Time and memory distrust shape the dynamics of recollection and belief-in-occurrence

References

• Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.5823.
   Google Scholar
• Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C., & Salgado, S. (2015). The frequency of involuntary autobiographical memories and future thoughts in relation to daydreaming, emotional distress, and age. Consciousness and Cognition, 36, 352–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank, H. (2017). Recollection, belief and metacognition: A reality check. Memory (Hove, England), 25(7), 869–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1238486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brédart, S., & Bouffier, M. (2016). Nonbelieved memories in middle-aged and older people. Consciousness and Cognition, 42, 352–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A., Nash, R. A., Fincham, G., & Mazzoni, G. (2012). Creating non-believed memories for recent autobiographical events. PLoS One, 7(3), e32998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbinghaus, H. (1885/1962). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. Dover. (Original work published 1885).
   Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. S., & Radvansky, G. A. (2018). Patterns of forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language, 102, 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2018.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. S., & Radvansky, G. A. (2019). Linear forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language, 108, 104035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. S., & Radvansky, G. A. (2022). Degree of learning and linear forgetting. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75(8), 1483–1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211056464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisoni, M., Selvaggio, A., Tosoni, A., & Sestieri, C. (2023). Long-term memory for movie details: Selective decay for verbal information at one week. Memory (Hove, England), 31(9), 1232–1243. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2253568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics (Vol. 1, pp. 1969–2012). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Koriat, A., Bjork, R. A., Sheffer, L., & Bar, S. K. (2004). Predicting one’s own forgetting: The role of experience-based and theory-based processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(4), 643–656. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.4.643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). Introducing the open affective standardized image set (OASIS). Behavior Research Methods, 49(2), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens, D. (2022). Sample size justification. Collabra: Psychology, 8(1), 33267. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33267
   Google Scholar
• Li, C., Otgaar, H., van Daele, T., Muris, P., Houben, S. T., & Bull, R. (2023). Investigating the memory reports of retractors regarding abuse. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 15(2), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2023a7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., Wang, J., & Otgaar, H. (2020). Creating nonbelieved memories for bizarre actions using an imagination inflation procedure. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(6), 1277–1286. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makowski, D. (2018). The psycho package: An efficient and publishing-oriented workflow for psychological science. The Journal of Open Source Software, 3(22), 470. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00470
   Google Scholar
• Mazzoni, G., Scoboria, A., & Harvey, L. (2010). Nonbelieved memories. Psychological Science, 21(9), 1334–1340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610379865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, S., & Schielzeth, H. (2013). A general and simple method for obtaining $R^2$ from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, R. A., Saraiva, R. B., & Hope, L. (2022). Who doesn’t believe their memories? Development and validation of a new Memory Distrust Scale. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 12(3), 401–411, https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, R. A., Wade, K. A., Garry, M., & Adelman, J. S. (2017). A robust preference for cheap-and-easy strategies over reliable strategies when verifying personal memories. Memory (Hove, England), 25(7), 890–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1214280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ost, J. (2017). Adults’ retractions of childhood sexual abuse allegations: High-stakes and the (in)validation of recollection. Memory (Hove, England), 25(7), 900–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1187757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otgaar, H., Moldoveanu, G., Wang, J., & Howe, M. L. (2017). Exploring the consequences of nonbelieved memories in the DRM paradigm. Memory (Hove, England), 25(7), 922–933. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1272701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otgaar, H., Riesthuis, P., Ramaekers, J. G., Garry, M., & Kloft, L. (2022). The importance of the smallest effect size of interest in expert witness testimony on alcohol and memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 980533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.980533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otgaar, H., Scoboria, A., & Mazzoni, G. (2014). On the existence and implications of nonbelieved memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414542102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. C., & Wenzel, A. E. (1996). One hundred years of forgetting: A quantitative description of retention. Psychological Review, 103(4), 734–760. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schielzeth, H., Dingemanse, N. J., Nakagawa, S., Westneat, D. F., Allegue, H., Teplitsky, C., Dochtermann, N. A., Garamszegi, L. Z., & Araya-Ajoy, Y. G. (2020). Robustness of linear mixed-effects models to violations of distributional assumptions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(9), 1141–1152. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoboria, A., & Henkel, L. (2020). Defending or relinquishing belief in occurrence for remembered events that are challenged: A social-cognitive model. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(6), 1243–1252. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoboria, A., Jackson, D. L., Talarico, J., Hanczakowski, M., Wysman, L., & Mazzoni, G. (2014). The role of belief in occurrence within autobiographical memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1242–1258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoboria, A., Memon, A., Gawrylowicz, J., & Clark, A. (2015). Nonbelieved memories across the adult lifespan. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2(4), 461–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000051
   Google Scholar
• Scoboria, A., Nash, R. A., & Mazzoni, G. (2017). Sub-types of nonbelieved memories reveal differential outcomes of challenges to memories. Memory (Hove, England), 25(7), 876–889. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1203437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoboria, A., Otgaar, H., & Mazzoni, G. (2018). Defending and reducing belief in memories: An experimental laboratory analogue. Memory & Cognition, 46(5), 770–786. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0800-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoboria, A., & Talarico, J. M. (2013). Indirect cueing elicits distinct types of autobiographical event representations. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1495–1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire, L. R., Wetzel, C. D., & Slater, P. C. (1979). Memory complaint after electroconvulsive therapy: Assessment with a new self-rating instrument. Biological Psychiatry, 14, 791–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03207704
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Bergen, S., Brands, I., Jelicic, M., & Merckelbach, H. (2010). Assessing trait memory distrust: Psychometric properties of the Squire Subjective Memory Questionnaire. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15(2), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532509X471960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broek, G., Takashima, A., Wiklund-Hörnqvist, C., Wirebring, L. K., Segers, E., Verhoeven, L., & Nyberg, L. (2016). Neurocognitive mechanisms of the “testing effect”: A review. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 5(2), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2016.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, K. A., Nash, R. A., & Garry, M. (2014). People consider reliability and cost when verifying their autobiographical memories. Acta Psychologica, 146, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Smeets, T., Merckelbach, H., & Nahouli, Z. (2017). Undermining belief in false memories leads to less efficient problem-solving behaviour. Memory (Hove, England), 25(7), 910–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1249888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule - expanded form. https://doi.org/10.17077/48vt-m4t2
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Battista, F., Thissen, D., Otgaar, H., Wang, J., & Jelicic, M. (2022). Examining the associations between nonbelieved memories and memory distrust, self-esteem, and rumination. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000344
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Nash, R. A., & Otgaar, H. (2023). Preference for cheap-and-easy memory verification strategies is strongest among people with high memory distrust. Memory (Hove, England), 31(7), 978–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2216910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Otgaar, H., Riesthuis, P., Wang, J., & Jelicic, M. (2024). The rise and fall of autobiographical beliefs: The effect of external feedback on memory in the context of the prisoner’s dilemma. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000391
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Otgaar, H., & Wang, J. (2022). Memory distrust is related to memory errors, self-esteem, and personality. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 36(2), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Qi, F., Otgaar, H., Nash, R. A., & Jelicic, M. (2023). A tale of two distrusts: Memory distrust toward commission and omission errors in the Chinese context. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar