Effects of a diet low in excitotoxins on PTSD symptoms and related biomarkers

References

• Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lehavot K, Goldberg SB, Chen JA, Katon JG, Glass JE, Fortney JC, et al. Do trauma type, stressful life events, and social support explain women veterans’ high prevalence of PTSD? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2018;53(9):943–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez LM D, Blazer JS, & Hoverman DG, V I. Gulf War veterans: measuring health. Washington, DC: National Academic Press; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Mawson AR, Croft AM. Gulf War illness: unifying hypothesis for a continuing health problem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(1):111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ, Neylan TC, Hlavin J, Ramage ER, McCoy D, et al. The relationship between Gulf War illness, brain N-acetylaspartate, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine. 2011;176(8):896–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao LL, Rothlind JC, Cardenas VA, Meyerhoff DJ, Weiner MW. Effects of low-level exposure to sarin and cyclosarin during the 1991 Gulf War on brain function and brain structure in US veterans. Neurotoxicology. 2010;31(5):493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janulewicz PA, Krengel MH, Maule A, White RF, Cirillo J, Sisson E, et al. Neuropsychological characteristics of Gulf War illness: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce MR, Holton KF. Neurotoxicity in Gulf War Illness and the potential role of glutamate. Neurotoxicology. 2020;80:60–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosso IM, Crowley DJ, Silveri MM, Rauch SL, Jensen JE. Hippocampus glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate markers of excitotoxic neuronal compromise in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(8):1698–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaiva G, Thomas P, Ducrocq F, Fontaine M, Boss V, Devos P, et al. Low posttrauma GABA plasma levels as a predictive factor in the development of acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;55(3):250–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaiva G, Boss V, Ducrocq F, Fontaine M, Devos P, Brunet A, et al. Relationship between posttrauma GABA plasma levels and PTSD at 1-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(8):1446–1448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishi D, Hashimoto K, Noguchi H, Hamazaki K, Hamazaki T, Matsuoka Y. Glutamatergic system abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232(23):4261–4268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaylock RL. Excitotoxins: the taste that kills. Santa Fe (NM): Health Press; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Beas-Zarate C, Perez-Vega M, Gonzalez-Burgos I. Neonatal exposure to monosodium L-glutamate induces loss of neurons and cytoarchitectural alterations in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons of adult rats. Brain Research. 2002;952(2):275–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta A, Prabhakar M, Kumar P, Deshmukh R, Sharma PL. Excitotoxicity: bridge to various triggers in neurodegenerative disorders. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2013;698(1-3):6–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foran L, Blackburn K, Kulesza RJ. Auditory hindbrain atrophy and anomalous calcium binding protein expression after neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate. Neuroscience. 2017;344:406–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrigal JL, Garcia-Bueno B, Caso JR, Perez-Nievas BG, Leza JC. Stress-induced oxidative changes in brain. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets. 2006;5(5):561–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zoppi S, Perez Nievas BG, Madrigal JL, Manzanares J, Leza JC, Garcia-Bueno B. Regulatory role of cannabinoid receptor 1 in stress-induced excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(4):805–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averill LA, Purohit P, Averill CL, Boesl MA, Krystal JH, Abdallah CG. Glutamate dysregulation and glutamatergic therapeutics for PTSD: evidence from human studies. Neuroscience Letters. 2017;649:147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes SE, Scheinost D, DellaGioia N, Davis MT, Matuskey D, Pietrzak RH, et al. Cerebellar and prefrontal cortical alterations in PTSD: structural and functional evidence. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 2018;2:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Abdallah CG, Averill LA, Akiki TJ, Raza M, Averill CL, Gomaa H, et al. The neurobiology and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2019;59:171–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman JP, Tasker JG. Paraventricular hypothalamic mechanisms of chronic stress adaptation. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2016;7:137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R. Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 17):41–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herman JP, McKlveen JM, Ghosal S, Kopp B, Wulsin A, Makinson R, et al. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. Comprehensive physiology. 2016;6(2):603–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan X, Wang Z, Wu X, Wen SW, Liu A. Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meewisse ML, Reitsma JB, de Vries GJ, Gersons BP, Olff M. Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;191:387–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, Southwick SM, Mason JW, Giller EL. Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;152(7):982–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y, Zhou D, Wang X. Increased serum cortisol and growth hormone levels in earthquake survivors with PTSD or subclinical PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33(8):1155–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Ramirez C, Villavicencio Queijeiro A, Jimenez Morales S, Barcenas Lopez D, Hidalgo Miranda A, Ruiz Chow A, et al. The NR3C1 gene expression is a potential surrogate biomarker for risk and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2020;284:112797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olff M, de Vries GJ, Guzelcan Y, Assies J, Gersons BP. Changes in cortisol and DHEA plasma levels after psychotherapy for PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32(6):619–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Schneider SM, Bevans M, Kravitz L, Mermier C, Qualls C, Burge MR. PTSD symptom reduction with mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise: randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(7):2984–2992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza FG, Rodrigues MD, Tufik S, Nobrega JN, D'Almeida V. Acute stressor-selective effects on homocysteine metabolism and oxidative stress parameters in female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2006;85(2):400–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagliari B, dos Santos TM, Cunha AA, Lima DD, Delwing D, Sitta A, et al. Chronic variable stress induces oxidative stress and decreases butyrylcholinesterase activity in blood of rats. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2010;117(9):1067–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du J, Zhu M, Bao H, Li B, Dong Y, Xiao C, et al. The role of nutrients in protecting mitochondrial function and neurotransmitter signaling: implications for the treatment of depression, PTSD, and suicidal behaviors. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2016;56(15):2560–2578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine J, Timinsky I, Vishne T, Dwolatzky T, Roitman S, Kaplan Z, et al. Elevated serum homocysteine levels in Male patients with PTSD. Depression and Anxiety. 2008;25(11):E154–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jendricko T, Vidovic A, Grubisic-Ilic M, Romic Z, Kovacic Z, Kozaric-Kovacic D. Homocysteine and serum lipids concentration in Male war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2009;33(1):134–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deep SN, Mitra S, Rajagopal S, Paul S, Poddar R. GluN2A-NMDA receptor-mediated sustained Ca(2+) influx leads to homocysteine-induced neuronal cell death. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2019;294(29):11154–11165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi N, Chaudhry S, Salam T, Rodriguez J, Kase M, Olango G, et al. A randomized controlled feasibility trial of reminder-focused positive psychiatry in adolescents with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 2020;22(5):1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Brandley ET, Kirkland AE, Baron M, Baraniuk JN, Holton KF. The effect of the Low glutamate diet on the reduction of psychiatric symptoms in veterans With gulf War illness: a pilot randomized-controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;13:926688.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steele L. Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000;152(10):992–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda K, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, Thompson WW, Robin L, Washko RM, et al. Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA. 1998;280(11):981–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holton KF, Kirkland AE, Baron M, Ramachandra SS, Langan MT, Brandley ET, etal The low glutamate diet effectively improves pain and other symptoms of gulf War illness. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane TM. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. San Antonio: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 1995;57(1):289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 1st ed New York: Academic Press; 1969.
   Google Scholar
• PTSD NCf. Using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-IV (PCL). wwwptsdvagov.
   Google Scholar
• Lindauer RJ, Gersons BP, van Meijel EP, Blom K, Carlier IV, Vrijlandt I, Olff M. Effects of brief eclectic psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: randomized clinical trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005;18(3):205–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Yang RK, Buchsbaum MS, Golier JA. Alterations in cortisol negative feedback inhibition as examined using the ACTH response to cortisol administration in PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(4):447–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman S, Weidenfeld J. Hypothalamic mechanisms mediating glutamate effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Journal of Neural Transmission. 1997;104(6-7):633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evanson NK, Herman JP. Role of paraventricular nucleus glutamate signaling in regulation of HPA axis stress responses. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences. 2015;21(3):253–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Kloet CS, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Lentjes EG, Heijnen CJ, Stalla GK, Westenberg HG. Elevated plasma corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Progress in Brain Research. 2008;167:287–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar