114
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

SILURIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE PENTLAND HILLS, SCOTLAND

Brachiopodes Siluriens des Pentland Hills, Écosse

Silurische Brachiopoden aus den Pentland Hills, Schottland

Силурийские Брахиоподьі Пентлэнд Хиллс, Шотландия

&

REFERENCES

  • Amsden, T. W. 1951. Brachiopods of the Henryhouse Formation (Silurian) of Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 25, 69–96, 1 fig., pls 15–20.
  • Amsden, T. W. 1953. Some notes on the Pentameracea, including a description of one new genus and one new subfamily. Washington Academy of Sciences, Journal, 43, 137–147, 7 figs.
  • Amsden, T. W. 1968. Articulate brachiopods of the St. Clair Limestone (Silurian) Arkansas, and the Clarita Formation (Silurian), Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, Paleontological Society Memoir, 1, 1–117. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000062405
  • Amsden, T. W. 1974. Late Ordovician and early Silurian articulate brachiopods from Oklahoma., Southwestern Illinois, and eastern Missouri. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Geological Survey, 125, 1–75, pls 1–13.
  • Baarli, B. G. 1988. The Llandovery enteletacean brachiopods of the central Oslo Region, Norway. Palaeontology, 31, 1101–1129, pls 95-99.
  • Baarli, B. G. & Johnson, M. E. 1988. Biostratigraphy of key brachiopod lineages from the Llandovery Series (Lower Silurian) of the Oslo Region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 68, 259–274.
  • Bancroft, B. B. 1949. Welsh Valentian brachiopods and Strophomena antiqua group of fossil brachiopods. (edited by A. Lamont). Privately printed 16 pp., 3 pls. Mexborough.
  • Barrande, J. 1847. Über die Brachiopoden der silurischen Schichten von Böhmen. Naturwissenschaftlichen Abhandlungen. I Band. W. Haidinger. Wien. p. 357–475, pls 14–22. Also printed as: Ueber die Brachiopoden der silurischen Schichten von Böhmen. Haidingers Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (Wien) Band 1, Schrifttum, 357, 1–119, pls 14–22.
  • Barrande, J. 1848. Über die Brachiopoden dersilurischen Schichten von Böhmen. Naturwissen-schaftliche Abhandlungen, 2, 155–256, pls 15–23.
  • Barrande, J. 1879. Systême Silurien du Centre de la Bohême. Ière Partie. Recherches Paléontologiques, vol. 5. Classe des Mollusques: Ordre des Brachiopodes. Published by the author. Paris. 226 pp., 153 pls.
  • Bassett, M. G. 1972. The articulate brachiopods of the Wenlock Series of the Welsh Borderland and South Wales. Part 2. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 27–78, pls 4–17. (Publ. No. 532, part of Vol. 126 for 1972.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131719
  • Bassett, M. G. 1974. The articulate brachiopods of the Wenlock Series of the Welsh Borderland and South Wales. Part 3. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 79–122, pls 18–32. (Publ. No. 541, part of Vol. 128 for 1974.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131727
  • Bassett, M. G. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1974. A review of Silurian brachiopods from Gotland. Fossils and Strata, 3, 1–52. https://doi.org/10.18261/8200093492-1974-01
  • Batchelor, R. A. & Clarkson, E. N. K. 1993. Geochemistry of a Silurian metabentonite and associated apatite from the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills. Scottish Journal of Geology, 29, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg29020123
  • Beecher, C. E. 1891. Development of the Brachiopoda, Part I. Introduction. American Journal of Science, (series 3), 41, 343–357, pl. 17.
  • Bergström, J. 1968. Upper Ordovician brachiopods from Västergötland, Sweden. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 2, 1–35, pls 1–7.
  • Bergström, J. & Hageltorn, B. 1968. Remarks on two brachiopod species described by Linnæus. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 90, 111–112.
  • Bluck, B. J. 1985. The Scottish paratectonic Caledonides. Scottish Journal of Geology, 21, 437–464. https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg21040437
  • Bouček, B. 1941. O variabilitě ramenonožců Dayia navicula (Sow.) a Cyrtia exporrecta (Wahl.) a o použití metod variační statistiky v paleontologii. Rozpravy II. Třídy České Akademie, 22, 1–27.
  • Boucot, A. J. 1957. Revision of some Silurian and Early Devonian spiriferid genera and erection of Kozlowskiellinae. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 38, 311–334, pls 1–3.
  • Boucot, A. J. 1959. A new family and genus of Silurian orthotetacid brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 33, 25–28, pl. 3.
  • Boucot, A. J. 1963. The Eospiriferidae. Palaeontology, 5, 682–711, pls 97–104.
  • Boucot, A. J. 1964. A new genus of Silurian atrypacean brachiopod. Quadrangle Map Series Maine Geological Survey, 2, 105, pl. 2
  • Boucot, A. J. & Harper, C. W. 1968. Silurian to Middle Lower Devonian Chonetacea. Journal of Paleontology, 42, 143–176, pls 27–30.
  • Boucot, A. J. & Johnson, J. G. 1967. Silurian and Upper Ordovician Atrypids of the genera Plectatrypa and Spirigerina. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 47, 79–101, pl. 104.
  • Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G. & Staton, R. D. 1964. On some Atrypoid, Retzioid, and Athyridoid Brachiopoda. Journal of Paleontology, 38, 805–822.
  • Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., Harper, C. W. & Walmsley, V. G. 1966. Silurian brachiopods and gastropods of southern New Brunswick. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, 140, 1–45, pls 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4095/101458
  • Bronn, H. G. 1862. Die Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), vol. 3 (1). 518 pp., 44pls. C. F. Winter’sche Verlagshandlung. Leipzig & Heidelberg.
  • Brunton, C. H. C., Cocks;, L. R. M. & Dance, S. P. 1967. Brachiopods in the LINNÆAN Collection. Proceedings Linnaean Society. London, 178, 161–183, 4 pls.
  • Buch, Leopold von. 1834. Über Terebrateln, mit einem Versuch sie zu classificiren und zu beschreiben. Physikalische Abhandlungen Königliche Akademie für Wissenchaften aus den Jahre 1833, 1–124, pl. 1–3.
  • Bull, E. E. 1987. Upper Llandovery dendroid graptolites from the Pentland Hills, Scotland. Palaeontology, 30, 117–140.
  • Bull, E. E. & Loydell, D. K. 1995. Uppermost Telychian graptolites from the North Esk Inlier. Scottish Journal of Geology, 31, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg31020163
  • Candela, Y., Harper, D. A. T. & Crighton, W. R. B. 2017. Notes on the brachiopod species from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills described by Lamont (1978). Scottish Journal of Geology, 53, 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2016-003
  • Caster, K. E. 1939. A Devonian fauna from Colombia. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 24, 1–218, pls 1–14.
  • Chen, P. & Jin, J. 2010. Evolution and environmental adaptation of the Late Ordovician–Early Devonian orthide brachiopod Dicoelosia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 39, 1–17.
  • Chernyshev, V. V. 1937. Siluriiskie Brakhiopody Mongolii i Tuvy [Silurian brachiopods of Mongolia and Tuva]. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Nauchno­Issledovatel’skii Komitet Mnr, Mongol’skoi Komissii, Trudy, 29, 1–94, 5 pls.
  • Chiang, K. K. 1971. Silurian Pentameracean brachiopods of the Fossil Hill Formation, Ontario. Journal of Paleontology, 45, 849–861.
  • Clarkson, E. N. K. 2000. Pentland Odyssey. Scottish Journal of Geology, 36, 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg36010008
  • Clarkson, E. N. K. & Harper, D. A. T. 2007. Life in the Pentlands sea. Palaeontological Association Field Guides to Fossils, 11, 30–35.
  • Clarkson, E. N. K. & Harper, D. A. T. 2016. Classic localities explained: Silurian of the Midland Valley of Scotland and Ireland. Geology Today, 32, 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12152
  • Clarkson, E. N. K., Harper, D. A. T. & Taylor, C. M. 2001. Scottish Silurian Shorelines. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 91, 479–487. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300008324
  • Clarkson, E. N. K., Harper, D. A. T., Taylor, C. M. & Anderson, L. I. (Eds) 2007. Silurian Fossils of the Pentland Hills, Scotland. Palaeontological Association Field Guides to Fossils 11, 218 pp.
  • Clarkson, E. N. K. & Taylor, C. M. 2002. The Deerhope Formation in the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills, Scotland. 29–44. In Wyse Jackson, P., Parkes, M. A. & Wood, R. (Eds). Studies in Palaeozoic palaeontology and biostratigraphy in honour of Charles Hepworth Holland. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 67, 260 pp.
  • Clarkson, E. N. K. & Taylor, C. M. 2007. Silurian rocks and fossils in the Pentland Hills. Palaeontological Association Field Guides to Fossils 11, 8–29.
  • Cloud, P. E. Jr. 1948a. Dicaelosia versus Bilobites. Journal of Paleontology, 22, 373–374.
  • Cloud, P. E. Jr. 1948b. Notes on Recent brachiopods. American Journal of Science, 246, 241–250. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.246.4.241
  • Cocks, L. R. M. 1967. Llandovery stropheodontids from the Welsh Borderland. Palaeontology, 10, 245–265, pls 37–39.
  • Cocks, L. R. M. 1968. Some strophomenacean brachiopods from the British Lower Silurian. Bulletin British Museum Natural History (Geology), 15, 1–322, 14 pls.
  • Cocks, L. R. M. 1970. Silurian brachiopods of the superfamily Plectambonitacea. Bulletin British Museum Natural History (Geology), 19, 142–199. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.313833
  • Cocks, L. R. M. 1978. A review of British Lower Palaeozoic brachiopods including a synoptic revision of Davidson’s monograph. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 256 pp. ( Publ. No. 549, part of Vol. 131 for 1977.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131735
  • Cocks, L. R. M. 2008. A revised review of British Lower Palaeozoic brachiopods. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 276 pp., pls 1–10. ( Publ. No. 629, part of Vol. 161 for 2007.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131809
  • Cocks, L. R. M. 2019. Llandovery brachiopods from England and Wales. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 1–262 pp., pls 1–41. ( Publ. No. 652, part of Vol. 172 for 2018.) https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.2018.1537165
  • Cocks, L. R. M. & Baarli, B. G. 1982. Late Llandovery brachiopods from the Oslo Region. Paleontological Contributions from the University of Oslo 278, 79–89, pls 1–3. IUGS Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy, Field Meeting Oslo Region 1982.
  • Cocks, L. R. M. & Rong, J-Y. 2019. A global analysis of distribution and endemism within Late Llandovery (Telychian) brachiopods. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 43, 406–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2019.1616111
  • Cocks, L. R. M. & Rong, J-Y. 2000. Order Strophomenida. In Kaesler, R. L. (Ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H Brachiopoda (Revised). Geological Society of America and Kansas University Press, 2, 216–348.
  • Cocks, L. R. M. & Worsley, D. 1993. Late Llandovery and Early Wenlock Stratigraphy and ecology in the Oslo Region. Bulletin British Museum Natural History (Geology), 49, 31–46. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.313804
  • Cocks, L. R. M., Holland, C. H. & Rickards, R. B. 1992. A revised correlation of Silurian rocks in the British Isles. Geological Society, London Special Reports, 21. https://doi.org/10.1144/sr21.1
  • Cocks, L. R. M., Woodcock, N. H., Rickards, R. B., Temple, J. T. & Lane, P. D. 1984. The Llandovery Series of the Type Area. Bulletin British Museum Natural History (Geology), 38, 131–182.
  • Conrad;, T. A. 1842. Observations on the Silurian and Devonian systems of the United States with descriptions of new organic remains. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 228–280, pl. 12–17.
  • Cooper, G. A. 1956. Chazyan and related brachiopods, parts I and II. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 127, Part I, 1025 pp., Part II, 1269 pls. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.125.3240.198-a
  • Cooper, G. A. & Muir-Wood, H. 1951. Brachiopod homonyms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 41, 195–196.
  • Copper, P. 1977. Zygospira and some related Ordovician and Silurian atrypoid brachiopods. Palaeontology, 20, 295–335, pls 37–40.
  • Copper, P. 1982. Early Silurian atrypoids from Manitoulin Island and Bruce Peninsula, Ontario. Journal of Paleontology, 56, 680–702, 3 pls., 8 text-figs.
  • Copper, P. 1996. New and revised genera of Wenlock-Ludlow Atrypids (Silurian Brachiopoda) from Gotland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 913–923. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000038609
  • Copper, P. 2004. Silurian (Late Llandovery-Ludlow) Atrypid Brachiopods from Gotland, Sweden and the Welsh Borderlands, Great Britain. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario. 215 pp. https://doi.org/10.1139/9780660190112
  • Cunningham, R. J. H. 1835. Essay on the Geology of the Lothians. Memoirs of the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh Vol. VII.
  • d’orbigny, A. 1847. Considérations zoologiques et géologiques sur les Brachiopodes ou Palliobranches. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances del’Académie des Sciences, 25, 193–195, 266–269.
  • d’orbigny, A. 1847-1849. Paléontologie Française, Terrains Crétacés, vol. 4, Brachiopoda. pp. 1–390, pls 490–599. Arthus Bertrand. Paris.
  • d’orbigny, A. 1850. Mémoire sur les Brachiopodes. II. Classification des Brachiopodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles de Zoologie, ( series 3), 13, 295–353. Published for 1847.
  • Dalman, J. W. 1828. Upställning och Beskrifning af de i sverige funne Terebratuliter. Kongliga Vetenskapsakademien Handlingar för År 1827, 85–155, pls 1–6.
  • Davidson, T. 1847. Observations on some of the Wenlock Limestone Brachiopoda, with descriptions of several new species. London Geological Journal, 1, 52–65, pls 12–13.
  • Davidson, T. 1848. Mémoire sur les Brachiopodes du Système Silurien supérieur de l’Angleterre. Société Géologique de France, Bulletin ( series 2) 5, 309–338, 370–374, 2 pls.
  • Davidson, T. 1866. A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda. Part VII, no. I. The Silurian Brachiopoda. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 1–88 pp., pls 1–12. (Publ. No. 84, part of Vol. 19 for 1866.)
  • Davidson, T. 1867. A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda. Part VII, no. II. The Silurian Brachiopoda. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 89–168 pp., pls 13–22. ( Publ. No. 87, part of Vol. 20 for 1867.)
  • Davidson, T. 1868. On the Upper Silurian Brachiopoda of the Pentland Hills and of Lesmahagow, in Lanarkshire. Geological Society of Glasgow, Transactions, 1, 1–24, pls 21–23.
  • Davidson, T. 1869. A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda. Part VII, no. III. The Silurian Brachiopoda. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 169–248, pls 23–37. ( Publ. No. 96, part of Vol. 22 for 1869.)
  • Davidson, T. 1871. A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda. Part VII, no. IV. The Silurian Brachiopoda. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 249–397, pls 38–50. ( Publ. No. 108, part of Vol. 24 for 1871.)
  • Davidson, T. 1881. Descriptions of new upper Silurian Brachiopoda from Shropshire. Geological Magazine, (2), 8, 145–156, pl. 5.
  • Davidson, T. 1882. A Monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda. Part V, no. I. Devonian and Silurian Supplements. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 1–134 pp., pls 1–7. ( Publ. No. 172, part of Vol. 36 for 1882.)
  • Davidson, T. 1883. A Monograph of the British Fossil Brachiopoda. Part V, no. II. Silurian Supplement. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 135–242 pp., pls 8–17. (Publ. No. 177, part of Vol. 37 for 1883.)
  • Dewing, K. 1999. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian strophomenid brachiopods of Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 17, 143 pp., 31 pls.
  • [Doyle, E. N. 1989. The biostratigraphy and sedimentology of the Lower Silurian (Llandovery) rocks of North Galway. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University College Galway, Galway, 198 pp., pls 1–18.]
  • Doyle, E. N., Harper, D. A. T. & Parkes, M. A. 1990. The Tonalee fauna: a deep-water shelly assemblage from the Llandovery rocks of the West of Ireland. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences, 10, 127–143.
  • Doyle, E. N., Höey, A. N. & Harper, D. A. T. 1991. The rhynchonellide brachiopod Eocoelia from the Upper Llandovery of Ireland and Scotland. Palaeontology, 34, 439–454.
  • Drot, J. 1964. Un nouveau genre de Rhynchonelloidea dans le Ludlow du Maroc présaharien. Notes et Mémoires du Service Géologique (Rabat), 23, 111–116, 1 pl.
  • Duméril, A. M. C. 1806. Zoologie analytique ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux. xxiv + 344 pp. Allais. Paris.
  • Foerste, A. F. 1909. Fossils from the Silurian formations of Tennessee, Indiana and Kentucky. Bulletin of the Denison University Science Laboratories, 14, 61–116, pls 1–4.
  • Frederiks, G. 1924. Ussuriiskii verkhnii paleozoi. I. Brachiopoda [Upper Paleozoic of the Ussuriland, I: Brachiopoda]. Materialy po Geologii i PoleznymIskopaemym Dal’nego Vostoka, 28, 1–53, 1 pl.
  • Fu, L-P. 1982. Brachiopods. In Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (Ed.). Palaeontological Atlas of Northwest China, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Volume 1. Precambrian and early Palaeozoic. Beijing Geological Publishing House, 95–179. [In Chinese].
  • [Gallagher, E. E. 2003. Silurian brachiopods from the Pentlands Hills, Scotland: taxonomy, diversity and disparity. Unpublished PhD thesis, National University of Ireland, Galway, 279 pp.]
  • Gallagher, E. E. & Harper, D. A. T. 2007. Brachiopods. Palaeontological Association Field Guide to Fossils, 11, 65–85.
  • Gill, T. 1871. Arrangement of the families of molluscs prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 227, 1–49.
  • Gillette, T. 1947. The Clinton of Western and Central New York. New York State Museum Bulletin, 341, 191 pp.
  • Gorjansky, V. Y. 1972. [Inarticulate brachiopods of the Cambro-Ordovician rocks of the northwest Russian platform], 127 pp., 2 pls. NEDRA, Leningrad. [In Russian].
  • Gorjansky, V. Y. & Popov;, L. E. 1985. Morphologiia, systematicheskoe polozhenie I proiskhozhdenie bezzamkovykh brachiopod s karbonatnoi rakovinoi [Morphology, systematic position and origin of inarticulate brachiopods with a carbonate shell]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1985, (3), 3–14, 5 figs, pl. 1 [In Russian].
  • Grabau, A. W. 1925. Summary of the faunas of the Sintan Shale. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of China, 7, 77–85.
  • Gray J. E. 1840. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition. 370 pp. British Museum. London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.144649
  • Gray J. E. 1848. On the arrangement of the Brachiopoda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ( series 2), 2, 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485809494742
  • Hall, J. 1843. Geology of New York. Part IV. Comprising the Survey of the Fourth Geological District. pp. 1–683, pls i–xix, tables 1–14. Carroll and Cook Printers. Albany.
  • Hall, J. 1847. Palaeontology of New York, vol. 1. Containing descriptions of the organic remains of the lower division of the New-York System. 338 pp., 100 pls. C. van Benthuysen. New York.
  • Hall, J. 1852. Palaeontology of New York, vol. 2. Containing descriptions of the organic remains of the lower middle division of the New-York System. 362 pp., 104 pls. C. van Benthuysen. Albany.
  • Hall, J. 1857. Descriptions of new species of Palaeozoic Fossils, from the Lower Helderberg, Oriskany Sandstone, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung Groups. New York State Cabinet of Natural History 10th Annual Report, Part C. Appendix. p. 41–186. Albany.
  • Hall, J. 1859. Descriptions and figures of the organic remains of the Lower Helderberg group and the Orískany sandstone. New York Geological Survey, Palaeontology, Vol. 3, Part 1, 52 pp.
  • Hall, J. 1863. Article XII. Notice of some new species of fossils from a locality of the Niagara Group, in Indiana; with a list of identified species from the same place. Albany Institute Transactions, 4, 195–228.
  • Hall, J. 1866. Descriptions of new species of Crinoidea and other Fossils from the Lower Silurian strata of the age of the Hudson-River Group and Trenton Limestone. 12 pp. Privately Distributed, Albany.
  • Hall, J. 1867. Descriptions and Figures of the Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. Palaeontology of New York, 4 (1), 1–428, 63 pls.
  • Hall, J. & Clarke, J. M. 1893. An introduction to the study of the genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda. New York Geological Survey, 8. Pt. 1 ( 1892): i–xvi, 1–367. Pls 1–20; Pt. 2 (1893): i–xvi, 1–394, pls 21–84.
  • Hall, J. & Whitfield, R. P. 1875. Descriptions of invertebrate fossils mainly from the Silurian System. Fossils of the Hudson River Group. Geological Survey of Ohio, Report 2 (part 2), 67–110, 4 pls.
  • Harper, C. W. 1973. Brachiopods of the Arisaig group (Silurian-Lower Devonian) of Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 215, 1–161, pls. I-XXVIII. https://doi.org/10.4095/102299
  • Harper, C. W. & Boucot, A. J. 1978. The Stropheodontacea. Palaeontographica, Abt. A., 162, 1–80, 50 pls, 7 tables, 4 figs.
  • Harper, C. W., Johnson, J. G. & Boucot, A. J. 1967. The Pholidostrophiinae (Brachiopoda; Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian.). Senckenbergiana lethaea, 48 (Part 5), 403–461, 10 pls.
  • Harper, D. A. T. 1984. Brachiopods from the Upper Ardmillan Succession (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Scotland, Part 1. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 1–78 pp., pls 1–11. ( Publ. No. 564, part of Vol. 136 for 1984.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131749
  • Harper, D. A. T. 1989. Brachiopods from the Upper Ardmillan Succession (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Scotland, Part 2. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 79–128 pp., pls 12–22. ( Publ. No. 579, part of Vol. 142 for 1988.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131804
  • Harper, D. A. T. 2006. Brachiopods from the Upper Ardmillan Succession (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Scotland, Part 3. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 129–187, pls 22–33. (Publ. No. 624, part of Vol. 159 for 2005.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131804
  • Haswell, G. C. 1865. On the Silurian Formation in the Pentland Hills. 47 pp., 4 pls. Edinburgh.
  • Havlíček, V. 1953. O nekolika novych ramenonozcích ceského a moravského stredního devonu [On some new brachiopods of the Czech and Moravian Middle Devonian]. Vestník Ústredního ústavu geologického, 28, 4–9, pls 1–2.
  • Havlíček, V. 1959. Spiriferidae v ceskem siluru a devonu (Brachiopoda). Ustredni ustav Geologicky, Rozpravy, 25, 71–72, 13 pls.
  • Havlíček, V. 1967. Brachiopoda of the suborder Strophomenidina in Czechoslovakia., Vydal Ustredni ustav geologicky v Academii, Nakladetelstvi Ceskoslovenske akademie ved, Prague, 235 pp., 89 text-figures, 52 pls.
  • Havlíček, V. 1978. New Spiriferids (Brachiopoda) of Pragian Age (Lower Devonian, Bohemia). Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, Vestnik, 53, 103–106, 2 pls.
  • Havlíček, V. 1980. New Eospiriferinae (Brachiopoda) in Bohemia. Sbornik Geologických Vĕd, Paleontologie, 23, 7–48, pl. XI.
  • Havlíček, V. 1984. Lissatrypa (Brachiopoda; Silurian, Lower Devonian) in Bohemia. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho, 59, 217–226, pls I–IV.
  • Havlíček, V. 1987. New genera of Silurian brachiopods. Vĕstník Ústředního ústavu geologického, 62, 239–243, pls I–II.
  • Havlíček, V. 1990. New Lower Devonian (Pragian) rhynchonellid brachiopods in the Koneprusy Area (Czechoslovakia). Vestník Ústredního ústavu geologického, 65, 211–221.
  • Havlíček, V. & Storch, P. 1990. Silurian brachiopods and benthic communities in the Prague Basin. Ustredni ustav Geologicky, Rozpravy, 48, 275 pp., 80 pls.
  • Hede, J. E. 1915. Ny fyndort för den siluriska Posidonomyaskiffern. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlinger, 37, 675–680.
  • Henderson, J. & Brown, D. J. 1867. On the Silurian Rocks of the Pentland Hills, Part 1. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 1, 23–33.
  • Hisinger, W. von. 1828. Anteckningar i Physik och Geognosie under resor uti Sverige och Norrige, 4, 1–260, pls 1–9.
  • Hisinger, W. von. 1837. Lethaea suecica seupetrificata Sueciae, iconibus et characteribus illustrata. 124 pp., 42 pls. P. A. Norstedt & Sons. Stockholm.
  • Holland, C. W., Lawson, J. D. & Walmsley, V. G. 1963. The Silurian rocks of the Ludlow district, Shropshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 8, 93–171, 7 pls, 14 text-figs.
  • Holmer, L. E. 1991. The systematic position of Pseudolingula Mickwitz and related lingulacean brachiopods. pp. 15–21. In MacKinnon, D. I., Lee, D. E. & Campbell, J. D. (Eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Brachiopods, Abstracts, Dunedin, New Zealand, 5-9 February, 1990. A. A. Balkema. Rotterdam, Brookfield.
  • Holmer, L. E. & Popov, L. E. 2000. Class Lingulata. In Kaesler, R. L. (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H Brachiopoda (Revised), 2. pp. 30–146. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
  • Holtedahl, O. 1916. Strophomenidae of the Kristiania region. Skrifter utgit av videnskapsselskapet I Kristiania (1. Matematik-Naturvidenskabelig Klasse), 12, 1–118, pls 1–16.
  • Howell, H. H. & Geikie, A. 1861. The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Edinburgh. Memoirs of the Geological Survey.
  • Hurst, J. M. 1974. Aspects of the systematics and ecology of the brachiopod Pholidostrophia in the Ashgill, Llandovery and Wenlock of Britain. Neues Jarbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 146, 298–324.
  • Ivanova, E. A. 1972. Major patterns in evolution of spiriferids (Brachiopoda), Paleontologiske. Zhurnal, 1972, 28–42.
  • Jin, J. 1989. Late Ordovician-Early Silurian rhynchonellid brachiopods from Anticosti Island, Quebec. Biostratigraphie du Paleozoique, Lyon, 1–217, 7 figs, 30 pls.
  • Jin, J. 2003. The Early Silurian brachiopod Eocoelia from the Hudson Bay basin, Canada. Palaeontology, 46, 885–902. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00324
  • Jin, J. 2008. Environmental control on temporal and spatial differentiation of Early Silurian pentameride brachiopod communities, Anticosti Island, eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 45, 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1139/e07-045
  • Jin, J. & Caldwell, W. G. E. 1990. Rhytidorhachis, a new Silurian rhynchonellid brachiopod from Gotland, Sweden, and the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin (Sciences de la Terre), 60, 29–41, 3 pls.
  • Jin, J., Caldwell, W. G. E. & Norford. B. S. 1993. Early Silurian brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 457, 221 pp., 39 pls. https://doi.org/10.4095/193322
  • Jin, J. & Chatterton; B. D. E. 1997. Latest Ordovician-Silurian articulate brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the Avalanche Lake area, southwestern District of Mackenzie, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 13, 167 pp., 50 pls. https://doi.org/10.2307/3515442
  • Jin, J. & Chen, P. 2013. Morphological plasticity in the forgotten brachiopod Dicoelosia acutiloba (Ringueberg) from the lower Silurian Rochester Formation of New York. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 44, 73–86.
  • Jin, J. & Copper, P. 1999. The deepwater brachiopod Dicoelosia King 1850 from the Early Silurian tropical carbonate shelf of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 73, 1042–1055. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000030973
  • Jin, J. & Holmer, L. E. 2017. Pentamerid brachiopod Karlsorus new genus from the upper Wenlock Slite Beds, Gotland, Sweden. Journal of Paleontology, 91, 911–918.
  • Jin, J., Caldwell, W. G. E. & Norford, B. S. 1989. Rhynchonellid brachiopods from the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Beaverfoot and Nonda Formations of the Rocky Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Paleontology, Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 396, 21–59. https://doi.org/10.4095/127717
  • Johnson, J. G., Boucot, A. J. & Murphy, M. A. 1976. Wenlockian and Ludlovian age brachiopods from the Roberts Mountains Formation of Central Nevada. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 115, 102 pp., 55 pls.
  • Johnson, J. G. & Hou, H. F. 1994. In Carter, J. L., Johnson, J. G., Gourvennec, R. & Hou, H. F. A revised classification of the spiriferid brachiopods. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 63, 327–374. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.215817
  • Johnson, J. G. & Hou, H. F. 2006. Cyrtioidea. In Moore, R.C. (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised), 5. pp. 1695–1702. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press
  • Jones, B. 1981. The Silurian brachiopod Stegerhynchus. Palaeontology, 24, 93–113.
  • King, W. 1846. Remarks on certain genera belonging to the class Palliobranchiata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History ( series 1), 18, 26–42, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/037454809496570
  • King, W. 1850. A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: xxxvii + 258 pp., 29 pls. ( Publ. No. 5, part of Vol. 3 for 150.) https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316143421
  • de Koninck, L. G. 1847. Recherches sur les animaux fossiles, Part I. Monographie des genres Productus et Chonetes. 246 pp., 20 pls. H. Dessain. Liège.
  • Kozłowski, R. 1929. Les Brachiopodes Gothlandiens de la Podolie Polonaise. (Ramienionogi Gotlandzkie Polskiego Podola). pp. 1–249. Palaeontologia Polonica, Krakow.
  • Kozłowski, R. 1946. Howellella, a new name for Crispella Kozłowski, 1929. Journal of Paleontology, 20, 295–296.
  • Kuhn, O. 1949. Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. v + 326 pp., 244 figs. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
  • Kul’kov, N. P. 1967. Brakhiopody i stratigraphiya Silura Gornogo Altaia [Brachiopods and stratigraphy of the Silurian of Gornyi Altai]. 148 pp., 21 pls. Institut geologii i geofiziki, Akademia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie. Moscow.
  • Kutorga, S. S. 1848. Ueber die Brachiopoden - Familie der Siphonotretaceae. Russisch-Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft zu St. Petersbourg, Verhand-lungen 1847, 250–286, pls 6–7.
  • Lamont, A. 1935. The Drummuck Group, Girvan; a stratigraphical revision, with descriptions of new fossils from the lower part of the group. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow, 19, 288–334, pls. VII–IX. https://doi.org/10.1144/transglas.19.2.288
  • Lamont, A. 1947. Gala-Tarannon beds in the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. Geological Magazine, 84, 193–208, 289–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800082649
  • Lamont, A. 1952. Ecology and correlation of the Pentlandian - a new division of the Silurian System in Scotland. Report of the 18th International Geological Congress, London, 10, 27–32.
  • Lamont, A. 1978. Pentlandian miscellany: Mollusca, Trilobita, etc. Scottish Journal of Science, 1, 245–302.
  • Lamont, A. & Gilbert, D. L. F. 1945. Upper Llandovery Brachiopoda from Coneygore Coppice and Old Storridge Common, near Alfrick, Worcestershire. Annals and Magazine Natural Hisory. Series 11, xii, 641–682, pls. III–VII. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222934508654774
  • Lenz, A. C. 1977a. Llandoverian and Wenlockian brachiopods from the Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14, 1521–1554. https://doi.org/10.1139/e77-132
  • Lenz, A. C. 1977b. Upper Silurian and lower Devonian brachiopods of Royal Creek, Yukon, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. A., 159, 111–138, pls 23–32.
  • Lenz, A. C. 1986. Morphological variation in Silurian Dicaelosia diversifrons and Epitomyonia, Arctic Islands, Canada: caveat emptor. In Racheboeuf, P. R. & Emig, C. C. (Eds) Les Brachiopodes fossiles et Actuels: Biostratigraphie du Paleozoique, 4. pp. 121–128. Lyon.
  • Lenz, A. C. 1989. Silurian (Wenlock) brachiopods from the southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, 1220–1233. https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-103
  • Lindström, G. 1861. Bidrag till kännedomen om Gotlands brachiopoden. Öfversigt af Konglingun Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 75, 125–148, 1 pl.
  • Linnæus [von Linné], C. 1758. Systema Naturae, sive Regna tria Naturae systematicae proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species, 10th ed., vol. 1. 823 pp. Holmiae. Stockholm.
  • Linnæus [von Linné], C. 1767. Systema Naturae, 12th ed., vol. I, part II, pp. 533–1327. Nieuwkoop, De Graaf. Stockholm.
  • Martin, W. 1809. Petrificata derbiensia; or figures and descriptions of petrifactions collected in Derbyshire. 28 pp., 52 pls. Wigan.
  • M’Coy, F. 1844. A synopsis of the characters of the Carboniferous Limestone fossils of Ireland. 207 pp., 34 figs, 29 pls. Williams & Norgate. London.
  • M’Coy, F. 1846. A Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland Collected from the Several Districts by Richard Griffith F. G. S. 72 pp., 5 pls. Privately published by Sir R. J. Griffith. Dublin.
  • M’Coy, F. 1851. On some new Cambro-Silurian fossils. Annals and Magazine of Natural History ( series 2), 8, 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745486109494991
  • Maclaren, C. 1838. A sketch of the Geology of Fife and the Lothians including detailed descriptions of Arthur’s Seat and Pentland Hills. 235 pp. Adam & Charles Black, Edinburgh.
  • Mclaren, D. J. In Schmidt, H. & Mclaren, D. J. 1965. Paleozoic Rhynchonellacea. pp. 552–597. In Moore, R.C. (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H. Brachiopoda. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press.
  • Meek, F. B. & Worthen, A. H. 1868. Palaeontology of Illinois: Lower Silurian species; Upper Silurian species; Devonian species; Carboniferous species. Geological Survey of Illinois, 3, 291–565, 20 pls.
  • Menakova, G. N. 1964. Brakhiopody iz nizhnesiluriskikh otlozhenii Zeravshano-Gissarskoi Gornoi Oblasti [Brachiopods of the Lower Silurian deposits of the Zeravshano-Gissar mountain region]. Upravleniia Geologii i Okhrani Nedr. Pri Sovete Ministerov Tadzhinskoi SSR (Paleontologiia i Stratigrafiia), Trudy, 1, 3–51.
  • Menke, C. T. 1828. Synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum quae in Museo Menkeano adservantur. 91 pp. G. Uslar. Pyrmonti.
  • Mergl, M. 2006. A review of Silurian discinoid brachiopods from historical British localities. Bulletin of Geosciences, 81, 215–236. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2006.04.215
  • Mickwitz, A. 1909. Vorlaeufige Mitteilung über das genus Pseudolingula Mickwitz. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg ( series 6), 3, 765–772.
  • Mitchell, G. H., Tulloch, W. & Wilson, R. B. 1962. The geology of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh., pp. 1–159. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland.
  • Mitchell, W. I. 1977. The Ordovician Brachiopoda from Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 1-138, pls 1-28. (Publ. No. 545, part of Vol. 130 for 1976.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131731
  • Moore, R. C. 1952. Brachiopoda. pp. 197–267. In Moore, R.C., Lalicker, C.G. & Fischer, A.G. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Muir-Wood, H. M. 1925. Notes on the Silurian brachiopod genera Delthyris, Uncinulina, and Meristina. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 2), 15, 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932508633183
  • Muir-Wood, H. M. 1955. A History of the Classification of the Phylum Brachiopoda. v + 124 pp., 12 figs. British Museum (Natural History), London.
  • Muir-Wood, H. M. 1962. On the morphology and classification of the suborder Chonetoidea. 124 pp. British Museum (Natural History), London.
  • Musteikis, P. & Mondzalevskaya, T. L. 2002. Some Silurian brachiopods from Lithuania and their palaeogeographical significance. Palaeontology, 45, 595–625.
  • Nikiforova, O. I. 1937. Upper Silurian Brachiopoda of the Central Asiatic part of the USSR. Central Geology, Prospect Institute., Paleontology USSR Monograph, 35, fasc. 1, 94 pp., 14 pls, Leningrad.
  • Nikiforova, O. I. & Andreeva, O. N. 1961. Biostratigrafiya Paleozoya Sibirskoi Platformi, vol. 1. Stratigrafiia Ordovika i Silura Sibirskoi Platformy i ee Paleontologicheskoe Obosnovanie (Brakhiopody) [Biostratigraphy of the Paleozoic of the Siberian Platform, vol. 1. Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy of the Siberian Platform and its paleontological basis (Brachiopoda). In Russian]. Vsesoiuznyi Nauchno-Issledovatel’skii Geologicheskii Institut (VSEGEI), Trudy, 56, 1–412, 56 pls.
  • Öpik, A.A. 1930. Brachiopoda Protremata der estlandischen Ordovizischen Kukruse-stufe. Tartu Ulikooli Geoloogia-Instituudi Toimestuesed Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis, 28, 1–261, pls 1–22.
  • Öpik, A.A. 1934. Über die Klitamboniten. Tartu Ulikooli Geoloogia-Instituudi Tartuensis, 39, 1–239, 55 figs, pls 1–48.
  • Oradovskaya, M. M. 1975 Brachiopoda (Clorindinae, Strophomenida, Rhynchonellida, Spiriferida). In Oradovskaya, M. M. (Ed.) Polevoy Atlas siluriyskoy fauny severo-vostoka SSR. pp. 80–128. Magadanskoye knizhnoye Izdatelstvo, Magadan.
  • Paškevičius, J. 1962. Platyorthis ovalis sp. nov. i ee stratigraficheskoe znachenie v otlozheniiakh verkhnego ludlova iuzhnoi pribaltiki [Platyorthis ovalis sp. nov. and its stratigraphical significance in the upper Ludlovian rocks of the southern Baltic Area. In Russian]. Lietuvos TSR Mokslu, Akademija Geologijos Ir Geografijos Institutas, Moksliniai Pranesimai, SSR, Trudy, 14, 33–44, 2 pls.
  • Peach, B. N. & Horne, J. 1899. The Silurian rocks of Britain, Vol. 1, Scotland. pp. 1–749. Memoirs of the Geological Society of the United Kingdom.
  • Penn-Clarke, C. R. & Harper, D. A. T. 2021. Early-Middle Devonian brachiopod bioregionalization at high latitudes: A case study from southwestern Gondwana. GSA Bulletin, 133, 819–836. https://doi.org/10.1130/b35670.1
  • Perry, D. G. 1984. Brachiopoda and Biostratigraphy of the Silurian-Devonian Delorme Formation in the district of Mackenzie, the Yukon. In Life Sciences Contributions, Ontario, 138, 1–151.
  • Phillips, J. 1841. Figures and descriptions of the Palaeozoic fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and west Somerset. xii + 231 pp., 60 pls. Geological Survey of Great Britain, Memoir 1. Longman & Co. London.
  • Phillips, J. & Salter, J. W. 1848. Palaeontological appendix to Professor John Phillips’ Memoir on the Malvern Hills compared with the Palaeozoic districts of Abberley etc. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, London, 2 (1), 331–386, pls 4–30.
  • Popov, L. E., Bassett, M. G., Holmer, L. E. & Laurie, J. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of higher taxa of Brachiopoda. Lethaia, 26, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01502.x
  • Popov, L. E. & Holmer, L. E. 2000. Craniopsida. pp. 164–183. In Kaesler, R. L. (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part H Brachiopoda (Revised), 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
  • Poulsen, C. 1943. The fauna of the Offley Island Formation, Part II, Brachiopoda. Meddelelser om Grønland, 72 (3), 1–60, 6 pls.
  • Prouty, W. F. & Swartz, C. K. 1923. Brachiopods. 736–737, pls 15–27. In Maryland Geological Survey, Silurian. 794 pp., 67 pls. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
  • Racheboeuf, P. R. 1976. Chonetacea (Brachiopods) from the Lower Devonian of the Laval Basin (Armorican Massif). Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 152, 14–89.
  • Racheboeuf, P. R. 1995. Three new Devonian chonetoidean brachiopods. Neues Jarhbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 9 ( 1995), 553–561, figs 1–3.
  • Racheboeuf, P. R. 2000. Chonetidina. pp. 362–423. In Kaesler, R. L. (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised), 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
  • Racheboeuf, P. R. & Amos, F. C. 1997. Revision and reassignment of Strophomena cornuta Hall, 1843 (Brachiopoda, Silurian) to Strophochonetes Muir-Wood, 1962. Journal of Paleontology, 71, 816–819.
  • Reed, F. R. C. 1908. Sedgwick Museum Notes: New fossils from the Haverfordwest District. Geological Magazine, ( Decade 5), 5, 433–436, pl. 14.
  • Reed, F. R. C. 1917. The Ordovician and Silurian Brachiopoda of the Girvan district. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 51, 827–831, 848–857, 871–873, 974–998. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0080456800011959
  • Reed, F. R. C. 1927. Palaeontological notes on the Silurian inlier of Woolhope. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 83, 531–550, pls 41, 42.
  • [Robertson, G. 1985. Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Silurian rocks of the Pentland Hills. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh. 319 pp.]
  • Robertson, G. 1989. A palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Silurian rocks in the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 80, 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300014425
  • Robertson, G. 1999. Upper Llandovery fossil associations in the Pentland Hills, Scotland, pp. 408–418. In Boucot, A. J. & Lawson, J. D. (Eds) Paleocommunities - a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rong, J. Y. & Yang, X. C. 1981. Middle and late Early Silurian brachiopod faunas and ecological communities in Southwest China. Memoirs of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, 13, 163–278, 26 pls. [In Chinese with English abstract].
  • Rong, J. Y. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1994. True Strophomena and a revision of the classification and evolution of Strophomenoid and ‘Strophodontid’ brachiopods. Palaeontology, 37, 651–694, pls 1–7.
  • Rubel, M. 1963. Brachiopody Orthida siluria Éstonii. Trudy Inst. Geol. Akad. Nauk. Ést. SSR, 13, 109–160. Tallinn. [In Russian].
  • Rubel, M. 1970. Pentamerida and Spiriferida brachiopods in Silurian Estonia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituut, Tallinn. 75 pp., 40 pls.
  • Rubel, M. 1971. Taxonomy of dicoelosiid brachiopods from the Ordovician and Silurian of the East Baltic. Palaeontology, 14, 34–60, pls 8–10.
  • Rubel, M. & Rozman, C. S. 1977. Novye brachiopody Rhynchonellacea iz silura Éstonii. In Facii I fauna silura Príbaltiki, 213–240. Tallinn. [ In Russian].
  • Rzhonsnitskaia, M. A. 1956. Nadsemeistvo Pentameracea M’Coy, 1844. In Kiparisova, L.D., Markovskii, V.P. & Radchenko, G.P. (Eds) Materialy po Paleontologii, Novye Semeistva i Rody. Vsesoiuznyi Nauchno-Issledovatel’skii Geologicheskii Institut (VSEGEI) (new series), 12, 49–50.
  • Rzhonsnitskaia, M. A. 1960. Order Atrypida. pp. 257-264, pls 53-56. In Sarytcheva, T. G. (Ass. Ed.) & Orlov, Y. A. (Ed.) Mshanki, Brakhiopody [Bryozoa, Brachiopoda]. Osnovy Paleontologii, vol. 7. Akademia Nauk SSSR. Moscow.
  • Rzhonsnitskaia, M. A. 1974. Brakhiopodi. pp. 54–62. In Biske, Yu. S., Goryanov, V. B., Petrosyan, N. M. & Rzhonsnitskaia, M. A. (Eds) Materialy po faune i flore dzhida-linckoi svity (srednii paleozoi, Alaiskii khrebet)]: Voprosy Stratigrafii, v. 1 [in Russian].
  • Salter, J. W. 1846. Addendum containing descriptions of new species. pp. 69–72, pl. 2. In McCoy, F. A Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, collected from the several districts by Richard Griffith. F. G. S. Dublin University Press, Dublin.
  • Salter, J. W. In Phillips, J. & Salter, J. W. 1848. Palaeontological appendix to Professor John Phillips’ Memoir on the Malvern Hills compared with the Palaeozoic districts of Abberley, etc. Memoir Geological Survey, UK, 2 (1), 331–86, pls 4–30.
  • Sarytcheva, T. G., & Sokolskaya, A. N. 1959. O klassifikatsin lozhnoporistykh brakhiopod [On the classification of pseudopunctate brachiopods. In Russian]. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Doklady (Moscow), 125 (1), 181–184.
  • Schuchert, C. 1893. Classification of the Brachiopoda. American Geologist, 11, 141–167, pl. 5.
  • Schuchert, C. 1913. Class 2. Brachiopoda. pp. 355–420, figs 526–636. In von Zittel, K. A. (Ed.) Text-book of Palaeontology, vol. 1, part 1, 2nd edition, translated and edited by C. R. Eastman, MacMillan and Co. Ltd., London,
  • Schuchert, C. 1929. Classification of brachiopod genera, fossils and recent. pp. 10–25. In Schuchert, C. & LeVene, C. M. Brachiopoda (Generum et Genotyporum Index et Bibliographia). Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, vol. 42. W. Junk. Berlin.
  • Schuchert, C. & Cooper, G. A. 1931. Synopsis of the brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea, with notes on the Telotremata. American Journal of Science ( series 5), 22, 241–255.
  • Schuchert, C. & Cooper, G. A. 1932. Brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea. Memoir Peabody Museum, Yale, 4, 270 pp.
  • Schuchert, C. & LeVene, C. M. 1929. Brachiopoda (generum et genotyporum index et bibliographia). 140 pp. In Pompeckj, J. F. (Ed.) Fossilium Catalogus, vol. 1, Animalia, Pars 42. W. Junk. Berlin.
  • Schlotheim, E. F. 1832. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Petrologische Sammlung. pp. 1–65, 88 pls. Gotha.
  • Sedgwick, A. & M’Coy, F. 1852. A synopsis of the British Palaeozoic rocks, with a Systematic Description of the British Palaeozoic Fossils found in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge. 184 pp. London, Cambridge.
  • Sheehan, P. M. 1976. Late Silurian brachiopods from Northwestern Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 50, 710–733.
  • Sheehan, P. M. 1982. Late Ordovician and Silurian of the eastern Great Basin, Pt. 4, Late Llandovery and Wenlock brachiopods. Milwaukee Public Museum, Contributions in Biology and Geology, 50, 83 pp.
  • Smith, R. A. 1995. The Siluro-Devonian evolution of the southern Midland Valley of Scotland. Geological Magazine, 132, 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800021166
  • Sowerby, J. de C. 1815–1818. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, vol. 2. pp. 1–235, pls 103–203. Published by the author, London.
  • Sowerby, J. de C. 1823–1825. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, vol. 5. pp. 1–168, pls 407–503. Published by the author, London.
  • Sowerby, J. de C. 1826-1835. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, vol. 6. pp. 1–230 + index [231–235], pls 504–609. [pp. 1–86, pls 504–545 (1826); pp. 87–156, pls 546–580 (1827); pp. 157–200, pls 581–597 (1828); pp. 201–230, pls 598–609, index pp. 231–235 (1829); systematical, stratigraphical and alphabetical indexes (1835)]. Published by the author, London.
  • Sowerby, J. de C. 1835. Mineral conchology of Great Britain, systematical, stratigraphical and alphabetical indexes to the first six volumes. pp. 241–250. Richard Taylor, London.
  • Sowerby, J. de C. 1839. Mollusca and Conchifers. pp. 577–768, pls 1–27. In R. I. Murchison, The Silurian System, Part 2. Organic remains. London.
  • St. Joseph, J. K. S. 1935. A description of Eospirifer radiatus (J. de C. Sowerby). Geological Magazine, 72, 316–327, 2 pls. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800094309
  • St. Joseph, J. K. S. 1937a. On Camarotoechia (von Buch, 1834, ex Schlotheim 1832). Geological Magazine, 74, 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800087422
  • St. Joseph, J. K. S. 1937b. On Rhynchotreta cuneata (Dalman) 1828, with a diagnosis of the genus Rhynchotreta Hall, 1879. Geological Magazine, 74, 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800088701
  • Straw, S. H. 1953. The Silurian succession at Cwm Graig Ddu (Breconshire). Liverpool and Manchester Geological Journal, 1, 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350010208
  • Temple, J. T. 1968. The Lower Llandovery (Silurian) brachiopods from Keisley, Westmorland. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 1–58, pls 1–10. ( Publ. No. 521, part of Vol. 122 for 1968.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131708
  • Temple, J. T. 1987. Llandovery brachiopods of Wales. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London: 1–137, pls 1–15. (Publ. No. 572, part of Vol. 139 for 1985.) https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131756
  • Thomas, N. L. 1926. Brachiopods from the St. Clair Limestone, Arkansas. Journal of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, 21, 385–401.
  • [Tipper, J. C. 1974. The marine Silurian of the North Esk Inlier, Midlothian, Scotland., Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.]
  • Tipper, J. C. 1975. Lower Silurian animal communities - three case histories. Lethaia, 8, 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1975.tb00933.x
  • Tipper, J. C. 1976. The stratigraphy of the North Esk Inlier, Midlothian. Scottish Journal of Geology, 12, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg12010015
  • Touche, La, J. D. 1884. A hand book of the geology of Shropshire. Edward Stanford, London.
  • Tucker, E. V. 1968. The atrypidine brachiopod Dayia navicula (J. de C. Sowerby). Palaeontology, 11, 612–626, pls 118–121.
  • Twenhofel, W. H. 1914. The Anticosti Island faunas. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin No. 3, Geological Series, No. 19, 42 pp. https://doi.org/10.4095/104959
  • Twenhofel, W. H. 1927. Geology of Anticosti Island. 351pp. F. A. Acland, Ottawa. https://doi.org/10.4095/100842
  • Waagen, W. H. 1883. Salt Range fossils, vol. I, part 4. Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, (series 13), fasc. 2, 391–546, pls 29–49.
  • Waagen, W. H. 1884. Salt Range fossils, vol. I, part 4. Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, ( series 13), fasc. 3–4, 547–728, pls 50–81.
  • Waagen, W. H. 1885. Salt Range fossils, vol. I, part 4. Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, ( series 13), fasc. 5, 729–770, pls 82–86.
  • Wahlenberg, G. 1818–1821. Petreficata telluris suecanae examinata. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, 8, 1–116, 293–297, pl. 1–7.
  • Waite, R. H. 1956. Upper Silurian Brachiopoda from the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology, 30, 15–18.
  • Walmsley, V. G., Boucot, A. J., Harper, C. W. & Savage, N. M. 1968. Visbyella - a new genus of resserellid brachiopod. Palaeontology, 11, 306–316, pls 60–62.
  • Walmsley, V. G., Boucot, A. J., Harper, C. W. & Savage, N. M. 1971. The Resserellinae - a new subfamily of Late Ordovician to Early Devonian dalmanellid brachiopods. Palaeontology, 14, 487–531.
  • Walmsley, V. G., Boucot, A. J., Harper, C. W. & Savage, N. M. 1975. The phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of Silurian and Early to Mid-Devonian Isorthinae (Brachiopoda). Palaeontographica (Abt. A), 148 (1–3), 34–108, 10 pls.
  • Wang, Y. 1962. Brachiopods. In The Handbook of Index Fossils in Yangtze Valley Area, 7–73, 75–76, 84–88, 92–93.
  • Watkins, R. & Boucot, A. J. 1978. Temporal pattern of species diversity among some Siluro-Devonian brachiopods. Evolutionary Biology, 11, 636–655.
  • Watkins, R., Coorough, P. J. & Mayer, P. S. 2000. The Silurian Dicoelosia Communities: temporal stability within an Ecologic Evolutionary Unit. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162, 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00129-2
  • Whiteaves, J. F. 1904. Preliminary list of fossils from the Silurian (Upper Silurian) rocks of the Ekwan River. Geological Survey of Canada, Annual Report, 14, 38–59, pls 23–35.
  • Whittard, W. F. & Barker, G. H. 1950. The Upper Valentian brachiopod fauna of Shropshire - Part 1. Inarticulata: Articulata, Protremata, Orthida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, iii (Series 12), 553–590, pls V-VIII. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935008654081
  • Willard, B. 1928. Brachiopods of the Ottosee and Holston formations of Tennessee and Virginia. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Bulletin, 68, 255–292, pls 38–40.
  • Williams, A. 1950. New stropheodontid brachiopods. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 40, 277–282.
  • Williams, A. 1951. Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery District. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 107, 85–136. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1951.107.01-04.05
  • Williams, A. 1953. North American and European Stropheodontids: their morphology and systematics. The Geological Society of America, Memoir, 56, 1–64. https://doi.org/10.1130/mem56-p1
  • Williams, A. 1962. The Barr and Lower Ardmillan Series (Caradoc) of the Girvan district, South-West Ayrshire, with descriptions of the Brachiopoda. Geological Society of London, Memoir, 3, 1–99.
  • Williams, A. 1963. The Caradocian brachiopod faunas of the Bala district, Merionethshire. Bulletin British Museum Natural History (Geology), 8, 327–471, 16 pls, 13 text-figs.
  • Williams, A. 1965. Subfamily Furcitellinae. pp. 385–386. In Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology. Part H, Brachiopoda, 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
  • Williams, A., Carlson, S. J., Brunton, C. H. C., Holmer, L. E. & Popov, L. E. 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ( series B), 351, 1171–1193, 6 figs. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0101
  • Williams, A., Carlson, S. J. & Popov, L. E. 2000. Brachiopoda. In Kaesler, R. L. & Seldon, P. A. (Eds) 1997–2007 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H (Revised) Brachiopoda, Vols 1–6. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
  • Williams, D. M. & Harper, D. A. T. 1988. A basin model for the Silurian of the Midland Valley of Scotland and Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 145, 741–748. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.5.0741
  • Williams, D. M. & Harper, D. A. T. 1991. End-Silurian modifications of Ordovician terranes in western Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 148, 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.148.1.0165
  • Winchell, N.H. & Schuchert C. 1892. Preliminary descriptions of new Brachiopoda from the Trenton and Hudson River groups of Minnesota. American Geologist, 9, 284–294.
  • Winchell, N.H. & Schuchert C. 1893. The Lower Silurian Brachiopoda of Minnesota. Geology of Minnesota, Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, 3 (1), 333–474, pls 29–34.
  • Winchell, N.H. & Schuchert C. 1893. The lower Silurian Brachiopoda of Minnesota. pp. 333–474, 6 pls. In Lesquereux, L., Woodward, A., Thomas, B. W., Schuchert, C, Ulrich, E. O. & Winchell, N. H. The Geology of Minnesota, vol. 3 (1). Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Final Report. Harrison and Smith. Minneapolis.
  • Wood, A. 1947 Proposed suspension of the Règles to identify Anomia pecten Linnæus 1758, with the species belonging to the order Protoremata (Class Brachiopoda) commonly known as Strophomena pecten Linnæus 1758. Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature, 1, 239.
  • Wright, A. D. 1968. The brachiopod Dicoelosia biloba (Linnæus) and related species. Arkiv for Zoologi, 20, 261–319, 7 pls.
  • Zhang, N. 1989. Wenlockian (Silurian) brachiopods of the Cape Phillips Formation, Baillie Hamilton Island, Arctic Canada: Parts I, II and III. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 206 (Bd. 206), Part I, 1–48, pl. 14, 49–97, pl. 10; Part II, 99–135, pl. 13.
  • Ziegler, A. M. 1966. The Silurian brachiopod Eocoelia hemispherica (J.de C. Sowerby) and related species. Palaeontology, 9, 523–543, pls 83–84.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.