Lonely but not alone: Examining correlates of loneliness among Canadian post-secondary students

References

• Dijksterhuis A. Why we are social animals: the high road to imitation as social glue. Perspect Imitation from Neurosci to Soc Sci. 2005;2:207–220.
   Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad J, Perissinotto C. Social isolation and loneliness as medical issues. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(3):193–195. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2208029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Statistics Canada S. Loneliness in Canada. Loneliness in Canada. 2021. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2021090-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Lasgaard M, Friis K, Shevlin M. “Where are all the lonely people?” A population-based study of high-risk groups across the life span. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(10):1373–1384. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1279-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rico-Uribe LA, Caballero FF, Martín-María N, Cabello M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Miret M. Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0190033. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Mann F, Lloyd-Evans B, Ma R, Johnson S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):156. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann F, Wang J, Pearce E, et al. Loneliness and the onset of new mental health problems in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2022;57(11):2161–2178. doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02261-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YC, Boen C, Gerken K, Li T, Schorpp K, Harris KM. Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(3):578–583. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26467429 doi:10.1073/pnas.1511085112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayin Kasar K, Karaman E. Life in lockdown: social isolation, loneliness and quality of life in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42(5):1222–1229. doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.03.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Omari O, Al Sabei S, Al Rawajfah O, et al. Prevalence and predictors of loneliness among youth during the time of COVID-19: a multinational study. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2021;29(3):204–214. doi:10.1177/10783903211017640.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218–1239.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissbourd R, Batanova M, Lovison V, Torres E. Loneliness in America: how the pandemic has deepened an epidemic of loneliness and what we can do about it. 2021. https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/loneliness-in-america
   Google Scholar
• Moghimi E, Stephenson C, Gutierrez G, et al. Mental health challenges, treatment experiences, and care needs of post-secondary students: a cross-sectional mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):655. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15452-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstreich E, Margalit M. Loneliness, mindfulness, and academic achievements: a moderation effect among first-year college students. Open Psychol J. 2015;8(1):138–145.
   Google Scholar
• Arnett JJ. Conceptual foundations of emerging adulthood. In: Emerging Adulthood and Higher Education. New York, NY: Routledge; 2018:11–24.
   Google Scholar
• Marquez J, Goodfellow C, Hardoon D, et al. Loneliness in young people: a multilevel exploration of social ecological influences and geographic variation. J Public Health (Oxf). 2023;45(1):109–117. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Qualter P, Vanhalst J, Van den Noortgate W, Goossens L. Gender differences in loneliness across the lifespan: a meta–analysis. Eur J Pers. 2019;33(6):642–654. doi:10.1002/per.2220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson SK, Kern A, Eisenberg D, Breland-Noble AM. Mental health disparities among college students of color. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(3):348–356. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr DL, Santurri L, Peters P. A comparison of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual college undergraduate women on selected mental health issues. J Am Coll Health. 2013;61(4):185–194. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.787619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özdemir U, Tuncay T. Correlates of loneliness among university students. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2(1):29. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodfellow C, Hardoon D, Inchley J, et al. Loneliness and personal well-being in young people: moderating effects of individual, interpersonal, and community factors. J Adolesc. 2022;94(4):554–568. doi:10.1002/jad.12046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutel ME, Klein EM, Brähler E, et al. Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):97. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul C, Ayis S, Ebrahim S. Psychological distress, loneliness and disability in old age. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(2):221–232. doi:10.1080/13548500500262945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Dong S. The relationships between social support and loneliness: a meta-analysis and review. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022;227:103616. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram I, Kelly PJ, Deane FP, et al. Loneliness among people with substance use problems: a narrative systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39(5):447–483. doi:10.1111/dar.13064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pels F, Kleinert J. Loneliness and physical activity: a systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2016;9(1):231–260. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2016.1177849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard A, Rohrmann S, Vandeleur CL, Schmid M, Barth J, Eichholzer M. Loneliness is adversely associated with physical and mental health and lifestyle factors: results from a Swiss national survey. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181442. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl K, Jansen C, Ishchanova K, Hilger-Kolb J. Loneliness at universities: determinants of emotional and social loneliness among students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(9):1865. doi:10.3390/ijerph15091865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner G, Ramanathan S, Kwan M. Developing a coordinated Canadian post-secondary surveillance system: a Delphi survey to identify measurement priorities for the Canadian Campus Wellbeing Survey (CCWS). BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):935. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7255-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: results from two population-based studies. Res Aging. 2004;26(6):655–672. doi:10.1177/0164027504268574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P, Wardle J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(15):5797–5801. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219686110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell DW. UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess. 1996;66(1):20–40. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Canadian community health survey-annual component. Statistics Canada; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Booth M. Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71(sup2):114–120. doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.11082794.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig CL, Marshal AL, Sjostrom M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–1395. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R, Chaput JP, Giangregorio LM, et al. Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for adults aged 18–64 years and adults aged 65 years or older: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(10):S151–S164. doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan MJ, Duncan MJ, Bedi RP, Puterman E, Leatherdale ST, Faulkner G. The prospective association between physical activity and initiation of current substance use among adolescents: examining the role of school connectedness. Ment Health Phys Act. 2023;24:100503. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(2):184–189. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32(6):959–976. doi:10.1017/S0033291702006074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Canadian community health survey - annual component (CCHS). 2023. https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226
   Google Scholar
• Orpana HM, Lang JJ, Yurkowski K. Original quantitative research validation of a brief version of the social provisions scale using Canadian national survey data. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2019;39(12):323–332. doi:10.24095/hpcdp.39.12.02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U15: Group of Canadian Research Universities. About us. 2023. https://u15.ca/about-us/. Accessed February 27, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang L, Cheskin LJ, Frankenfeld CL, Rana ZH, de Jonge L. Loneliness is associated with unhealthful dietary behaviors and physical inactivity among US college students. J Am Coll Health. 2022;Nov 17:1–6. doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2141060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto M, Victor C, Hammond C, Eccles A, Richins MT, Qualter P. Loneliness around the world: age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;169:110066. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahuas A, Marenus MW, Kumaravel V, et al. Perceived social support and COVID-19 impact on quality of life in college students: an observational study. Ann Med. 2023;55(1):136–145. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2154943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton CL, Bottorff JL, Jones-Bricker M, Oliffe JL, DeLeenheer D, Medhurst K. Men’s mental health promotion interventions: a scoping review. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(6):1823–1837. doi:10.1177/1557988317728353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomas T, Diego-Rosell P, Shiba K, et al. Complexifying individualism versus collectivism and west versus east: exploring global diversity in perspectives on self and other in the Gallup World Poll. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2023;54(1):61–89. doi:10.1177/00220221221130978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe P. A sense of belonging: improving student retention. Coll Student J. 2013;47(4):605–613. https://go.exlibris.link/fNy59ldK
   Google Scholar
• Peterson N, Lee J, Svec J, Russell D. Diversity in social communication and support: implications for loneliness among LGB adults. Gerontologist. 2022;63(2):361–372. doi:10.1093/geront/gnac101.
   Google Scholar
• Salway T, Ross LE, Fehr CP, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of disparities in the prevalence of suicide ideation and attempt among bisexual populations. Arch Sex Behav. 2019;48(1):89–111. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1150-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross LE, Salway T, Tarasoff LA, MacKay JM, Hawkins BW, Fehr CP. Prevalence of depression and anxiety among bisexual people compared to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Res. 2018;55(4–5):435–456. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1387755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of British Columbia. Food and financial resources. 2023. https://foodhub.ubc.ca/resources/?campus=5&support-resource-type=7. Accessed February 27, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Treiber FA, Baranowski T, Braden DS, Strong WB, Levy M, Knox W. Social support for exercise: relationship to physical activity in young adults. Prev Med. 1991;20(6):737–750. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(91)90068-F.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahindru A, Patil P, Agrawal V. Role of physical activity on mental health and well-being: a review. Cureus. 2023;15(1):e33475. doi:10.7759/cureus.33475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis C, Butt P, Shield K, et al. Canada’s guidance on alcohol and health: final report. 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Visontay R, Mewton L, Slade T, Aris IM, Sunderland M. Moderate alcohol consumption and depression: a marginal structural model approach promoting causal inference. Am J Psychiatry. 2023;180(3):209–217. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.22010043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin PR, Reece J, Lauder S, McClelland A. A randomised controlled trial of a social support intervention. Appl Psychol Heal Well-Being. 2011;3(1):44–65. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01044.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EduCanada. Understand the Canadian education system. 2023. https://www.educanada.ca/study-plan-etudes/system-education-systeme.aspx?lang=eng. Accessed July 17, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Halladay J, Woock R, El-Khechen H, et al. Patterns of substance use among adolescents: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;216:108222. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar