515
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Shooting the Messenger: How Expert Statements on Stigmatized Populations Negatively Impact Perceived Credibility

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 06 Dec 2022, Accepted 29 Sep 2023, Published online: 14 Oct 2023

References

  • Apel, R. (2013). Sanctions, perceptions, and crime: Implications for criminal deterrence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29(1), 67–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9170-1
  • Ansolabehere, S., & Rivers, D. (2013). Cooperative survey research. Annual Review of Political Science, 16(1), 307–329. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-022811-160625
  • Ansolabehere, S., & Schaffner, B. F. (2014). Does survey mode still matter? Findings from a 2010 multi-mode comparison. Political Analysis, 22(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt025
  • Asplund, T. (2018). Communicating Climate Science: A Matter of Credibility: Swedish Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate-Change Information. The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses, 10(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v10i01/23-38
  • Bauer, M. W., Allum, N., & Miller, S. (2007). What can we learn from 25 years of PUS survey research? Liberating and expanding the agenda. Public Understanding of Science, 16(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662506071287
  • Beall, L., Myers, T. A., Kotcher, J. E., Vraga, E. K., & Maibach, E. W. (2017). Controversy matters: Impacts of topic and solution controversy on the perceived credibility of a scientist who advocates. PloS One, 12(11), e0187511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187511
  • Blandon-Gitlin, I., Sperry, K., & Leo, R. (2011). Jurors believe interrogation tactics are not likely to elicit false confessions: Will expert witness testimony inform them otherwise? Psychology, Crime & Law, 17(3), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160903113699
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bouffard, J. A., Niebuhr, N., & Exum, M. L. (2017). Examining specific deterrence effects on DWI among serious offenders. Crime & Delinquency, 63(14), 1923–1945. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716675359
  • Brennan, J. (2020). Can novices trust themselves to choose trustworthy experts? Reasons for (reserved) optimism. Social Epistemology, 34(3), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2019.1703056
  • Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose science do you believe? Explaining trust in sources of scientific information about the environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691
  • Campbell, D. S., & Newheiser, A. K. (2019). Must the show go on? The (in) ability of counterevidence to change attitudes toward crime control theater policies. Law and Human Behavior, 43(6), 568–584. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000338
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Impaired driving: Get the facts. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/transportationsafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Clifford, S., & Piston, S. (2017). Explaining public support for counterproductive homelessness policy: The role of disgust. Political Behavior, 39(2), 503–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9366-4
  • Cochran, J. C., Toman, E. L., Shields, R. T., & Mears, D. P. (2021). A uniquely punitive turn? Sex offenders and the persistence of punitive sanctioning. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 58(1), 74–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427820941172
  • Craun, S. W., Kernsmith, P. D., & Butler, N. K. (2011). “Anything that can be a danger to the public”: Desire to extend registries beyond sex offenses. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 22(3), 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403410378734
  • DeVault, A., Miller, M. K., & Griffin, T. (2016). Crime control theater: Past, present, and future. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(4), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000099
  • Dum, C. P., Socia, K. M., George, B., & Neiderman, H. M. (2022). The effect of reading prisoner poetry on stigma and public attitudes: Results from a multigroup survey experiment. The Prison Journal, 102(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/00328855211069127
  • Dum, C. P., Socia, K. M., & Rydberg, J. (2017). Public support for emergency shelter housing interventions concerning stigmatized populations: Results from a factorial survey. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(3), 835–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12311
  • Festinger, L. (1964). Conflict, decision, and dissonance. Stanford University Press.
  • Freiburger, T. L., & Sheeran, A. M. (2019). Evaluation of safe streets treatment option to reduce recidivism among repeat drunk driving offenders. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(9), 1368–1384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403418789473
  • Garland, B., Wodahl, E., & Cota, L. (2016). Measuring public support for prisoner reentry options. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(12), 1406–1424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15578438
  • Garland, D. (2021). What’s wrong with penal populism? Politics, the public, and criminological expertise. Asian Journal of Criminology, 16(3), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-021-09354-3
  • Gauchat, G. (2012). Politicization of science in the public sphere: A study of public trust in the United States, 1974 to 2010. American Sociological Review, 77(2), 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412438225
  • Graham, A., Pickett, J. T., & Cullen, F. T. (2021). Advantages of matched over unmatched opt-in samples for studying criminal justice attitudes: A research note. Crime & Delinquency, 67(12), 1962–1981. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720977439
  • Gust, D. A., Darling, N., Kennedy, A., & Schwartz, B. (2008). Parents with doubts about vaccines: Which vaccines and reasons why. Pediatrics, 122(4), 718–725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0538
  • Harper, C. A., & Bartels, R. M. (2017). The influence of implicit theories and offender characteristics on judgements of sexual offenders: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 23(2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2016.1250963
  • Harris, A. J., & Socia, K. M. (2016). What’s in a name? Evaluating the effects of the “sex offender” label on public opinions and beliefs. Sexual Abuse : A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(7), 660–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214564391
  • Hart, P. S., & Nisbet, E. C. (2012). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 39(6), 701–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211416646
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huebner, B. M., Kras, K. R., Rydberg, J., Bynum, T. S., Grommon, E., & Pleggenkuhle, B. (2014). The effect and implications of sex offender residence restrictions: Evidence from a two-state evaluation. Criminology & Public Policy, 13(1), 139–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12066
  • Imhoff, R., & Jahnke, S. (2018). Punitive attitudes against pedophiles or persons with sexual interest in children: Does the label matter? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(2), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0439-3
  • Inglis, M., & Mejia-Ramos, J. P. (2009). The effect of authority on the persuasiveness of mathematical arguments. Cognition and Instruction, 27(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370000802584513
  • Jahnke, S., Schmidt, A. F., Geradt, M., & Hoyer, J. (2015). Stigma-related stress and its correlates among men with pedophilic sexual interests. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2173–2187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0503-7
  • Kennedy-Hendricks, A., Barry, C. L., Gollust, S. E., Ensminger, M. E., Chisolm, M. S., & McGinty, E. E. (2017). Social stigma toward persons with prescription opioid use disorder: associations with public support for punitive and public health–oriented policies. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 68(5), 462–469. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600056
  • Kish, L. (1965). Survey sampling (1st ed). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Kleban, H., & Jeglic, E. (2012). Dispelling the myths: Can psychoeducation change public attitudes towards sex offenders? Journal of Sexual Aggression, 18(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2011.552795
  • Koon-Magnin, S. (2015). Perceptions of and support for sex offender policies: Testing Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker’s findings. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(1), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.12.007
  • Kotcher, J. E., Myers, T. A., Vraga, E. K., Stenhouse, N., & Maibach, E. W. (2017). Does engagement in advocacy hurt the credibility of scientists? Results from a randomized national survey experiment. Environmental Communication, 11(3), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2016.1275736
  • Krauss, D. A., Cook, G. I., Umanath, S., & Song, E. (2022). Changing the public’s crime control theater attitudes. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 28(4), 595–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000340
  • Kvaløy, B., Finseraas, H., & Listhaug, O. (2012). The publics’ concern for global warming: A cross-national study of 47 countries. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311425841
  • Lachapelle, E., Montpetit, É., & Gauvin, J. P. (2014). Public perceptions of expert credibility on policy issues: The role of expert framing and political worldviews. Policy Studies Journal, 42(4), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12073
  • Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y. N., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 19(4), 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x
  • Levenson, J. S., Shields, R. T., & Singleton, D. A. (2014). Collateral punishments and sentencing policy: Perceptions of residence restrictions for sex offenders and drunk drivers. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 25(2), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403412462385
  • Lin, J. (2022). Introduction to structural equation modeling (SEM) in R with lavaan. UCLA Advanced Research Computing. https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/r/seminars/rsem/
  • Lowenkamp, C. T., Flores, A. W., Holsinger, A. M., Makarios, M. D., & Latessa, E. J. (2010). Intensive supervision programs: Does program philosophy and the principles of effective intervention matter? Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.004
  • Mancini, C., Shields, R. T., Mears, D. P., & Beaver, K. M. (2010). Sex offender residence restriction laws: Parental perceptions and public policy. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(5), 1022–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.07.004
  • McCracken, G. (1989). Who is the celebrity endorser? Cultural foundations of the endorsement process. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1086/209217
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1996). Fundamentals of human communication. Prospect Heights, IL.
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Teven, J. J. (1999). Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement. Communication Monographs, 66(1), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759909376464
  • McLean, K. (2020). Revisiting the role of distributive justice in Tyler’s legitimacy theory. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 16(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-019-09370-5
  • Merkle, E. C., Fitzsimmons, E., Uanhoro, J., & Goodrich, B. (2020). Efficient Bayesian structural equation modeling in Stan. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.07733.
  • Mears, D. P., Mancini, C., Gertz, M., & Bratton, J. (2008). Sex crimes, children, and pornography: Public views and public policy. Crime & Delinquency, 54(4), 532–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128707308160
  • Metzger, M. J., & Flanagin, A. J. (2013). Credibility and trust of information in online environments: The use of cognitive heuristics. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.012
  • Miner-Romanoff, K. (2014). Student perceptions of juvenile offender accounts in criminal justice education. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(3), 611–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-013-9223-5
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2010). National survey of drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors. U.S. Department of Transportation.
  • Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
  • Novick, R., Socia, K. M., & Pickett, J. T. (2022). Asymmetric Compassion Collapse, Collateral Consequences, and Reintegration: An Experimental Study. Justice Quarterly, 39(7), 1475–1498. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2022.2119157
  • Osgood, C. E., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1955). The principle of congruity in the prediction of attitude change. Psychological Review, 62(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048153
  • Pickett, J. T., Graham, A., Nix, J., & Cullen, F. T. (2022). Officer Diversity Reduces Black Americans’ Fear of the Police. CrimRxiv. https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.f07bcfc5
  • Pickett, J. T., Mancini, C., & Mears, D. P. (2013). Vulnerable victims, monstrous offenders, and unmanageable risk: Explaining public opinion on the social control of sex crime. Criminology, 51(3), 729–759. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12018
  • Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review : DR, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
  • Roy, S., & Moorthi, Y. L. R. (2012). Investigating endorser personality effects on brand personality: Causation and reverse causation in India. Journal of Brand Strategy, 1(2), 164–179.
  • Rutjens, B. T., Sutton, R. M., & van der Lee, R. (2018). Not all skepticism is equal: Exploring the ideological antecedents of science acceptance and rejection. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(3), 384–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217741314
  • Rutjens, B. T., van der Linden, S., & van der Lee, R. (2021). Science skepticism in times of COVID-19. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220981415
  • Rydberg, J., Dum, C. P., & Socia, K. M. (2018). Nobody gives a#% &!: A factorial survey examining the effect of criminological evidence on opposition to sex offender residence restrictions. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 14(4), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-018-9335-5
  • Sample, L. L., Evans, M. K., & Anderson, A. L. (2011). Sex offender community notification laws: Are their effects symbolic or instrumental in nature? Criminal Justice Policy Review, 22(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403410373698
  • Schiavone, S. K., & Jeglic, E. L. (2009). Public perception of sex offender social policies and the impact on sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(6), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X08323454
  • Schmechel, R. S., O’Toole, T. P., Easterly, C., & Loftus, E. F. (2005). Beyond the ken-Testing jurors’ understanding of eyewitness reliability evidence. Jurimetrics, 46, 177.
  • Shamon, H., Dülmer, H., & Giza, A. (2022). The factorial survey: The impact of the presentation format of vignettes on answer behavior and processing time. Sociological Methods & Research, 51(1), 396–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124119852382
  • Socia, K. M. (2022). Driving public support: Support for a law is higher when the law is named after a victim. Justice Quarterly, 39(7), 1449–1474. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2022.2064329
  • Socia, K. M., & Brown, E. K. (2016). “This isn’t about Casey Anthony anymore” political rhetoric and Caylee’s law. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(4), 348–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403414551000
  • Socia, K. M., & Harris, A. J. (2016). Evaluating public perceptions of the risk presented by registered sex offenders: Evidence of crime control theater? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(4), 375–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000081
  • Socia, K. M., Rydberg, J., & Dum, C. P. (2021). Punitive attitudes toward individuals convicted of sex offenses: A vignette study. Justice Quarterly, 38(6), 1262–1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2019.1683218
  • Stone, R., & Socia, K. M. (2019). Boy with toy or black male with gun: An analysis of online news articles covering the shooting of Tamir Rice. Race and Justice, 9(3), 330–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368716689594
  • Stringer, R. J. (2021a). Drunk driving and deterrence: Exploring the reconceptualized deterrence hypothesis and self-reported drunk driving. Journal of Crime and Justice, 44(3), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2020.1795903
  • Stringer, R. J. (2021). Deterring the drunk driver: An examination of conditional deterrence and self-reported drunk driving. Crime & Delinquency, https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287211054721
  • Stuntz, W. (2011). The collapse of American criminal justice. Harvard University Press.
  • Tannenbaum, P. H., & Gengel, R. W. (1966). Generalization of attitude change through congruity principle relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(3), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023030
  • Tewksbury, R., Mustaine, E. E., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Community corrections professionals’ views of sex offenders, sex offender registration and community notification and residency restrictions. Federal Probation, 75, 45–50.
  • Thompson, A. J., & Pickett, J. T. (2020). Are relational inferences from crowdsourced and opt-in samples generalizable? Comparing criminal justice attitudes in the GSS and five online samples. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36(4), 907–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09436-7
  • Tourangeau, R., & Smith, T. W. (1996). Asking sensitive questions: The impact of data collection mode, question format, and question context. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(2), 275–304. https://doi.org/10.1086/297751
  • Tyler, T. R. (2006). Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57(1), 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190038
  • Uggen, C., & Inderbitzin, M. (2010). Public criminologies. Criminology & Public Policy, 9(4), 725–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00666.x
  • Vraga, E., Myers, T., Kotcher, J., Beall, L., & Maibach, E. (2018). Scientific risk communication about controversial issues influences public perceptions of scientists’ political orientations and credibility. Royal Society Open Science, 5(2), 170505. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170505
  • Webb, B. S., & Hayhoe, D. (2017). Assessing the influence of an educational presentation on climate change beliefs at an Evangelical Christian College. Journal of Geoscience Education, 65(3), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.5408/16-220.1
  • Welch, M., Fenwick, M., & Roberts, M. (1998). State managers, intellectuals, and the media: A content analysis of ideology in experts’ quotes in feature newspaper articles on crime. Justice Quarterly, 15(2), 219–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829800093721
  • Widaman, K. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain. In K. J. Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281–324). American Psychological Association.
  • Wilcox, A. M., & NicDaeid, N. (2018). Jurors’ perceptions of forensic science expert witnesses: Experience, qualifications, testimony style and credibility. Forensic Science International, 291, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.07.030
  • Wurtele, S. K. (2018). University students’ perceptions of child sexual offenders: Impact of classroom instruction. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(3), 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1435598
  • Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr,., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257