Polysubstance use latent class membership in New Jersey: Association with prior overdoses, prior emergency department peer recovery engagement, and mental health diagnosis among participants in an opioid overdose recovery program

References

• Ahmad F, Rossen L, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm. Published 2021. Accessed September 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Scholl L, Seth P, Kariisa M, Wilson N, Baldwin G. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2013–2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;67(51–52):1419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, ed. Published online 2020. internal-pdf://89.5.232.120/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Compton WM, Valentino RJ, DuPont RL. Polysubstance use in the US opioid crisis. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(1):41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarlenski M, Barry CL, Gollust S, Graves AJ, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Kozhimannil K. Polysubstance use among US women of reproductive age who use opioids for nonmedical reasons. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(8):1308–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland KM, Jones C, Vivolo-Kantor AM, et al. Trends in US emergency department visits for mental health, overdose, and violence outcomes before and during the CoViD-19 pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(4):372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivolo-Kantor AM, Seth P, Gladden RM, et al. Vital signs: trends in emergency department visits for suspected opioid Overdoses – United States, July 2016–September 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(9):279–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire AB, Powell KG, Treitler PC, et al. Emergency department-based peer support for opioid use disorder: emergent functions and forms. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;108:82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikman PK, Muhonen LH, Ojanperä IA. Polydrug abuse among opioid maintenance treatment patients is related to inadequate dose of maintenance treatment medicine. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hakansson A, Berglund M. All-cause mortality in criminal justice clients with substance use problems-a prospective follow-up study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(3):499–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele JL, Peralta RL. Are polydrug users more physically and verbally aggressive? An assessment of aggression among mono- versus polydrug users in a university sample. J Interpers Violence. 2020;35(21–22):4444–4467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao D, Torres LR, Guerrero EG, Mauldin RL, Bordnick PS. Spatial accessibility of drug treatment facilities and the effects on locus of control, drug use, and service use among heroin-injecting Mexican American men. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(3):598–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opara I, Weissinger GM, Lardier DT, Jr, Lanier Y, Carter S, Brawner BM. Mental health burden among Black adolescents: the need for better assessment, diagnosis and treatment engagement. Soc Work Ment Health. Published Online 2021;19(2):88–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell KG, Treitler P, Peterson NA, Borys S, Hallcom D. Promoting opioid overdose prevention and recovery: an exploratory study of an innovative intervention model to address opioid abuse. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;64:21–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan AN, Le Foll B. Polydrug use disorders in individuals with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;198:28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones CM, Campopiano M, Baldwin G, McCance-Katz E. National and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(8):e55–e63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KE, O'Rourke A, White RH, et al. Polysubstance use in rural West Virginia: associations between latent classes of drug use, overdose, and take-home naloxone. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;76:102642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford RD, Meeks M, Curtis B, Brown AM. Utilization of peer-based substance use disorder and recovery interventions in rural emergency departments: patient characteristics and exploratory analysis. J Rural Ment Heal. 2019;43(1):17–29.
   Google Scholar
• Fallin-Bennett A, Elswick A, Ashford K. Peer support specialists and perinatal opioid use disorder: someone that's been there, lived it, seen it. Addict Behav. 2020;102:106204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobashev G, Tebbe K, Peiper N, Hoffer L. Polydrug use among heroin users in Cleveland, OH. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;192:80–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penm J, MacKinnon NJ, Boone JM, Ciaccia A, McNamee C, Winstanley EL. Strategies and policies to address the opioid epidemic: a case study of Ohio. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(2S):S148–S153.
   Google Scholar
• Yang M, Huang S-C, Liao Y-H, et al. Clinical characteristics of poly-drug abuse among heroin dependents and association with other psychopathology in compulsory isolation treatment settings in China. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2018;22(2):129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard MC, Hoffman ME. Variable-centered, person-centered, and person-specific approaches: where theory meets the method. Organ Res Methods 2018;21(4):846–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health. Population health. https://www.state.nj.us/health/populationhealth/opioid/. Accessed September 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Graham JW. Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:549–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christens BD, Peterson NA. The role of empowerment in youth development: a study of sociopolitical control as mediator of ecological systems' influence on developmental outcomes. J Youth Adolesc. 2012;41(5):623–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tein J-Y, Coxe S, Cham H. Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis. Struct Equ Modeling. 2013;20(4):640–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1149–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong VMT, Eijkemans MJC, Van Calster B, et al. Sample size considerations and predictive performance of multinomial logistic prediction models. Stat Med. 2019;38(9):1601–1619.
   Google Scholar
• Vermunt JK, Magidson J. Technical Guide for Latent GOLD 5.0: Basic, Advanced, and Syntax. Belmont, MA: Stat Innovations Incorporation; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Collins LM, Lanza ST. Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis : With Applications in the Social Behavioral, and Health Sciences. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza ST, Collins LM, Lemmon DR, Schafer JL. PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Struct Equ Modeling. 2007;14(4):671–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo Y, Mendell NR, Rubin DB. Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika 2001;88(3):767–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magidson J, Vermunt JK, Madura JP. Latent class analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Limited; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Patra J, Fischer B, Maksimowska S, Rehm J. Profiling poly-substance use typologies in a multi-site cohort of illicit opioid and other drug users in Canada–a latent class analysis. Addict Res Theory. 2009;17(2):168–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SJ, Mair C, Songer TJ, Krans EE, Wahed A, Talbott E. Opioid-related hospitalizations in Pennsylvania: a latent class analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;202:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KE, Park JN, Allen ST, Weir BW, Sherman SG. Patterns of polysubstance use and overdose among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland: a latent class analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;201:71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3(1):17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StataCorp. Stata statistical software: release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Pampel FC. Logistic Regression: A Primer. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Langeheine R, Pannekoek J, Van de Pol F. Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in categorical data analysis. Sociol Methods Res. 1996;24(4):492–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gicquelais RE, Jannausch M, Bohnert ASB, Thomas L, Sen S, Fernandez AC. Links between suicidal intent, polysubstance use, and medical treatment after non-fatal opioid overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020; 212:108041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RD, Moeller SJ, Zhu J, Yarden J, Ganzhorn S, Williams JM. The potential role of cocaine and heroin co-use in the opioid epidemic in the United States. Addict Behav. 2021;113:106680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones CM, Einstein EB, Compton WM. Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2010–2016. JAMA. 2018;319(17):1819–1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRue L, Twillman RK, Dawson E, et al. Rate of fentanyl positivity among urine drug test results positive for cocaine or methamphetamine. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(4):e192851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai Z, Abate MA, Groth CP, et al. Fentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919
   Google Scholar
• Ellis MS, Kasper ZA, Cicero TJ. Polysubstance use trends and variability among individuals with opioid use disorder in rural versus urban settings. Prev Med. 2021;152(Pt 2):106729.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman SG, German D, Cheng Y, Marks M, Bailey-Kloche M. The evaluation of the JEWEL project: An innovative economic enhancement and HIV prevention intervention study targeting drug using women involved in prostitution. AIDS Care. 2006;18(1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson L, Mammel M, Milloy MJ, Hayashi K. Employment cessation, long term labour market engagement and HIV infection risk among people who inject drugs in an urban Canadian setting. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(12):3267–3276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valente PK, Bazzi AR, Childs E, et al. Patterns, contexts, and motivations for polysubstance use among people who inject drugs in non-urban settings in the U.S. Northeast. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;85:102934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crummy EA, O’Neal TJ, Baskin BM, Ferguson SM. One is not enough: understanding and modeling polysubstance use. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawczyk N, Eisenberg M, Schneider KE, et al. Predictors of overdose death among high-risk emergency department patients with substance-related encounters: a data linkage cohort study. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavova S, Rock P, Bush HM, Quesinberry D, Walsh SL. Signal of increased opioid overdose during COVID-19 from emergency medical services data. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;214:108176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Kasper ZA. Polysubstance use: a broader understanding of substance use during the opioid crisis. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(2):244–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votaw VR, Witkiewitz K, Vowles KE, Weiss RD, Griffin ML, McHugh RK. Pain interference and catastrophizing are not associated with polysubstance use among treatment-seeking patients with substance use disorders and chronic pain. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46(5):604–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedegaard H, Warner M, Miniño AM. Key findings data from the national vital statistics system, mortality (Published online); 1999. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db294_table.pdf#3. Accessed December 10, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation. Opioid overdose deaths. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/opioid-overdose-deaths-by-raceethnicity/?dataView=1&currentTimeframe=0&selectedDistributions=white-non-hispanic-black-non-hispanic-hispanic-total&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D. Published 2017. Accessed December 10, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Salmond S, Allread V. A population health approach to America's opioid epidemic. Orthop Nurs. 2019;38(2):95–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen H, Netherland J. Is the prescription opioid epidemic a white problem? Am J Public Health. 2016;106(12):2127–2129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider MR, Brown MJ, Gupta RD, et al. Psycho-social correlates of opioid use disorder among the US adult population: evidence from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2018. Subst Use Misuse. 2020;55(12):2002–2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén LK, Muthén BO. How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Struct Equ Model. 2002;9(4):599–620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylund-Gibson K, Choi AY. Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Transl Issues Psychol Sci. 2018;4(4):440–461.
   Google Scholar
• Lima NNR, de Souza RI, Feitosa PWG, et al. People experiencing homelessness: their potential exposure to COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar