An examination of individual, relational, and cultural risk for disordered eating in Asian American college students

References

• Sares-Jäske L, Knekt P, Männistö S, Lindfors O, Heliövaara M. Self-report dieters: Who are they? Nutrients 2019;11(8):1789. doi:10.3390/nu11081789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos I, Sniehotta FF, Marques MM, Carraça EV, Teixeira PJ. Prevalence of personal weight control attempts in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2017;18(1):32–50. doi:10.1111/obr.12466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mehler PS, Birmingham LC, Crow SJ, Jahraus JP. Medical complications of eating disorders. In: Grilo GM, Mitchell JE, eds. The Treatment of Eating Disorders: A Clinical Handbook. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2010:66–80.
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos FC, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Ekselius L. Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(1):10–17. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams DF, Behrens E, Gann L, Schoen E. Gender conformity, self-objectification, and body image for sorority and nonsorority women: A closer look. J Am Coll Health. 2017;65(2):139–147. doi:10.1080/07448481.2016.1264406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo C, George V. Eating disorder risk and body dissatisfaction based on muscularity and body fat in male university students. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(6):407–415. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.917649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg MH, Fitz CC. “Drunkorexia”: Exploring the who and why of a disturbing trend in college students’ eating and drinking behaviors. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(8):570–577. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.947991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush CC, Curry JF, Looney JG. Alcohol expectancies and drinking behaviors among college students with disordered eating. J Am Coll Health. 2016;64(3):195–204. doi:10.1080/07448481.2015.1107837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson SM, Darling KE, Fahrenkamp AJ, D’Auria AL, Sato AF. Predictors of emotional eating during adolescents’ transition to college: Does body mass index moderate the association between stress and emotional eating? J Am Coll Health. 2015;63(3):163–170. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.1003374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan T, Tylka TL. Exploring a model and moderators of disordered eating with Asian American college women. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(1):36–47. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talleyrand RM. Disordered eating in women of color: Some counseling considerations. J Couns Dev. 2012;90(3):271–280. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00035.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicdao EG, Hong S, Takeuchi DT. Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders among Asian Americans: Results from the national Latino and Asian American study. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(S3):S22–S26. doi:10.1002/eat.20450.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smart R, Tsong Y, Mejía OL, Hayashino D, Braaten MET. Therapists’ experiences treating Asian American women with eating disorders. Prof Psychol: Res Pract. 2011;42(4):308–315. doi:10.1037/a0024179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choate L. Prevention, and treatment of eating disorders: The role of professional counselors. J Couns Dev. 2012;90(3):259–261. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00032.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trepal HC, Boie I, Kress VE. A relational cultural approach to working with clients with eating disorders. J Couns Dev. 2012;90(3):346–356. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00043.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah CSL, Wang C, Ren H, Zong X, Cho HS, Xue X. COVID-19 racism and mental health in Chinese American families. Pediatrics. 2020;146(5):e2020021816. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-021816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah CSL, Ren H, Zong X, Wang C. COVID-19 racism and Chinese American families’ mental health: A comparison between 2020 and 2021. IJERPH. 2023;20(8):5437. doi:10.3390/ijerph20085437.
   Google Scholar
• Gildersleeve RE. Special issue on Asian American, Native American Pacific Islander Serving Institutions. About Campus. 2021;26(1):3–3. doi:10.1177/10864822211003701.
   Google Scholar
• Kodama CM, Park CE. More than academics: The transformative effect of an identity-based peer mentor program for Asian American STEM students. About Campus. 2021;26(1):17–25. doi:10.1177/1086482220969677.
   Google Scholar
• Liu JL, Cheong Y, Wang C, Cheah CSL, Ma R, Zhang X. The voices of Chinese American parents during COVID-19: Recommendations for addressing anti-Asian racism and supporting adolescents in school. Asian Am J Psychol. In press;
   Google Scholar
• Teng CC, Hon S, Wang A, Tsai W. Impact of COVID-19 discrimination fear on psychological distress among East Asian college students: The moderating role of emotion regulation. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2023;93(1):86–96. doi:10.1037/ort0000659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, S. L. Cheah C, Liu JL, et al. Parents’ perspectives regarding anti-Asian racism during COVID-19: Supporting elementary students at school. School Psychol Rev. 2022:1–18. doi:10.1080/2372966X.2022.2098813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Havewala M, Fan Q, Wang Q, Bali D. The relations between COVID-19 stress, social connectedness, and mental health: A longitudinal investigation comparing Chinese and American college students. Curr Psychol. 2023. doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04290-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins LH, Lehman J. Eating disorders and body image concerns in Asian American women: Assessment and treatment from a multicultural and feminist perspective. Eat Disord. 2007;15(3):217–230. doi:10.1080/10640260701323474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White MA, Grilo CM. Ethnic differences in the prediction of eating and body image disturbances among female adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38(1):78–84. doi:10.1002/eat.20142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Ryan RM. The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inquiry. 2000;11(4):227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(3):348–358. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice E, Marti CN, Rohde P. Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(2):445–457. doi:10.1037/a0030679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan NT, Perez M, Prinstein MJ, Thurston IB. Upending racism in psychological science: Strategies to change how science is conducted, reported, reviewed, and disseminated. Am Psychol. 2021;76(7):1097–1112. doi:10.1037/amp0000905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier LG, Dion SC, Slovinec-D’Angelo M, Reid R. Why do you regulate what you eat? Relationships between forms of regulation, eating behaviors, sustained dietary behavior change, and psychological adjustment. Motivation Emotion. 2004;28(3):245–277. doi:10.1023/B:MOEM.0000040154.40922.14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Connell JP. Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;57(5):749–761. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma R, Mikhail ME, Fowler N, Culbert KM, Klump KL. The role of puberty and ovarian hormones in the genetic diathesis of eating disorders in females. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2019;28(4):617–628. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade TD, Bulik CM. Genetic influences on eating disorders. In: Agras WS, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2018:80–105.
   Google Scholar
• Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Dev Perspect. 2007;1(2):68–73. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson LJ, Padilla-Walker LM, Carroll JS, Madsen SD, Barry CM, Badger S. “If you want me to treat you like an adult, start acting like one!” Comparing the criteria that emerging adults and their parents have for adulthood. J Fam Psychol. 2007;21(4):665–674. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Eghrari H, Patrick BC, Leone DR. Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. J Pers. 1994;62(1):119–142. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick WS, Deci EL, Ryan RM. Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In: Grusec JE, Kuczynski L, eds. Parenting and Children’s Internalization of Values: A Handbook of Contemporary Theory. New York, NY: Wiley; 1997:135–161.
   Google Scholar
• Barber BK. Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Dev. 1996;67(6):3296–3319. doi:10.2307/1131780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick WS. The Psychology of Parental Control: How Well-Meant Parenting Backfires. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kins E, Beyers W, Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M. Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood: The role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Dev Psychol. 2009;45(5):1416–1429. doi:10.1037/a0015580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M. A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Dev Rev. 2010;30(1):74–99. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams KE, Ciarrochi J. Perceived parenting styles and values development: A longitudinal study of adolescents and emerging adults. J Res Adolesc. 2020;30(2):541–558. doi:10.1111/jora.12542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss K, Gilbert P. Eating disorders, shame and pride: A cognitive-behavioural functional analysis. In: Gilbert P, Miles J, eds. Body Shame: Conceptualization, Research & Treatment. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge; 2002:219–255.
   Google Scholar
• Ma R, Kelly AC. The fragility of perceived social rank following exercise in anorexia nervosa: An ecological momentary assessment study of shame and pride. Eat Weight Disord.. 2020;25(6):1601–1607. doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00797-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troop NA, Redshaw C. General shame and bodily shame in eating disorders: A 2.5-year longitudinal study. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20(5):373–378. doi:10.1002/erv.2160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M, Luyten P. Toward a domain-specific approach to the study of parental psychological control: Distinguishing between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control. J Pers. 2010;78(1):217–256. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00614.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt SJ. Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanal Study Child. 1974;29(1):107–157. doi:10.1080/00797308.1974.11822616.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blatt SJ, Homann E. Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 1992;12(1):47–91. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90091-L.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kins E, Soenens B, Beyers W. “Why do they have to grow up so fast?” Parental separation anxiety and emerging adults’ pathology of separation-individuation. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67(7):647–664. doi:10.1002/jclp.20786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt SJ. Experiences of Depression: Theoretical, Clinical, and Research Perspectives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2004. doi:10.1037/10749-000.
   Google Scholar
• Bégin C, Fecteau A, Côté M, Bédard A, Senécal C, Ratté C. Disordered eating behaviors through the lens of self-determination theory. Eur J Psychol. 2018;14(3):571–580. doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i3.1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaCaille RA, Hooker SA, LaCaille LJ. Using self-determination theory to understand eating behaviors and weight change in emerging adults. Eat Behav. 2020;39:101433. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardone-Cone AM, Wonderlich SA, Frost RO, et al. Perfectionism and eating disorders: Current status and future directions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27(3):384–405. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco-Paredes K, Mancilla-Díaz JM, Vázquez-Arévalo R, López-Aguilar X, Álvarez-Rayón G. Perfectionism and eating disorders: A review of the literature: Perfectionism and eating. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2005;13(1):61–70. doi:10.1002/erv.605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusitz J, Martin J. The application of self-determination theory to eating disorders. J Creativity Mental Health 2013;8(4):499–517. doi:10.1080/15401383.2013.850392.
   Google Scholar
• Chirkov V, Ryan RM, Kim Y, Kaplan U. Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(1):97–110. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Vansteenkiste M, Beyers W, et al. Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motiv Emot. 2015;39(2):216–236. doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyckx K, Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M, Goossens L, Berzonsky MD. Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. J Fam Psychol. 2007;21(3):546–550. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson LJ, Padilla-Walker LM, Christensen KJ, Evans CA, Carroll JS. Parenting in emerging adulthood: An examination of parenting clusters and correlates. J Youth Adolesc. 2011;40(6):730–743. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9584-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urry SA, Nelson LJ, Padilla-Walker LM. Mother knows best: Psychological control, child disclosure, and maternal knowledge in emerging adulthood. J Fam Stud. 2011;17(2):157–173. doi:10.5172/jfs.2011.17.2.157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung J, Lau AS. Tough love or hostile domination? Psychological control and relational induction in cultural context. J Fam Psychol. 2012;26(6):966–975. doi:10.1037/a0030457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts RE, Phinney JS, Masse LC, Chen YR, Roberts CR, Romero A. The structure of ethnic identity of young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups. J Early Adolesc. 1999;19(3):301–322. doi:10.1177/0272431699019003001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cokley KO. Racial(ized) identity, ethnic identity, and Afrocentric values: Conceptual and methodological challenges in understanding African American identity. J Couns Psychol. 2005;52(4):517–526. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto DK, Liu WM. The impact of racial identity, ethnic identity, Asian values, and race-related stress on Asian Americans and Asian international college students’ psychological well-being. J Couns Psychol. 2010;57(1):79–91. doi:10.1037/a0017393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie VS. Compelled to Excel: Immigration, Education, and Opportunity among Chinese Americans. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Sue S, Okazaki S. Asian-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation. Am Psychol. 1990;45(8):913–920. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucchianeri MM, Arikian AJ, Hannan PJ, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D. Body dissatisfaction from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Body Image. 2013;10(1):1–7. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice E, Rohde P, Shaw H, Gau JM. Clinician-led, peer-led, and internet-delivered dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs: Acute effectiveness of these delivery modalities. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2017;85(9):883–895. doi:10.1037/ccp0000211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akoury LM, Warren CS, Culbert KM. Disordered eating in Asian American women: Sociocultural and culture-specific predictors. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1950. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Diversity and inclusion dashboard. Available at: https://www.usmd.edu/IRIS/Dashboard/Diversity-and-Inclusion/?view=UMBC. Accessed April 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• College Factual. UMBC demographics & diversity report. Available at: https://www.collegefactual.com/colleges/university-of-maryland-baltimore-county/student-life/diversity/. Accessed April 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Available at: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/raceindicators/indicator_reb.asp. Published February 2019. Accessed April 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Atlas. Race and Ethnicity in Middle Atlantic. Available at: https://statisticalatlas.com/division/Middle-Atlantic/Race-and-Ethnicity. Published 2018. Accessed April 2, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Zong X, Cheah CSL, Yu J, Lim HJ, Vu KTT, Opara N. Identity synthesis as a pathway linking parenting and emerging adults’ internalizing problems. J Child Fam Stud. 2019;28(4):1029–1041. doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01330-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin HH, Batte-Futrell ML, Boigegrain NM, Cao CN, Whitesell ER. Relationships between helicopter parenting, psychological needs satisfaction, and prosocial behaviors in emerging adults. J Child Fam Stud. 2021;30(4):966–977. doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01925-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KM, Reed-Fitzke K. An exploration of factors related to service utilization in emerging adults: Loneliness and psychosocial supports. J Am Coll Health 2023;71(2):440–449. doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1892699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton T, Hoffman J, Arsiwalla D, Volpe R, Schmidt E, Gropper S. Gender comparisons of young adults’ eating behavior regulation: Re-examination of the Regulation of Eating Behavior Scale (REBS). Appetite 2018;126:80–89. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney JS. The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. J Adolesc Res. 1992;7(2):156–176. doi:10.1177/074355489272003.
   Google Scholar
• Dandy J, Durkin K, McEvoy P, Barber BL, Houghton S. Psychometric properties of multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM) scores with Australian adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups. J Adolesc. 2008;31(3):323–335. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegg PO, Plybon LE. Toward the theoretical measurement of ethnic identity. J Early Adolesc. 2005;25(2):250–264. doi:10.1177/0272431604274175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RJA. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc. 1988;83(404):1198–1202. doi:10.2307/2290157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Published online, January 2012. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad S, Waller G, Verduyn C. Eating attitudes among Asian schoolgirls: The role of perceived parental control. Int J Eat Disord. 1994;15(1):91–97. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199401)15:1 < 91::AID-EAT2260150111 > 3.0.CO;2-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCourt J, Waller G. Developmental role of perceived parental control in the eating psychopathology of Asian and Caucasian schoolgirls. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17(3):277–282. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199504)17:3 < 277::AID-EAT2260170308 > 3.0.CO;2-D.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford DB, Whitehouse AM, Platts M. Sociocultural correlates of eating disorders among Asian schoolgirls in Bradford. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158(2):222–228. doi:10.1192/bjp.158.2.222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol. 2000;55(5):469–480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao RK. Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Dev. 1994;65(4):1111–1119. doi:10.2307/1131308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juang LP, Shen Y, Kim SY, Wang Y. Development of an Asian American parental racial–ethnic socialization scale. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2016;22(3):417–431. doi:10.1037/cdp0000083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BY. Heritage language maintenance and cultural identity formation: The case of Korean immigrant parents and their children in the USA. Early Child Dev Care 2013;183(11):1576–1588. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.741125.
   Google Scholar
• Phinney JS, Romero I, Nava M, Huang D. The role of language, parents, and peers in ethnic identity among adolescents in immigrant families. J Youth Adolesc. 2001;30(2):135–153. doi:10.1023/A:1010389607319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schüpbach D. Language transmission revisited: Family type, linguistic environment and language attitudes. Int J Bilingual Educ Bilingualism 2009;12(1):15–30. doi:10.1080/13670050802149499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin AL, Yoo HC, White RMB, Tran AGTT, Jackson KF. Validation of the Multiracial Youth Socialization (MY-Soc) Scale among racially diverse multiracial emerging adults. J Fam Psychol. 2022;36(1):13–22. doi:10.1037/fam0000879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang MT, Henry DA, Smith LV, Huguley JP, Guo J. Parental ethnic-racial socialization practices and children of color’s psychosocial and behavioral adjustment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Psychol. 2020;75(1):1–22. doi:10.1037/amp0000464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okagaki L, Moore DK. Ethnic identity beliefs of young adults and their parents in families of Mexican descent. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 2000;22(2):139–162. doi:10.1177/0739986300222001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiang L, Andrews K, Stein GL, Supple AJ, Gonzalez LM. Socioeconomic stress and academic adjustment among Asian American adolescents: The protective role of family obligation. J Youth Adolesc. 2013;42(6):837–847. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9916-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiang L, Witkow MR. Normative changes in meaning in life and links to adjustment in adolescents from Asian American backgrounds. Asian Am J Psychol. 2015;6(2):164–173. doi:10.1037/aap0000018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Norasakkunkit V, Kitayama S. Cultural constructions of happiness: Theory and emprical evidence. J Happiness Stud. 2004;5(3):223–239. doi:10.1007/s10902-004-8785-9.
   Google Scholar
• Chao R, Tseng V. Parenting of Asians. In: Bornstein MH, ed. Handbook of Parenting: Social Conditions and Applied Parenting. Vol 4, 2nd ed. Oxfordshire, UK: Routlege; 2002:59–93.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Q. The Autobiographical Self in Time and Culture. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Ma R, Capobianco KP, Buchanan NT, Hu Z, Oakman JM. Etiologic and treatment conceptualizations of disordered eating symptoms among mainland Chinese therapists. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(3):391–403. doi:10.1002/eat.23204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwitzer AM, Choate LH. College women eating disorder diagnostic profile and DSM-5. J Am Coll Health. 2015;63(1):73–78. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.963110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe L. Heterogeneity, hybridity, multiplicity: Marking Asian American differences. In: Ono KA, ed. A Companion to Asian American Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2005:254–75. doi:10.1002/9780470996928.ch16.
   Google Scholar
• Shrikant N. “There’s no such thing as Asian”: A membership categorization analysis of cross-cultural adaptation in an Asian American business community. J Int Intercultural Commun. 2018;11(4):286–303. doi:10.1080/17513057.2018.1478986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benet-Martínez V, Leu J, Lee F, Morris MW. Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 2002;33(5):492–516. doi:10.1177/0022022102033005005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai-Chae AH, Tsai-Chae AH, Nagata DK. Asian values and perceptions of intergenerational family conflict among Asian American students. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2008;14(3):205–214. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.3.205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma R, Zhang M, Oakman JM, et al. Eating disorders treatment experiences and social support: Perspectives from service seekers in mainland China. Intl J Eating Disorders. 2021;54(8):1537–1548. doi:10.1002/eat.23565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar