197
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

When the night is too short. Bedtime procrastination, self-compassion, and sleep in a daily diary study

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 19 Jan 2022, Accepted 11 Dec 2023, Published online: 11 Jan 2024

References

  • Bernecker, K., & Job, V. (2020). Too exhausted to go to bed: Implicit theories about willpower and stress predict bedtime procrastination. British Journal of Psychology, 111(1), 126–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12382
  • Biber, D. D., & Ellis, R. (2019). The effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(14), 2060–2071. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317713361
  • Brown, L., Houston, E. E., Amonoo, H. L., & Bryant, C. (2021). Is self-compassion associated with sleep quality? A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 12(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01498-0
  • Butz, S., & Stahlberg, D. (2018). Can self-compassion improve sleep quality via reduced rumination? Self and Identity, 17(6), 666–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1456482
  • Chung, S. J., An, H., & Suh, S. (2020). What do people do before going to bed? A study of bedtime procrastination using time use surveys. Sleep, 43(4), zsz267.
  • Daghlas, I., Dashti, H. S., Lane, J., Aragam, K. G., Rutter, M. K., Saxena, R., & Vetter, C. (2019). Sleep duration and myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(10), 1304–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.022
  • Dewitte, S., & Schouwenburg, H. C. (2002). Procrastination, temptations, and incentives: The struggle between the present and the future in procrastinators and the punctual. European Journal of Personality, 16(6), 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.461
  • Dunne, S., Sheffield, D., & Chilcot, J. (2018). Brief report: Self-compassion, physical health and the mediating role of health-promoting behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(7), 993–999. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316643377
  • Eriksson, T., Germundsjö, L., Åström, E., & Rönnlund, M. (2018). Mindful self-compassion training reduces stress and burnout symptoms among practicing psychologists: A randomized controlled trial of a brief web-based intervention. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02340
  • Exelmans, L., & Van den Bulck, J. (2021). “Glued to the Tube”: The interplay between self-control, evening television viewing, and bedtime procrastination. Communication Research, 48(4), 594–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650216686877
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
  • Furnham, A. (1986). Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 7(3), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(86)90014-0
  • Gallicchio, L., & Kalesan, B. (2009). Sleep duration and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 18(2), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00732.x
  • Hamilton, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Stevens, N., & Kitzman, H. (2007). Sleep and psychological well-being. Social Indicators Research, 82(1), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9030-1
  • Hen, M., & Goroshit, M. (2018). General and life-domain procrastination in highly educated adults in Israel. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01173
  • Herzog-Krzywoszanska, R., & Krzywoszanski, L. (2019). Bedtime procrastination, sleep-related behaviors, and demographic factors in an online survey on a Polish sample. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00963
  • Hill, V. M., Rebar, A. L., Ferguson, S. A., Shriane, A. E., & Vincent, G. E. (2022). Go to bed! A systematic review and meta-analysis of bedtime procrastination correlates and sleep outcomes. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 66, 101697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101697
  • Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, Y., Arteta-Garcia, J., & Purol, S. (2018). Diary study: The protective role of self-compassion on stress-related poor sleep quality. Mindfulness, 9(6), 1931–1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0939-7
  • Hupfeld, J., & Ruffieux, N. (2011). Validierung einer deutschen Version der Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-D). Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 40(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000088
  • Juda, M., Vetter, C., & Roenneberg, T. (2013). Chronotype modulates sleep duration, sleep quality, and social jet lag in shift-workers. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 28(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730412475042
  • Kelly, A. C., & Carter, J. C. (2015). Self-compassion training for binge eating disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 88(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12044
  • Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., Foa, C. L., & Gilbert, P. (2010). Who benefits from training in self-compassionate self-regulation? A study of smoking reduction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(7), 727–755. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.7.727
  • Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038
  • Klingsieck, K. B., & Fries, S. (2018). Eine Kurzskala der General Procrastination Scale (GPS-K). Zusammenstellung Sozialwissenschaftlicher Items Und Skalen (ZIS).
  • Krause, K., & Freund, A. M. (2014). Delay or procrastination–A comparison of self-report and behavioral measures of procrastination and their impact on affective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.050
  • Kroese, F. M., & de Ridder, D. T. (2016). Health behaviour procrastination: A novel reasoned route towards self-regulatory failure. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1116019
  • Kroese, F. M., De Ridder, D. T. D., Evers, C., & Adriaanse, M. A. (2014). Bedtime procrastination: Introducing a new area of procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00611
  • Kroese, F. M., Evers, C., Adriaanse, M. A., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2016). Bedtime procrastination: A self-regulation perspective on sleep insufficiency in the general population. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(5), 853–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314540014
  • Kroese, F. M., Nauts, S., Kamphorst, B. A., Anderson, J. H., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2016). Bedtime procrastination: A behavioral perspective on sleep insufficiency. In F. M. Sirois & T. A. Pychyl (Eds.), Procrastination, health, and well-being (pp. 93–119). Elsevier.
  • Kühnel, J., Syrek, C. J., & Dreher, A. (2018). Why don’t you go to bed on time? A daily diary study on the relationships between chronotype, self-control resources and the phenomenon of bedtime procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 77. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00077
  • Ma, X., Meng, D., Zhu, L., Xu, H., Guo, J., Yang, L., Yu, L., Fu, Y., & Mu, L. (2022). Bedtime procrastination predicts the prevalence and severity of poor sleep quality of Chinese undergraduate students. Journal of American College Health, 70(4), 1104–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1785474
  • Magnus, C. M., Kowalski, K. C., & McHugh, T. L. F. (2010). The role of self-compassion in women’s self-determined motives to exercise and exercise-related outcomes. Self and Identity, 9(4), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860903135073
  • Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Phillips, W. J., & Hine, D. W. (2021). Self-compassion, physical health, and health behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 15(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1705872
  • Rapoport, O., Bengel, S., Möcklinghoff, S., & Neidhardt, E. (2022). Self-compassion moderates the influence of procrastination on postponing sporting activity. Personality and Individual Differences, 185, 111242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111242
  • Rapoport, O., Möcklinghoff, S., Merz, S., & Neidhardt, E. (2023). “Can I please postpone my dentist appointment?”–Exploring a new area of procrastination. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04598-x
  • Schouwenburg, H. C., & Lay, C. H. (1995). Trait procrastination and the big-five factors of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(4), 481–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00176-S
  • Sheeran, P., & Webb, T. L. (2016). The intention–behavior gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12265
  • Sirois, F. M. (2004). Procrastination and intentions to perform health behaviors: The role of self-efficacy and the consideration of future consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.005
  • Sirois, F. M., Kitner, R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-compassion, affect, and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology, 34(6), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000158
  • Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta-analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098
  • Sirois, F. M., Nauts, S., & Molnar, D. S. (2019). Self-compassion and bedtime procrastination: An emotion regulation perspective. Mindfulness, 10(3), 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0983-3
  • Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
  • Stead, R., Shanahan, M. J., & Neufeld, R. W. (2010). “I’ll go to therapy, eventually”: Procrastination, stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 175–180.
  • Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
  • Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic procrastination: Psychological antecedents revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173
  • Steel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2018). Examining procrastination across multiple goal stages: A longitudinal study of temporal motivation theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 327. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00327
  • Strine, T., & Chapman, D. (2005). Associations of frequent sleep insufficiency with health-related quality of life and health behaviors. Sleep Medicine, 6(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2004.06.003
  • Suh, S., Cho, N., Jeoung, S., & An, H. (2022). Developing a psychological intervention for decreasing bedtime procrastination: The BED-PRO study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 20(6), 659–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2021.1979004
  • Taris, T. W., & Kompier, M. A. (2014). Cause and effect: Optimizing the designs of longitudinal studies in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 28(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.878494
  • Terry, M. L., & Leary, M. R. (2011). Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health. Self and Identity, 10(3), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.558404
  • Terry, M. L., Leary, M. R., Mehta, S., & Henderson, K. (2013). Self-compassionate reactions to health threats. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(7), 911–926. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213488213
  • van den Bergh, D., van Doorn, J., Marsman, M., Draws, T., van Kesteren, E.-J., Derks, K., Dablander, F., Gronau, Q. F., Kucharský, Š., Gupta, A. R. K. N., Sarafoglou, A., Voelkel, J. G., Stefan, A., Ly, A., Hinne, M., Matzke, D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2020). A tutorial on conducting and interpreting a Bayesian ANOVA in JASP. L’Année Psychologique, 120(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.3917/anpsy1.201.0073
  • Weeß, H. G., Schurmann, T., Binder, R., & Steinberg, R. (2008). Landecker Inventar zur Erfassung von Schlafstörungen. Pearson Assessment & Information.
  • Zhai, L., Zhang, H., & Zhang, D. (2015). Sleep duration and depression among adults: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Depression and Anxiety, 32(9), 664–670. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22386

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.