Desistance and Persistence: Women and Habitual Violence in Late Victorian and Edwardian England

REFERENCES

• Arnot, M. L., & Usborne, C. (1999). Gender and crime in Modern Europe. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, M. (2006). Youth offending in transition: The search for social recognition. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Beattie, J. M. (1986). Crime and the Courts in Engand, 1660–1800. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. (1981). A treatise on the family. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bentley, D. (1998). English Criminal Justice in the Nineteenth Century. Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Boritch, H. (2005). The criminal class revisited: Recidivism and Punishment in Ontario, 1870–1920. Social Science History, 29(1), 137–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson, C. (2012). Using ‘turning points’ to understand processes of change in offending: Notes from a Swedish Study on Life Courses and Crime. British Journal of Criminology, 52(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azr062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Children Act, 8 Edw. 7 c. 67 (1908). (Eng.).
   Google Scholar
• County and Borough Police Act, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 69 (1856). (Eng.).
   Google Scholar
• County Police Act, 2 & 3 Vict. c. 93 (1839). (Eng.).
   Google Scholar
• Davis, J. (1980). The London Garrotting Panic of 1862: A moral panic and the creation of a criminal class in mid-victorian England. In V. A. C. Gatrell, B. Lenman, & G. Parker (Eds.), Crime and the Law: The social history of crime in Western Europe since 1500 (pp. 190–213). Europa.
   Google Scholar
• De Li, S., & MacKenzie, D. (2003). The gendered effects of adult social bonds on the criminal activities of probationers. Criminal Justice Review, 28(2), 278–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/073401680302800205
   Google Scholar
• Di Méo, G. (2021). Violent women: Changes in magisterial attitudes to female acts of assault in cheltenham and exeter (England), 1880–1909. Crime, Histoire & Sociétés, 25(2), 81–107. https://doi.org/10.4000/chs.3068
   Google Scholar
• Eisner, M. (2003). Long-term historical trends in violent crime. Crime and Justice, 30, 83–142. https://doi.org/10.1086/652229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elementary Education Act, 43 & 44 Vict. c. 23 (1880). (Eng.).
   Google Scholar
• Emsley, C. (2005). Crime and Society in England, 1750–1900 (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Farrall, S., & Bowling, B. (1999). Structuration, human development and desistance from crime. British Journal of Criminology, 39(2), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.2.253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, M. M., & Little, D. L. (1991). The vanishing female: The decline of women in the criminal process, 1687–1912. Law & Society Review, 25(4), 719–757. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingard, J. (1984). Jailbirds in Mid-Victorian Halifax. Dalhousie Law Journal, 8(3), 81–102.
   Google Scholar
• Flood-Page, C., Campbell, S., Harrington, V., & Miller, J. (2000). Youth Crime: Findings from the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey. Home Office Research Study 209. Home Office.
   Google Scholar
• Frost, L., & Maxwell-Stewart, H. (2001). Chain letters: Narrating convict lives. Melbourne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giordano, P., Cernkovich, S., & Rudolph, J. (2002). Gender, crime and desistance: Towards a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 107(4), 990–1064. https://doi.org/10.1086/343191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano, P., Seffrin, P., Manning, W., & Longmore, M. (2011). Parenthood and crime: The role of wantedness, relationships with partners, and SES. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(5), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. (1950). Unravelling Juvenile delinquency. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, B., Cox, D., & Farrall, S. (2007). Criminal lives: Family life, employment, and offending. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, B., Cox, D., & Farrall, S. (2010). Serious offenders: A historical study of habitual criminals. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, B., Cox, P., Shore, H., & Alker, Z. (2017). Young criminal lives: Life courses and life chances from 1850. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, J., & Bowling, B. (1995). Young people and crime. Home Office Research Study 145. Home Office.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnison, E. (2001). Understanding female desistance from crime: Exploring theoretical and empirical relationships [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Cinncinati.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnison, E. (2014). Desistance from criminal offending: Exploring gender similarities and differences. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 15(3), 75–95.
   Google Scholar
• Habitual Criminals Act , 32 & 33 Vict. c.99 (1869). (Eng.).
   Google Scholar
• Haider, S. (2013). Female petty crime in Dundee, 1865–1925: Alcohol, prostitution and recidivism in a Scottish city [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of St. Andrews.
   Google Scholar
• Healy, D. (2012). The dynamics of desistance. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heidensohn, F., & Silvestri, M. (2012). Gender and crime. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of criminology (5th ed., pp. 336–369). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heijden, M. V. D. (2016). Women and Crime, 1750–2000. In P. Knepper & A. Johansen (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of crime and criminal justice (pp. 71–100). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huebner, B., DeJong, C., & Cobbina, J. (2010). Women coming home: Long-term patterns in recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 225–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820902870486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, R. (2000). Explaining girls’ and women’s crime and desistance in the context of their victimization experiences: A developmental test of revised strain theory and the life course perspective. Violence against Women, 6(6), 633–660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801200006006005
   Google Scholar
• King, P. (2006). Crime and Law in England, 1750–1850: Remaking Justice from the Margins. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leverentz, A. (2014). The ex-prisoner’s dilemma: How women negotiate competing narratives of Re-entry and desistance. Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maruna, S., & Farrall, S. (2004). Desistance from crime: A theoretical reformulation. Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 43, 171–194.
   Google Scholar
• Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• McIvor, G., Murray, C., & Jamieson, J. (2004). Desistance from crime: Is it different for women and girls? In S. Maruna & R. Immareigeon (Eds.), After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration (pp. 181–2000). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McIvor, G., Trotter, C., & Sheehan, R. (2009). Women, resettlement and desistance. Probation Journal, 56(4), 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550509346515
   Google Scholar
• McNeill, F. (2016). Desistance and criminal justice in Scotland. In H. Croall, G. Mooney & M. Munro (Eds.), Crime, justice and society in Scotland (pp. 200–216). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Piper, A., & Nagy, V. (2017). Versatile offending: Criminal careers of female prisoners in Australia, 1860–1920. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 48(2), 187–210. https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_01125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, A. (2012). “I go out worse every time”: Connections and corruption in a female prison. History Australia, 9(3), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2012.11668434
   Google Scholar
• Prevention of Crimes Act, 34 & 35 Vict. c. 112 (1871). (Eng.).
   Google Scholar
• Probation of Offenders Act, 7 Edw. 7 c. 17 (1907). (Eng.).
   Google Scholar
• Rodermond, E., Kruttschnitt, C., Slotboom, A., & Bijleveld, C. (2016). Female desistance: A review of the literature. European Journal of Criminology, 13(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370815597251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Crime & Delinquency, 39(3), 396–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039003010
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (2003). Life-course desisters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70. Criminology, 41(3), 555–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00997.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommers, I., Baskin, D. R., & Fagan, J. (1994). Getting out of the life: Crime desistance by female street offenders. Deviant Behavior, 15(2), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.1994.9967964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierenburg, P. (1998). Men and violence: Gender, honor and rituals in modern Europe and America. Ohio State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Straw, L. (2013). “The worst female character”: Criminal underclass women in Perth and Fremantle, 1900–1939. Journal of Australian Studies, 37(2), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2013.782061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, A. (2008). Substance use and abuse: Women’s criminal reoffending in New Zealand. Affilia, 23(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109908314328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J., & Johnston, H. (2015). Female prisoners, aftercare and release: Residential provision and support in late nineteenth-century England. British Journal of Community Justice, 13(3), 35–50.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. (2009). Offending women in Stafford, 1880–1905: Punishment, reform and re-integration. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Keele University.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. (2011). Punishing women, 1880–1905. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 50(5), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2011.00692.x
   Google Scholar
• Uggen, C., & Kruttschnitt, C. (1998). Crime in the breaking: Gender differences in desistance. Law & Society Review, 32(2), 339–366. https://doi.org/10.2307/827766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen, J., Blokland, A. A. J., & van der Geest, V. R. (2012). Effects of employment and unemployment on serious offending in a high-risk sample of men and women from ages 18 to 32 in the Netherlands. British Journal of Criminology, 52(5), 845–869. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azs023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vikström, L. (2011). Before and after crime: Life-course analyses of young offenders arrested in nineteenth-century Sweden. Journal of Social History, 44(3), 861–888.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, D. (1991). Poor citizens: The state and the poor in twentieth-century britain. Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Walkowitz, J. (1982). Jack the ripper and the myth of male violence. Feminist Studies, 8(3), 542–574. https://doi.org/10.2307/3177712
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, J., Riviere, J., & Graham, K. (2008). Men and women fighting side by side: Examples from an English Town, 1653–1781. Journal of Family History, 33(2), 156–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363199007313611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weevers, M., & Bijleveld, C. (2014). Mad, bad or sad? Dutch female beggars sent from the state labor institution to the state mental asylum at the turn of the nineteenth century. Women & Criminal Justice, 24(3), 176–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2014.923236
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, M. J. (2008). Reconstructing the criminal: Culture, law, and policy in England, 1830–1914. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, N. (1989). Violent criminal careers and “violent career criminals”: An overview of the research literature. In N. Weiner & M. Wolfgang (Eds.), Violent crime, violent criminals (pp. 35–138). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A. (2000). The criminality of women in the eighteenth century in the South West of England [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Plymouth.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, L., & Godfrey, B. (2015). Intergenerational offending in Liverpool and the north-west of England, 1850–1914. The History of the Family, 20(2), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2014.990478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zedner, L. (1991). Women, crime and custody in victorian England. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zoutewelle-Terovan, M., Van Der Geest, V., Liefbroer, A., & Bijleveld, C. (2014). Criminality and family formation: Effects of marriage and parenthood on criminal behaviour for men and women. Crime & Delinquency, 60(8), 1209–1234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128712441745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar