Variability in the association of smoking status with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the Korean population according to different definitions of smoking status: analysis based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2020)

References

• Alshaarawy O, Elbaz HA. 2015. Serum cotinine levels and diabetes mellitus in never smokers. J Diabetes Complications. 29(8):1032–1036. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.08.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apseloff G, Ashton HM, Friedman H, Gerber N. 1994. The importance of measuring cotinine levels to identify smokers in clinical trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 56(4):460–462. eng. doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assaf AR, Parker D, Lapane KL, McKenney JL, Carleton RA. 2002. Are there gender differences in self-reported smoking practices? Correlation with thiocyanate and cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmokers from the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 11(10):899–906. eng. doi:10.1089/154099902762203731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant JF, Hicks N, Taylor AW, Chittleborough CR, Phillips PJ. 2009. Gender-specific epidemiology of diabetes: a representative cross-sectional study. Int J Equity Health. 8(1):6. eng. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-8-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hur NW, Kim HC, Mo Nam C, Ha Jee S, Lee HC, Suh I. 2007. Smoking cessation and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 14(2):244–249. doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000239474.41379.79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husten CG. 2009. How should we define light or intermittent smoking? Does it matter? Nicotine Tob Res. 11(2):111–121. eng. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang SW, Lee HJ, Kim CH, Kim SH, Kyung Y, Lee ST, Lee JS. 2021. The effect of hidden female smoking on the relationship between smoking and cardiovascular disease. Cardiol J. 28(5):716–727. eng. doi:10.5603/CJ.a2020.0001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jee SH, Foong AW, Hur NW, Samet JM. 2010. Smoking and risk for diabetes incidence and mortality in Korean men and women. Diab Care. 33(12):2567–2572. eng. doi:10.2337/dc10-0261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung-Choi KH, Khang YH, Cho HJ. 2012. Hidden female smokers in Asia: a comparison of self-reported with cotinine-verified smoking prevalence rates in representative national data from an Asian population. Tob Control. 21(6):536–542. eng. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung C-H, Son JW, Kang S, Kim WJ, Kim H-S, Kim HS, Seo M, Shin H-J, Lee S-S, Jeong SJ, et al. 2021. Diabetes fact sheets in Korea, 2020: an appraisal of Current status. Diabetes Metab J. 45(1):1–10. eng. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor D, Jones TH. 2005. Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders. Eur J Endocrinol. 152(4):491–499. eng. doi:10.1530/eje.1.01867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S. 2016. Overview of cotinine cutoff values for smoking status classification. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 13(12):1236. eng. doi:10.3390/ijerph13121236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Choi S, Kim J, Park S, Kim Y-T, Park O, Oh K. 2021. Trends in health behaviors over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea National health and nutrition examination survey. Epidemiol Health. 43:e2021026–2021020. doi:10.4178/epih.e2021026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BJ, Kim JH, Kang JG, Kim BS, Kang JH. 2021. Association between secondhand smoke exposure and diabetes mellitus in 131 724 Korean never smokers using self-reported questionnaires and cotinine levels: gender differences. J Diabetes. 13(1):43–53. eng. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Kim BJ, Kang JG, Kim BS, Kang JH. 2019. Association between cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus using two different smoking stratifications in 145 040 Korean individuals: self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine concentrations. J Diabetes. 11(3):232–241. eng. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Seo DC, Kim BJ, Kang JG, Lee SJ, Lee SH, Kim BS, Kang JH. 2020. Association between cigarette smoking and new-onset diabetes mellitus in 78,212 Koreans using self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine. Diabetes Metab J. 44(3):426–435. eng. doi:10.4093/dmj.2019.0068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Korea Ministry of the Interior and safety. National law information center. National law information center. 2022. [Accessed 2022 Jun19]. http://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&query=LOCAL%20AUTONOMY%20ACT#liBgcolor15.
   Google Scholar
• Liu X, Bragg F, Yang L, Kartsonaki C, Guo Y, Du H, Bian Z, Chen Y, Yu C, Lv J, et al. 2018. Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to risk of diabetes in Chinese men and women: a 9-year prospective study of 0·5 million people. Lancet Public Health. 3(4):e167–e176. eng. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30026-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Wang K, Maisonet M, Wang L, Zheng S. 2017. Associations of lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity) with type 2 diabetes among American adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2014. J Diabetes. 9(9):846–854. eng. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaya T, Yoshida H, Takahashi H, Kawai M. 2008. Heavy smoking raises risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese men; but, light smoking reduces the risk in lean men: a follow-up study in Japan. Ann Epidemiol. 18(2):113–118. eng. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onat A, Özhan H, Esen AM, Albayrak S, Karabulut A, Can G, Hergenç G. 2007. Prospective epidemiologic evidence of a “protective” effect of smoking on metabolic syndrome and diabetes among Turkish women—without associated overall health benefit. Atherosclerosis. 193(2):380–388. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, Hu FB, Wu T. 2015. Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 3(12):958–967. eng. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00316-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park MB, Kim CB, Nam EW, Hong KS. 2014. Does South Korea have hidden female smokers: discrepancies in smoking rates between self-reports and urinary cotinine level. BMC Women's Health. 14(1):156. eng. doi:10.1186/s12905-014-0156-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reis JP, Loria CM, Sorlie PD, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A. 2011. Lifestyle factors and risk for new-onset diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 155(5):292–299. eng. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-5-201109060-00006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safari-Faramani R, Rajati F, Tavakol K, Hamzeh B, Pasdar Y, Moradinazar M, Najafi F. 2019. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and the associated factors of diabetes in an Iranian kurdish population. J Diabetes Res. 2019:5869206. eng. doi: 10.1155/2019/5869206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spijkerman AM, van der AD, Nilsson PM, Ardanaz E, Gavrila D, Agudo A, Arriola L, Balkau B, Beulens JW, Boeing H, et al. 2014. Smoking and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study in European populations. Diab Care. 37(12):3164–3171. eng. doi: 10.2337/dc14-1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Will JC, Galuska DA, Ford ES, Mokdad A, Calle EE. 2001. Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 30(3):540–546. doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. 2007. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 298(22):2654–2664. eng. doi:10.1001/jama.298.22.2654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SL, Shields M, Leatherdale S, Malaison E, Hammond D. 2012. Assessment of validity of self-reported smoking status. Health Rep. 23(1):47–53. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1999. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2000. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Sydney: Health Communications Australia.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2016. Global report on diabetes. accessed 2020 17 June. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-report-on-diabetes.
   Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Song P, Zhang W, Liu J, Dai X, Liu Z, Lu Q, Ouyang C, Xie Z, Zhao Z, et al. 2015. Activation of AMPKα2 in adipocytes is essential for nicotine-induced insulin resistance in vivo. Nat Med. 21(4):373–382. eng. doi: 10.1038/nm.3826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan S, Xue HL, Yu HJ, Huang Y, Tang BW, Yang XH, Li QX, He QQ. 2019. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Public Health (Oxf). 41(2):e169–e176. eng. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdy106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar