, Human geography, 86(4), 245–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00166.x
- Research Department, S. (2021, April 23). Number of organized cafe chains across India in 2017, with an estimate for 2020. Statista. Retrieved from, https://www.statista.com/statistics/791311/india-number-of-organized-cafe-chains/#statisticContainer
- Rosenbaum, M. (2006). Exploring the social supportive role of Third Places in consumers’ lives. Journal of Service Research, 9(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670506289530
- Sandiford, P. J. (2019). The Third Place as an evolving concept for hospitality researchers and managers. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(7), 1092–1111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019855687
- Shah, M., & Haq, A. (2011). Journal of Environmental Protection, 2. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.25069
- Ta, N. (2023). Toward multidimensional activity space-based segregation research. Transactions in Planning and Urban Research, 2(2–3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/27541223231164781
- Thompson, C. J., & Arsel, Z. (2004). The Starbucks brandscape and consumers’ (anticorporate) experiences of glocalization. The Journal of Consumer Research, 31(3), 631–642. https://doi.org/10.1086/425098
- UNESCO. (2016). Culture urban future – global report on culture for sustainable urban development. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
- Wakelin, K. (2015). An online expressive writing group for people affected by cancer: A virtual Third Place. Australian Social Work, 68(2), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2014.991336
- Waxman, L. (2004). More than coffee: An examination of people, place, and community with implications for design (Report No. 3137505). The Florida State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
- Wexler, M., & Oberlander, J. (2017). The shifting discourse on third places: Ideological implications. Journal of Ideology, 38(1), 1–36. Article 4. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ji/vol38/iss1/4
- WPR. (2023). Kolkata Population 2023. World Population Review. Retrieved from, https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/kolkata-population
- Wu, L. L., Mattila, A. S., & Han, J. R. (2014). Territoriality revisited: Other customer’s perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 38, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.12.001
- Yin, L., & Shaw, S.-L. (2014). Exploring space–time paths in physical and social closeness spaces: A space–time GIS approach. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 29(5), 742–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2014.978869