A state-of-the-art review of physical modeling of scouring at the culvert outlet

References

• Abdel Aal, G.M., Elsaiad, A.A., Elnikhely, E.A., and Zaki, E.M. (2019). “Minimizing of scour downstream the outlets of the box culvert.” Iaeme. J., 10(3), 3172–3188.
   Google Scholar
• Abdelhaleem, F.S., and Ibrahim, A.S. (2023). “Scour bed morphology caused by partially free and submerged flow at pipe culvert.” ISH J. Hydraul. Eng., 29(sup1), 1–15. doi:10.1080/09715010.2023.2211038
   Google Scholar
• Abida, H., and Townsend, R.D. (1991). “Local Scour Downstream of Box Culvert Outlets.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 117(3), 425–440. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1991)117:3(425)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abt, S.R., Kloberdanz, R.L., and Mendoza, C. (1984). “Unified culvert scour determination.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 110(10), 1475–1479. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:10(1475)
   Google Scholar
• Abt, S.R., Ruff, J.F., and Doehring, F.K. (1985). “Culvert slope effects on outlet scour.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 111(10), 1363–1367. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:10(1363)
   Google Scholar
• Abt, S.R., Ruff, J.F., Doehring, F.K., and Donnell, C.A. (1987). “Influence of Culvert Shape on Outlet Scour.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 113(3), 393–400. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1987)113:3(393)
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, K.O., Nariman, N., Hawez, D.M., Kisi, O., and Amini, A. (2023). “Predicting and Optimizing the Influenced Parameters for Culvert Outlet Scouring Utilizing Coupled FLOW 3D-Surrogate Modeling.” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng, 47(3), 1–14. doi:10.1007/s40996-023-01096-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A.S., and Yousif, O.S. (2020). “Effects of Step Transverse Slopes on Locations of Inception Point of Flow over Stepped Spillways.” Assoc. Arab Univ. J. Eng. Sci., 27(3), 41–47.
   Google Scholar
• Amini, A., and Mohammad, T.A. (2017). “Local scour prediction around piers with complex geometry.” Mar. Georesour. Geotec., 35(6), 857–864. doi:10.1080/1064119X.2016.1256923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amini, A., and Solaimani, N. (2018). “The effects of uniform and nonuniform pile spacing variations on local scour at pile groups.” Mar. Georesour. Geotec., 36(7), 861–866. doi:10.1080/1064119X.2017.1392658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohan, J.P. (1970). “Erosion and Riprap Requirements at Culvert and Storm-Drain Outlets.” Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg Miss.
   Google Scholar
• Bui, T.D., Shirzadi, A., Amini, A., Shahabi, H., Al-Ansari, N., Hamidi, S., Singh, S.K., Thai Pham, B., Ahmad, B.B., and Ghazvinei, P.T. (2020). “A Hybrid Intelligence Approach to Enhance the Prediction Accuracy of Local Scour Depth at Complex Bridge Piers.” Sustainable, 12(3), 24. doi:10.3390/su12031063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, R.A., and Liriano, S.L. (2001). “Discussion: Effect of tailwater depth and model scale on scour at culvert outlets.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water. Maritime. Eng., 156(4), 360–360. doi:10.1680/wame.2003.156.4.360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doehring, F.K., and Abt, S.R. (1994). “Drop height influence on outlet scour.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 120(12), 1470–1476. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:12(1470)
   Google Scholar
• Elnakhealy, E.A.H.A. (2014). “Minimization of Scour and Deposition Downstream Pipe Culvert with a Limited Floor Protection.” Int. Water Technol. J., 4, 208–221.
   Google Scholar
• Emami, S., and Schleiss, A.J. (2010). “Prediction of localized scour hole on natural mobile bed at culvert outlets.” Proc., 5th Int. Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5), Susan E. Burns, Shobha K. Bhatia, Catherine M. C. Avila and Beatrice E. Hunt, eds., San Francisco, USA, 844–853.
   Google Scholar
• Galán, Á., and González, J. (2020). “Effects of shape inlet blockage and wing walls on local scour at the outlet of non-submerged culverts: Undermining of the embankment.” Environ. Earth Sci., 79(1), 25. doi:10.1007/s12665-019-8749-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Günal, M., Günal, A.Y., and Osman, K. (2019). “Simulation of blockage effects on scouring downstream of box culverts under unsteady flow conditions.” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(9), 5305–5310. doi:10.1007/s13762-019-02461-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, R., and Amini, A. (2015). “Scour depth estimation methods around pile groups.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 19(7), 2144–2156. doi:10.1007/s12205-015-0594-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, R., Fazloula, R., Saneie, M., and Amini, A. (2018). “Bagged neural network for estimating the scour depth around pile groups.” Int. J. River Basin. Manag., 16(4), 401–412. doi:10.1080/15715124.2017.1372449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimpour, S., and Gohari, S. (2020). “An experimental study on the effects of debris accumulation at the culvert inlet on downstream scour.” J. Rehabilit. Civil Eng., 8(2), 184–199.
   Google Scholar
• Lillycrop, W.J., and Hughes, S.A. (1993). “Scour hole problems experienced by the Corps of Engineers.” Data Presentation And Summary, Coastal Engineering Research Center Vicksburg Ms.
   Google Scholar
• Liriano, S.L., Day, R.A., and White, W.R. (2002). “Scour at culvert outlets as influenced by the turbulent flow structure.” J. Hydraul. Res., 40(3), 367–376. doi:10.1080/00221680209499951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melville, B.W., and Coleman, S.E. (2000). “Bridge scour.” Highlands Ranch, Water Resources Publications, 572.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza, C., Abt, S.R., and Ruff, J.F. (1983). “Headwall influence on scour at culvert outlets.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 109(7), 1056–1060. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1983)109:7(1056)
   Google Scholar
• Miranzadeh, A., Keshavarzi, A., and Hamidifar, H. (2023). “Blockage of box-shaped and circular culverts under flood event conditions: A laboratory investigation.” Int. J. River Basin. Manag., 21(4), 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movahedi, A., Kavianpour, M., and Aminoroayaie Yamini, O. (2019). “Experimental and numerical analysis of the scour profile downstream of flip bucket with change in bed material size.” ISH J. Hydraul. Eng., 25(2), 188–202. doi:10.1080/09715010.2017.1398111
   Google Scholar
• Najafzadeh, M. (2015). “Neurofuzzy-Based GMDH-PSO to Predict Maximum Scour Depth at Equilibrium at Culvert Outlets.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract., 7(1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikmehr, S., and Aminpour, Y. (2020). “Numerical simulation of hydraulic jump over rough beds.” Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng., 64(2), 396–407. doi:10.3311/PPci.15292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opie, T.R. (1967). “Scour at culvert outlets.” Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University.
   Google Scholar
• Osman, E.A. (2023). “Impact of Flow in Pipe and Box Coverages on Open Channel’s Performance.” J. Eng. Sci., 51(3), 173–188.
   Google Scholar
• Othman Ahmed, K., Amini, A., Bahrami, J., Kavianpour, M.R., and Hawez, D.M. (2021). “Numerical modeling of depth and location of scour at culvert outlets under unsteady flow conditions.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract., 12(4), 04021040. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirestani, M.R., and Kaviani, M. (2016). “Experimental Investigation of Bed Variations due to Circular Culvert Jet with Different Angles.” J. Water Sci. Res., 8(2), 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Qasim, R.M., Mohammed, A.A., and Abdulhussein, I.A. (2022). “An Investigating of the Impact of Bed Flume Discordance on the Weir-Gate Hydraulic Structure.” HighTech. Innovat. J., 3(3), 341–355. doi:10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-03-09
   Google Scholar
• Rajaratnam, N., and Diebel, M. (1981). “Erosion below culvert-like structures.” In 5th Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference May, 26–27, Canada, CSCE, 469–484.
   Google Scholar
• Ruff, J.F., Abt, S.R., Mendoza, C., Shaikh, A., and Kloberdanz, R. (1982). “Scour at culvert outlets in mixed bed materials”. No. FHWA/RD-82/011, United States, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Sarathi, P., Faruque, M.A.A., and Balachandar, R. (2008). “Influence of tailwater depth, sediment size and densimetric Froude number on scour by submerged square wall jets.” J. Hydraul. Res., 46(2), 158–175. doi:10.1080/00221686.2008.9521853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siow, Y.L., and Lim, S. (1995). “Scour below unsubmerged full-flowing culvert outlets.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water. Manag., 112(2), 136–149. 10.1680/iwtme.1995.27659
   Google Scholar
• Sorourian, S., Keshavarzi, A., and Ball, J. (2016). “Scour at partially blocked box-culverts under steady flow.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water. Manag., 169(6), 247–259. 10.1680/jwama.15.00019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorourian, S., Keshavarzi, A., Ball, J., and Samali, B. (2014). “Blockage Effects on Scouring Downstream of Box Culverts Under Unsteady Flow.” Australas. J. Water Resour., 18(2), 180–190. doi:10.1080/13241583.2014.11465449
   Google Scholar
• Sorourian, S., Keshavarzi, A., Ball, J., and Samali, B. (2015). “Study of Blockage Effects on Scouring Pattern Downstream of Box Culverts.” Doctor Philos. Univ. Technol. Sydney., 18(2). doi:10.7158/W13-031.2014.18.2
   Google Scholar
• Taha, N., El-Feky, M.M., El-Saiad, A.A., and Fathy, I. (2020). “Numerical investigation of scour characteristics downstream of blocked culverts.” Alexandria Eng. J., 59(5), 3503–3513. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2020.05.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, R., and Wu, P. (2019). “The investigation of shape factors in determining scour depth at culvert outlets.” ISH J. Hydraul. Eng., 25(sup1), 1–7. doi:10.1080/09715010.2019.1611492
   Google Scholar