361
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Event centrality in social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder

, , , &
Received 05 May 2023, Accepted 03 Apr 2024, Published online: 25 Apr 2024

References

  • Allbaugh, L. J., O’Dougherty Wright, M., & Folger, S. F. (2016). The role of repetitive thought in determining posttraumatic growth and distress following interpersonal trauma. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2015.1015422
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.).
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
  • Angelakis, S., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2015). The comorbidity of PTSD and MDD: Implications for clinical practice and future research. Behaviour Change, 32(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2014.26
  • Bååth, R. (2014). Bayesian first aid: A package that implements Bayesian alternatives to the classical *.test functions in R. UseR! 2014 – The International R User Conference.
  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Harper & Row.
  • Beck, A. T. (2002). Cognitive models of depression. In R. L. Leahy & E. T. Dowd (Eds.), Clinical advances in cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and application (Vol. 1, pp. 29–61). Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
  • Beck, A. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(8), 969–977. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00742-000
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K., & Van Der Does, A. J. W. (2002). BDI-II-NL Handleiding [BDI-II-Dutch manual]. Psychological Corporation.
  • Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009
  • Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2007). When a trauma becomes a key to identity: Enhanced integration of trauma memories predicts posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(4), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1290
  • Boals, A. (2010). Events that have become central to identity: Gender differences in the centrality of events scale for positive and negative events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1548
  • Boals, A. (2014). Using event centrality to predict depressive symptoms after a romantic conflict: A prospective design. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2996
  • Boals, A., & Murrell, A. R. (2016). I am > trauma: Experimentally reducing event centrality and PTSD symptoms in a clinical trial. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(6), 471–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2015.1117930
  • Boelen, P. A. (2009). The centrality of a loss and its role in emotional problems among bereaved people. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(7), 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.009
  • Boelen, P. A. (2012a). A prospective examination of the association between the centrality of a loss and post-loss psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 137(1–3), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.004
  • Boelen, P. A. (2012b). Variables mediating the linkage between loss centrality and postloss psychopathology. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 200(9), 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318266ba02
  • Brom, D., & Kleber, R. J. (1985). De Schok Verwerkings Lijst [The Dutch version of the impact of event scale]. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Psychologie, 40(1), 164–168.
  • Brown, A. D., Antonius, D., Kramer, M., Root, J. C., & Hirst, W. (2010). Trauma centrality and PTSD in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(4), 496–499. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20547
  • Bürkner, P. C. (2017). Brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. Journal of Statistical Software, 80(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01
  • Cheung, M. W. L. (2009). Comparison of methods for constructing confidence intervals of standardized indirect effects. Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.425
  • Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social anxiety. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69–93). Guilford Press.
  • De Venter, M., Van Den Eede, F., Pattyn, T., Wouters, K., Veltman, D. J., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Sabbe, B. G. (2017). Impact of childhood trauma on course of panic disorder: Contribution of clinical and personality characteristics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135(6), 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12726
  • Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2006). Contribution of cognitive factors to the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder, phobia and depression after motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(12), 1699–1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.013
  • Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M.. (1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
  • Gehrt, T. B., Berntsen, D., Hoyle, R. H., & Rubin, D. C. (2018). Psychological and clinical correlates of the centrality of event scale: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 65(July), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.006
  • Gelman, A., Hill, J., & Yajima, M. (2012). Why we (usually) don’t have to worry about multiple comparisons. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 5(2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2011.618213
  • Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(4), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701421313
  • Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
  • Janssen, S. M. J., Hearne, T. L., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2015). The relation between self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms and the psychological distance of positive and negative events. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.002
  • Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (1999). Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(June), 837–841. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.6.837
  • Kessler, R. C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48(1), 191–214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191
  • Kongshøj, I. L. L., & Berntsen, D. (2022). Is young age a risk factor for PTSD? Age differences in PTSD-symptoms after hurricane Florence. Traumatology, 29(2), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000389
  • Kruschke, J. K. (2018). Rejecting or accepting parameter values in Bayesian estimation. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918771304
  • Lancaster, S. L., Rodriguez, B. F., & Weston, R. (2011). Path analytic examination of a cognitive model of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(3), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.002
  • Liebowitz, M. R.. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173. https://doi.org/10.1159/000414022
  • Magee, W. J. (1999). Effects of negative life experiences on phobia onset. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34(7), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050154
  • Maniglio, R. (2010). Child sexual abuse in the etiology of depression: A systematic review of reviews. Depression and Anxiety, 27(7), 631–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20687
  • Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Gilbert, P. (2013). The effect of shame and shame memories on paranoid ideation and social anxiety. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(4), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1766
  • McCutcheon, V. V., Heath, A. C., Nelson, E. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., & Martin, N. G. (2009). Accumulation of trauma over time and risk for depression in a twin sample. Psychological Medicine, 39(3), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003759
  • McNeish, D. (2016). On using Bayesian methods to address small sample problems. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(5), 750–773. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1186549
  • Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
  • Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Rassin, E., Franken, I., & Mayer, B. (2005). Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1105–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.005
  • Newby, J. M., & Moulds, M. L. (2011). Intrusive memories of negative events in depression: Is the centrality of the event important? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.011
  • O’Toole, M. S., Watson, L. A., Rosenberg, N. K., & Berntsen, D. (2018). Changes in perceived centrality of anxious events following cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 59(March 2017), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.007
  • Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658
  • Radell, M. L., Hamza, E. A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2020). Depression in post-traumatic stress disorder. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 31(7), 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2020-0006
  • Raes, F., & Hermans, D. (2007). The revised version of the Dutch Ruminative Response Scale [Unpublished instrument].
  • Raes, F., Schoofs, H., Hoes, D., Hermans, D., Van Den Eede, F., & Franck, E. (2009). “Reflection” en “brooding” als subtypes van rumineren: Een herziening van de ruminative response scale. Gedragstherapie, 42(3/4), 205–214.
  • Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3
  • Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 737–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004
  • Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Trauma centrality and PTSD symptom severity in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(4), 483–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20656
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561
  • Van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03
  • Van der Ploeg, H. M. (1980). Validity of the Zelf-Beoordelings-Vragenlijst (A Dutch version of the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory). Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor de Psychologie En Haar Grensgebieden, 35(4), 243–249. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1981-22544-001
  • van Emmerik, A. A. P., Schoorl, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2006). Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(7), 1053–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.07.002
  • Van Rijsoort, S., Emmelkamp, P., & Vervaeke, G. (1999). The Penn State worry questionnaire and the worry domains questionnaire: Structure, reliability and validity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6(4), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199910)6:4<297::AID-CPP206>3.0.CO;2-E
  • Van Vliet, I. M. (1999). Dutch translation of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale [Unpublished work].
  • Vermeulen, M., Brown, A. D., Raes, F., & Krans, J. (2019). Decreasing event centrality in undergraduates using cognitive bias modification of appraisals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43(1), 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9936-3
  • Vermeulen, M., Smits, D., Boelen, P. A., Claes, L., Raes, F., & Krans, J. (2020). The Dutch version of the centrality of event scale (CES): Associations with negative life events, posttraumatic stress, and depression symptoms in a student population. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(2), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000517
  • Vermeulen, M., Smits, D., Claes, L., Gandhi, A., Raes, F., & Krans, J. (2023). The Dutch 20 item centrality of event scale: Factor structure, psychometric properties, and prospective value. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 39(3), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000704
  • Wiersma, J. E., Hovens, J. G. F. M., Van Oppen, P., Giltay, E. J., Van Schaik, D. J. F., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2009). The importance of childhood trauma and childhood life events for chronicity of depression in adults. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(7), 983–989. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04521
  • Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (3rd ed.). Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.
  • Zaragoza Scherman, A., Salgado, S., Shao, Z., & Berntsen, D. (2015). Event centrality of positive and negative autobiographical memories to identity and life story across cultures. Memory, 23(8), 1152–1171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.962997