The psychological well-being of children who play digital games during the COVID-19 pandemic

References

• Açıkgöz, F. Y., and A. Yalman. 2018. “Dijital oyunların çocukların kişilik ve davranışları üzerinde etkisi: Gta 5 oyunu örneği.” Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi 29 (Special Issue): 163–180. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.454283
   Google Scholar
• Alpöge, G. 2011. Okul Öncesinde Değerler Eğitimi. Ankara: Bilgi Yayın Evi.
   Google Scholar
• Aral, N., and A. Doğan Keskin. 2018. “Ebeveyn bakış açısıyla 0-6 yaş döneminde teknolojik alet kullanımının incelenmesi.” Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addiction 5: 317–348. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0054.
   Google Scholar
• Atan, A. 2020. “5-6 yaş çocuklarda psikolojik iyi oluş: Bir model önerisi ve ebeveynler ile öğretmenlerin kişilik tipleri, ego durumları ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin yordayıcı rolü.” PhD diss.,Pamukkale University.
   Google Scholar
• Atan, A., and M. Buluş. 2021. “Çocuklarda psikolojik iyi oluş: bir model önerisi ve ölçek geliştirme çalışması.” Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 54 (54): 97–128. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.845941.
   Google Scholar
• Budak, K. S. 2020. “Okul öncesi dönem çocukları i̇çin dijital oyun bağımlılık eğilimi ölçeğinin ve dijital oyun ebeveyn rehberlik stratejileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi, problem davranışlarla ilişkisinin incelenmesi.” Master diss., Pamukkale University.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, R. J., and T. Weir. 1977. “Marital Helping Relationships: The Moderators Between Stress and Well-Being.” The Journal of Psychology 951 (1): 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915868
   Google Scholar
• Çakıroğlu, S., N. Soylu, and V. Görmez. 2021. “Re-evaluating the Digital Gaming Profiles of Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis Comprising 2 Years of pre-Pandemic Data.” Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 81: 51–57. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21019.
   Google Scholar
• Can, A. 2016. SPSS ile bilimsel arastirma surecinde nicel veri analizi [Qualitative Data Analysis in the Scientific Research Process with SPSS]. Ankara, Turkey: PegemA.
   Google Scholar
• Çetin, E. 2013. “Temel tanımlar ve kavramlar.” In Eğitsel dijital oyunlar kuram, tasarım ve uygulama, edited by Mehmet Akif Ocak, 2–6. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, P. A., and T. Rabinowitz. 2006. “A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Video Games and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents.” Annals of General Psychiatry 516: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Crandell, J. L., M. Sandelowski, J. Leeman, N. L. Havill, and K. Knafl. 2018. ““Parenting Behaviors and the Well-Being of Children with a Chronic Physical Condition.” Families, Systems, and Health 361: 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000305.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E., D. Wirtz, W. Tov, C. Kim-Prieto, D. Choi, S. Oishi, and R. Biswas-Diener. 2009. “New Measures of Well-being: Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings.” Social Indicators Research Series 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-412.
   Google Scholar
• Domingues-Montanari, S. 2017. “Clinical and Psychological Effects of Excessive Screen Time on Children.” Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 534 (4): 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13462.
   Google Scholar
• Dondi, A., E. Candela, F. Morigi, J. Lenzi, L. Pierantoni, and M. Lanari. 2021. “Parents’ Perception of Food Insecurity and of Its Effects on Their Children in Italy Six Months after the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak.” Nutrients 13: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunton, G. F., B. Do, and S. D. Wang. 2020. “Early Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Children Living in the U.S.” BMC Public Health 20 (1): 1351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09429-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, K. R., K. Hirsh-Pasek, R. M. Golinkoff, and S. G. Gryfe. 2008. “Conceptual Split? Parents’ and Experts’ Perceptions of Play in the 21st Century.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 294 (4): 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.04.006.
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy, N. 1993. “Children in Poverty: Resilience Despite Risk.” Psychiatry 56 (1): 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1993.11024627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile, A. D. 2011. “The Multiple Dimensions of Video Game Effects.” Child Development Perspectives 52 (2): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00159.x
   Google Scholar
• Gentile, D. A., E. L. Swing, C. G. Lim, and A. Khoo. 2012. “Video Game Playing, Attention Problems, and Impulsiveness: Evidence of Bidirectional Causality.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 11: 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026969.
   Google Scholar
• Green, C. S., and D. Bavelier. 2003. “Action Video Game Modifies Visual Selective Attention.” Nature 423 (6939): 534–537. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greitemeyer, T., and D. O. Müge. 2014. “Video Games do Affect Social Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Violent and Prosocial Video Game Play.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 405 (5): 578–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520459.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D., and A. Meredith. 2009. “Videogame Addiction and its Treatment.” Journal Contemp Psychother 939 (4): 247–253. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007s10879-009-9118-4.
   Google Scholar
• Hazar, Z., and M. Hazar. 2017. “Çocuklar İçin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği.” Journal of Human Sciences 141: 203–216. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/4387/2101.
   Google Scholar
• Iannotti, R. J., I. Janssen, E. Haug, H. Kololo, B. Annaheim, A. Borraccino, and HBSC Physical Activity Focus Group. 2009. “Interrelationships of Adolescent Physical Activity, Screen-Based Sedentary Behaviour, and Social and Psychological Health.” International Journal of Public Health 54 (S2): 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-5410-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Işıkoğlu Erdoğan, N. 2019. “Dijital Oyun Popüler mi? Ebeveynlerin çocukları Için Oyun Tercihlerinin Incelenmesi.” Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 46: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.446654.
   Google Scholar
• Kalaycı, Ş.. 2010. “Faktör Analizi.” In SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. 5. Baskı, edited by Şeref Kalaycı. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
   Google Scholar
• Karasar, N. 2009. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
   Google Scholar
• Keenan, Kate, and Lauren S. Wakschlag. 2004. “Are Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder Symptoms Normative Behaviors in Preschoolers? A Comparison of Referred and Nonreferred Children.” American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2): 356–358. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp, C. B. 1982. “Antecedents of Self-Regulation: A Developmental Perspective.” Developmental Psychology 182: 199. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, S. M. 2018. “Preschool Children and IPads: Observations of Social Interactions During Digital Play.” Early Education and Development 29 (2): 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2017.1379303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle, I., and G. F. A. Carter. 2015. “Emotional and Psychological Well-Being in Children: The Development and Validation of the Stirling Children’s Well-Being Scale.” Educational Psychology in Practice 31 (2): 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667.363.2015.1008409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marklund, L., and E. Dunkels. 2016. “Digital Play as a Means to Develop Children’s Literacy and Power in the Swedish Preschool.” Early Years 36 (3): 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1181608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, J. 2010. “Young Children’s Play in Online Virtual Worlds.” Journal of Early Childhood Research 81 (1): 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X09345406.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, S., C. Ni Mhurchu, and R. Maddison. 2013. “The non-Advertising Effects of Screen-Based Sedentary Activities on Acute Eating Behaviours in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. A Systematic Review.” Appetite 71: 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, J., L. Plowman, D. Yamada-Rice, J. Bishop, and F. Scott. 2016. “Digital Play: A new Classification.” Early Years 36 (3): 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1167675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland, M. M., and C. E. Cameron. 2012. “Self-Regulation in Early Childhood: Improving Conceptual Clarity and Developing Ecologically Valid Measures.” Child Development Perspectives the Society for Research in Child Development, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00191.x.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza, M. M., J. Dmitrieva, K. M. Perreira, E. Hurwich-Reiss, and S. E. Watamura. 2017. “The Effects of Economic and Sociocultural Stressors on the Well-Being of Children of Latino Immigrants Living in Poverty.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 231: 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000111.
   Google Scholar
• Palaiologou, I. 2016. “Children Under Five and Digital Technologies: Implications for Early Years Pedagogy.” European Early Childhood Education Research Journal 24 (1): 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.929876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radesky, J., D. Christakis, D. Hill, N. Ameenuddin, Y. Chassiakos, C. Cross, W. S. Swanson, et al. 2016. “Media and Young Minds.” Pediatrics, 1385. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radesky, J., A. L. Miller, K. L. Rosenblum, D. Appugliese, N. Kaciroti, and J. C. Lumeng. 2015. “Maternal Mobile Device use During a Structured Parent–Child Interaction Task.” Academic Pediatrics 15 (2): 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2014.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roopi, S. G. 2021, December 12. Online Gaming Addiction: What Parents and Teachers can do to Help Children Overcome Gaming Disorder. Government.https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/online-gaming-addiction-what-parents-and-teachers-can-do-to-help-children-overcome-gaming-disorder/88233198?redirect=1.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R., and E. Deci. 2000. “Self – Determination Theory and The Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development and Well- Being.” American Psychologist 551: 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. 2001. “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being.” Annual Review of Psychology 521 (1): 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
   Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D. 1989. “Happiness is Everything, or is it? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 576: 1069. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
   Google Scholar
• Sapsağlam, Ö. 2018. “Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının değişen oyun tercihleri.” Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 191: 1122–1135.
   Google Scholar
• Schölmerich, A., A. Agache, B. Leyendecker, N. Ott, and M. Werding. 2014. “Das Wohlergehen von Kindern als Zielgröße politischen Handelns.” Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 831 (1): 69–86. https://doi.org/10.3790/vjh.83.1.69
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G. 2004. “How Do Computer Games Affect Your Children?” Eurasian Journal of Educational Research EJER 179: 72–80.
   Google Scholar
• Stark, J., M. Meschik, P. A. Singleton, and B. Schützhofer. 2018. “Active School Travel, Attitudes and Psychological Well-Being of Children.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 56: 453–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiglic, N., and R. M. Viner. 2018. “Effects of Screentime on the Health and Well-Being of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Reviews.” BMJ Open 2019 (9): e023191. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191.
   Google Scholar
• Straker, L., J. Zabatiero, S. Danby, K. Thorpe, and S. Edwards. 2018. “Conflicting Guidelines on Young Children's Screen Time and use of Digital Technology Create Policy and Practice Dilemmas.” The Journal of Pediatrics 202: 300–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B., and L. S. Fidell. 2015. Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
   Google Scholar
• Tennant, R., L. Hiller, R. Fishwick, S. Platt, S. Joseph, S. Weich, J. Parkinson, J. Secker, and S. Stewart-Brown. 2007. “The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK Validation.” Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 5 (1): 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toran, M., Z. Ulusoy, B. Aydın, T. Deveci, and A. Akbulut. 2016. “Çocukların dijital oyun kullanımına ilişkin annelerin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi.” Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi 245: 2263–2278.
   Google Scholar
• Twenge, J. M., and W. K. Campbell. 2018. “Associations Between Screen Time and Lower Psychological Well-Being among Children and Adolescents: Evidence from a Population-Based Study.” Preventive Medicine Reports 12: 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vallejo-Slocker, L., J. Fresneda, and M. A. Vallejo. 2020. “Psychological Wellbeing of Vulnerable Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Psicothema 324: 501–507. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.218.
   Google Scholar
• Veresovi, N., and N. Veraksa. 2022. “Digital Games and Digital Play in Early Childhood: A Cultural-Historical Approach.” Early Years 43 (4–5): 1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2022.2056880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo, P. D. 2015. “Executive Function: Reflection, Iterative Reprocessing, Complexity, and the Developing Brain.” Developmental Review 38: 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar