676
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Exploration of natural flavones’ bioactivity and bioavailability in chronic inflammation induced-type-2 diabetes mellitus

, , , , , ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 11640-11667 | Published online: 12 Jul 2022

References

  • Ahad, A., A. A. Ganai, M. Mujeeb, and W. A. Siddiqui. 2014. Chrysin, an anti-inflammatory molecule, abrogates renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 279 (1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.007.
  • Ahad, A., M. Mujeeb, H. Ahsan, and W. A. Siddiqui. 2014. Prophylactic effect of baicalein against renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats. Biochimie 106:101–10. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.006.
  • Alam, W., C. Rocca, H. Khan, Y. Hussain, M. Aschner, A. De Bartolo, N. Amodio, T. Angelone, and W. S. Cheang. 2021. Current status and future perspectives on therapeutic potential of apigenin: Focus on metabolic-syndrome-dependent organ dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 10 (10):1643. doi: 10.3390/antiox10101643.
  • Al-Ishaq, R. K., M. Abotaleb, P. Kubatka, K Kajo, and D. Büsselberg. 2019. Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects: Cellular Mechanisms and Effects to Improve Blood Sugar Levels. Biomolecules 9 (9):430 doi:10.3390/biom9090430.
  • Amélia, P. R., A. Martins, C. Borges, H. Mota-Filipe, R. Pinto, B. Sepodes, and J. Justino. 2010. Antihyperglycaemic and protective effects of flavonoids on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytotherapy Research 24 (S2):S133–S138.
  • American Diabetes Association. (2019). American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes — 2019. Diabetes Care 42 (Suppl. 1):S165–S172.
  • Amidon, G. L., H. Lennernas, V. P. Shah, and J. R. Crison. 1995. A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification - the correlation of in-vitro drug product dissolution and in-vivo bioavailability. Pharmaceutical Research 12 (3):413–20. doi: 10.1023/A:1016212804288.
  • Arai, Y., S. Watanabe, M. Kimira, K. Shimoi, R. Mochizuki, and N. Kinae. 2000. Dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and isoflavones by Japanese women and the inverse correlation between quercetin intake and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. The Journal of Nutrition 130 (9):2243–50. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.9.2243.
  • Arkan, M. C., A. L. Hevener, F. R. Greten, S. Maeda, Z.-W. Li, J. M. Long, A. Wynshaw-Boris, G. Poli, J. Olefsky, and M. Karin. 2005. IKK-β links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nature Medicine 11 (2):191–8. doi: 10.1038/nm1185.
  • Asadi, A., F. Shidfar, M. Safari, A. F. Hosseini, H. Fallah Huseini, I. Heidari, and A. Rajab. 2019. Efficacy of Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 33 (3):651–9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6254.
  • Asadi, A., F. Shidfar, M. Safari, A. F. Hosseini, H. Fallah Huseini, I. Heidari, and A. Rajab. 2019. Efficacy of Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research 33 (3):651–9.
  • Azimi, A., A. Eidi, P. Mortazavi, and A. H. Rohani. 2021. Protective effect of apigenin on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis via attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in adult male Wistar rats. Life Sciences 279:119641. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119641.
  • Azizi, G., S. S. Navabi, A. Al-Shukaili, M. H. Seyedzadeh, R. Yazdani, and A. Mirshafiey. 2015. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 15 (3):e305–e316. doi: 10.18295/squmj.2015.15.03.002.
  • Babu, P. V. A., D. Liu, and E. R. Gilbert. 2013. Recent advances in understanding the anti-diabetic actions of dietary flavonoids. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 24 (11):1777–89. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.003.
  • Bai, L., X. Li, L. He, Y. Zheng, H. Lu, J. Li, L. Zhong, R. Tong, Z. Jiang, J. Shi, et al. 2019. Antidiabetic potential of flavonoids from traditional Chinese Medicine: A review. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 47 (5):933–57. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X19500496.
  • Baradaran Rahimi, V., V. R. Askari, and H. Hosseinzadeh. 2021. Promising influences of Scutellaria baicalensis and its two active constituents, baicalin, and baicalein, against metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 35 (7):3558–74. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7046.
  • Bartholomé, R., G. Haenen, C. H. Hollman, A. Bast, P. C. Dagnelie, D. Roos, J. Keijer, P. A. Kroon, P. W. Needs, and I. C. W. Arts. 2010. Deconjugation kinetics of glucuronidated phase II flavonoid metabolites by beta-glucuronidase from neutrophils. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 25 (4):379–87. doi: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-002.
  • Baskaran, K., K. V. Pugalendi, and R. Saravanan. 2015. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of chrysoeriol in diabetic rats, role of HMG CoA reductase, LCAT and LPL: In vivo and in silico approaches. Journal of Pharmacy Research 9 (9):597–605.
  • Bastard, J.-P., M. Maachi, J. T. van Nhieu, C. Jardel, E. Bruckert, A. Grimaldi, J.-J. Robert, J. Capeau, and B. Hainque. 2002. Adipose tissue IL-6 content correlates with resistance to insulin activation of glucose uptake both in vivo and in vitro. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87 (5):2084–9. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.5.8450.
  • Beecher G. R. (2003). Overview of dietary flavonoids: Nomenclature, occurrence and intake. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(10), 3248S–3254S. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.10.3248S.
  • Benavente-García, O., and J. Castillo. 2008. Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (15):6185–205. doi: 10.1021/jf8006568.
  • Bommer, C., V. Sagalova, E. Heesemann, J. Manne-Goehler, R. Atun, T. Bärnighausen, J. Davies, and S. Vollmer. 2018. Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: Projections from 2015 to 2030. Diabetes Care 41 (5):963–70. ; doi: 10.2337/dc17-1962.
  • Böni-Schnetzler, M., and M. Y. Donath. 2011. Increased IL-1β activation, the culprit not only for defective insulin secretion but also for insulin resistance? Cell Research 21 (7):995–7. doi: 10.1038/cr.2011.85.
  • Boulaiz, H., P. J. Alvarez, A. Ramirez, J. A. Marchal, J. Prados, F. Rodriguez-Serrano, M. Peran, C. Melguizo, and A. Aranega. 2011. Nanomedicine: Application areas and development prospects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12 (5):3303–21. doi: 10.3390/ijms12053303.
  • Boura-Halfon, S., and Y. Zick. 2009. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins, insulin action, and insulin resistance. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 296 (4):E581–E591. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90437.2008.
  • Brownlee, M. 2005. The pathobiology of diabetic complications. Diabetes 54 (6):1615–25. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1615.
  • Bruschi, M. L., S. L. Franco, and M. P. D. Gremião. 2003. Application of an HPLC method for analysis of propolis extract. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 26 (14):2399–409. doi: 10.1081/JLC-120023254.
  • Burda, S., and W. Oleszek. 2001. Antioxidant and antiradical activities of flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 (6):2774–9. doi: 10.1021/jf001413m.
  • Burke, S. J., K. Stadler, D. Lu, E. Gleason, A. Han, D. R. Donohoe, R. C. Rogers, G. E. Hermann, M. D. Karlstad, and J. J. Collier. 2015. IL-1β reciprocally regulates chemokine and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells via NF-κB. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 309 (8):E715–E726. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00153.2015.
  • Cao, H., et al. 2022. Stability of quercetin in DMEM and cell culture with A549 cells. eFood 3:e13.
  • Castellino, G., D. Nikolic, A. Magán-Fernández, G. A. Malfa, R. Chianetta, A. M. Patti, A. Amato, G. Montalto, P. P. Toth, M. Banach, et al. 2019. Altilix(®) supplement containing chlorogenic acid and luteolin improved hepatic and cardiometabolic parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A 6 month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients 11 (11):2580. doi: 10.3390/nu11112580.
  • Catalkaya, G., K. Venema, L. Lucini, G. Rocchetti, D. Delmas, M. Daglia, A. De Filippis, H. Xiao, J. L. Quiles, J. Xiao, et al. 2020. Interaction of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota: Microbial metabolism of polyphenols, influence on the gut microbiota, and implications on host health. Food Frontiers 1 (2):109–33. doi: 10.1002/fft2.25.
  • Cha, B.-Y., W. L. Shi, T. Yonezawa, T. Teruya, K. Nagai, and J.-T. Woo. 2009. An inhibitory effect of chrysoeriol on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation and PDGF receptor signaling in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 110 (1):105–10. doi: 10.1254/jphs.08282fp.
  • Charalabopoulos, A., S. Davakis, M. Lambropoulou, A. Papalois, C. Simopoulos, and A. Tsaroucha. 2019. Apigenin exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis by down-regulating TNF-α. In Vivo 33 (4):1133–41. doi: 10.21873/invivo.11583.
  • Charbonnel, B. 2009. PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma agonists for type 2 diabetes. Lancet (London, England) 374 (9684):96–8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61040-0.
  • Chen, L.-Y., H.-L. Cheng, Y.-H. Kuan, T.-J. Liang, Y.-Y. Chao, and H.-C. Lin. 2021. Therapeutic potential of luteolin on impaired wound healing in streptozotocin-induced rats. Biomedicines 9 (7):761. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9070761.
  • Chen, L., H. Deng, H. Cui, J. Fang, Z. Zuo, J. Deng, Y. Li, X. Wang, and L. Zhao. 2018. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 9 (6):7204–18. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.23208.
  • Chen, L., X. Fan, X. Lin, L. Qian, G. Zengin, D. Delmas, P. Paoli, H. Teng, and J. Xiao. 2020. Phenolic extract from Sonchus oleraceus L. protects diabetes-related liver injury in rats through TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. eFood 1 (1):77–84. doi: 10.2991/efood.k.191018.002.
  • Chen, X., R. Han, P. Hao, L. Wang, M. Liu, M. Jin, D. Kong, and X. Li. 2018. Nepetin inhibits IL-1 beta induced inflammation via NF-kappa B and MAPKs signaling pathways in ARPE-19 cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 101:87–93. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.054.
  • Chen, P., X. Huo, W. Liu, K. Li, Z. Sun, and J. Tian. 2020. Apigenin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia through activating GSK3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 42 (1):9–16. doi: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1688345.
  • Chen, C.-C., M.-W. Lin, C.-J. Liang, and S.-H. Wang. 2016. The anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of eupafolin in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. PloS One 11 (7):e0158662. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158662.
  • Chen, L., H. Teng, Z. Xie, H. Cao, W. S. Cheang, K. Skalicka-Woniak, M. I. Georgiev, and J. Xiao. 2018. Modifications of dietary flavonoids towards improved bioactivity: An update on structure-activity relationship. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58 (4):513–27. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1196334.
  • Chen, X., Z. Yao, X. Peng, L. Wu, H. Wu, Y. Ou, and J. Lai. 2020. Eupafolin alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via blocking the TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports 22 (6):5135–44. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11637.
  • Choi, D.-Y., J. Y. Lee, M.-R. Kim, E.-R. Woo, Y. G. Kim, and K. W. Kang. 2005. Chrysoeriol potently inhibits the induction of nitric oxide synthase by blocking AP-1 activation. Journal of Biomedical Science 12 (6):949–59. doi: 10.1007/s11373-005-9028-8.
  • Choy, K. W., D. Murugan, X.-F. Leong, R. Abas, A. Alias, and M. R. Mustafa. 2019. Flavonoids as natural anti-inflammatory agents targeting nuclear factor-Kappa B (NFkappaB) signaling in cardiovascular diseases: A mini review. Frontiers in Pharmacology 10:1295. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01295.
  • Cnop, M., J. Vidal, R. L. Hull, K. M. Utzschneider, D. B. Carr, T. Schraw, P. E. Scherer, E. J. Boyko, W. Y. Fujimoto, and S. E. Kahn. 2007. Progressive loss of β-cell function leads to worsening glucose tolerance in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30 (3):677–82. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1834.
  • Comalada, M., I. Ballester, E. Bailón, S. Sierra, J. Xaus, J. Gálvez, F. S. d. Medina, and A. Zarzuelo. 2006. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in primary bone marrowderived mouse macrophages by naturally occurring flavonoids: Analysis of the structure–activity relationship. Biochemical Pharmacology 72 (8):1010–21. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.016.
  • Dang, H., M. H. W. Meng, H. W. Zhao, J. Iqbal, R. J. Dai, Y. L. Deng, and F. Lv. 2014. Luteolin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles synthesis, characterization, & improvement of bioavailability, pharmacokinetics in vitro and vivo studies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 16 (4): 2347. doi: 10.1007/s11051-014-2347-9.
  • de Heredia, F. P., S. Gómez-Martínez, and A. Marcos. 2012. Obesity, inflammation and the immune system. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71 (2):332–8. doi: 10.1017/S0029665112000092.
  • De Luca, C., and J. M. Olefsky. 2008. Inflammation and insulin resistance. FEBS Letters 582 (1):97–105. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.057.
  • Delneste, Y., C. Beauvillain, and P. Jeannin. 2007. Innate immunity: Structure and function of TLRs. Medicine Science 23:67–73.
  • DeRango-Adem, E. F., and J. Blay. 2021. Does oral apigenin have real potential for a therapeutic effect in the context of human gastrointestinal and other cancers? Frontiers in Pharmacology 12: 681477.
  • Devaraj, S., I. Jialal, J.-M. Yun, and A. Bremer. 2011. Demonstration of increased toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 4 expression in monocytes of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients with microvascular complications. Metabolism 60 (2):256–9. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.005.
  • Dewanjee, S., P. Chakraborty, B. Mukherjee, and V. De Feo. 2020. Plant-based antidiabetic nanoformulations: The emerging paradigm for effective therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (6): 2217.
  • Dinda, B., S. Dinda, S. DasSharma, R. Banik, A. Chakraborty, and M. Dinda. 2017. Therapeutic potentials of baicalin and its aglycone, baicalein against inflammatory disorders. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 131:68–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.004.
  • Ding, L., D. Jin, and X. Chen. 2010. Luteolin enhances insulin sensitivity via activation of PPARγ transcriptional activity in adipocytes. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 21 (10):941–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.07.009.
  • Ding, S-m., Z.-h. Zhang, J. Song, X.-d. Cheng, J. Jiang, and X.-b. Jia. 2014. Enhanced bioavailability of apigenin via preparation of a carbon nanopowder solid dispersion. International Journal of Nanomedicine 9:2327–33. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S60938.
  • Dirscherl, K., M. Karlstetter, S. Ebert, D. Kraus, J. Hlawatsch, Y. Walczak, C. Moehle, R. Fuchshofer, and T. Langmann. 2010. Luteolin triggers global changes in the microglial transcriptome leading to a unique anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype. Journal of Neuroinflammation 7 (1):3. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-3.
  • Duthie, G. G., P. T. Gardner, and J. A. Kyle. 2003. Plant polyphenols: Are they the new magic bullet? The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 (3):599–603. doi: 10.1079/PNS2003275.
  • Eizirik, D.L., Pasquali, L., and Cnop, M. (2020). Pancreatic β-cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Different pathways to failure. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 16(7):349–362. doi: 10.1038/s41574-020-0355-7.
  • El-Hussien, D., G. M. El-Zaafarany, M. Nasr, and O. Sammour. 2021. Chrysin nanocapsules with dual anti-glycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects: Chemometric optimization, physicochemical characterization and pharmacodynamic assessment. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 592:120044. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120044.
  • Esser, N., S. Legrand-Poels, J. Piette, A. J. Scheen, and N. Paquot. 2014. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 105 (2):141–50. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.006.
  • Fardoun, M. M., D. Maaliki, N. Halabi, R. Iratni, A. Bitto, E. Baydoun, and A. H. Eid. 2020. Flavonoids in adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis: One arrow, two targets. Clinical Science (London, England: 1979) 134 (12):1403–32. doi: 10.1042/CS20200356.
  • Feng, X., H. Qin, Q. Shi, Y. Zhang, F. Zhou, H. Wu, S. Ding, Z. Niu, Y. Lu, and P. Shen. 2014. Chrysin attenuates inflammation by regulating M1/M2 status via activating PPARγ. Biochemical Pharmacology 89 (4):503–14. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.016.
  • Fenyvesi, F., T. L. P. Nguyen, Á. Haimhoffer, Á. Rusznyák, G. Vasvári, I. Bácskay, M. Vecsernyés, S.-R. Ignat, S. Dinescu, M. Costache, et al. 2020. Cyclodextrin complexation improves the solubility and Caco-2 permeability of chrysin. Materials 13 (16):3618. doi: 10.3390/ma13163618.
  • Flamment, M., E. Hajduch, P. Ferré, and F. Foufelle. 2012. New insights into ER stress-induced insulin resistance. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM 23 (8):381–90. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.003.
  • Fu, Y., J. Luo, Z. Jia, W. Zhen, K. Zhou, E. Gilbert, and D. Liu. 2014. Baicalein protects against Type 2 diabetes via promoting islet beta-cell function in obese diabetic mice. International Journal of Endocrinology 2014:846742. doi: 10.1155/2014/846742.
  • Galati, G., and P. J. O’Brien. 2004. Potential toxicity of flavonoids and other dietary phenolics: Significance for their chemopreventive and anticancer properties. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 37 (3):287–303. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.034.
  • Gao, W., X. Du, L. Lei, H. Wang, M. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Li, G. Liu, and X. Li. 2018. NEFA‐induced ROS impaired insulin signalling through the JNK and p38MAPK pathways in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 22 (7):3408–22. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13617.
  • García-Lafuente, A., E. Guillamón, A. Villares, M. A. Rostagno, and J. A. Martínez. 2009. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation Research: Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et al.] 58 (9):537–52. doi: 10.1007/s00011-009-0037-3.
  • Giglio, R. V., A. M. Patti, A. F. G. Cicero, G. Lippi, M. Rizzo, P. P. Toth, and M. Banach. 2018. Polyphenols: Potential use in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Current Pharmaceutical Design 24 (2):239–58. doi: 10.2174/1381612824666180130112652.
  • Ginwala, R., R. Bhavsar, D. I. Chigbu, P. Jain, and Z. K. Khan. 2019. Potential role of flavonoids in treating chronic inflammatory diseases with a special focus on the anti-inflammatory activity of apigenin. Antioxidants 8 (2):35. doi: 10.3390/antiox8020035.
  • Grosso, G., U. Stepaniak, A. Micek, M. Kozela, D. Stefler, M. Bobak, and A. Pajak. 2017. Dietary polyphenol intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Polish arm of the health, alcohol and psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study. The British Journal of Nutrition 118 (1):60–8. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001805.
  • Guo, X. F., Y. Ruan, Z. H. Li, and D. Li. 2019. Flavonoid subclasses and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 59 (17):2850–62. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1476964.
  • de Haan, B. J. 2011. Nrf2 activators as attractive therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 60 (11):2683.
  • Hai, Y., Y. Zhang, Y. Liang, X. Ma, X. Qi, J. Xiao, W. Xue, Y. Luo, and T. Yue. 2020. Advance on the absorption, metabolism, and efficacy exertion of quercetin and its important derivatives. Food Frontiers 1 (4):420–34. doi: 10.1002/fft2.50.
  • He, X., Z. Wei, E. Zhou, L. Chen, J. Kou, J. Wang, and Z. Yang. 2015. Baicalein attenuates inflammatory responses by suppressing TLR4 mediated NF-kappa B and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced mastitis in mice. International Immunopharmacology 28 (1):470–6. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.012.
  • Hensel, A., M. Maas, J. Sendker, M. Lechtenberg, F. Petereit, A. Deters, T. Schmidt, and T. Stark. 2011. Eupatorium perfoliatum L.: Phytochemistry, traditional use and current applications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 138 (3):641–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.002.
  • Hostetler, G. L., R. A. Ralston, and S. J. Schwartz. 2017. Flavones: Food sources, bioavailability, metabolism, and bioactivity. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, MD) 8 (3):423–35. doi: 10.3945/an.116.012948.
  • Hu, M., J. Chen, and H. Lin. 2003. Metabolism of flavonoids via enteric recycling: Mechanistic studies of disposition of apigenin in the Caco-2 cell culture model. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 307 (1):314–21. doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.053496.
  • Huang, F., K. Liu, H. Du, J. Kou, and B. Liu. 2012. Puerarin attenuates endothelial insulin resistance through inhibition of inflammatory response in an IKKβ/IRS-1-dependent manner. Biochimie 94 (5):1143–50. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.01.018.
  • Hu, B., X. Liu, C. Zhang, and X. Zeng. 2017. Food macromolecule based nanodelivery systems for enhancing the bioavailability of polyphenols. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 25 (1):3–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.004.
  • Hussain, T., B. Tan, G. Murtaza, G. Liu, N. Rahu, M. Saleem Kalhoro, D. Hussain Kalhoro, T. O. Adebowale, M. Usman Mazhar, Z. U. Rehman, et al. 2020. Flavonoids and type 2 diabetes: Evidence of efficacy in clinical and animal studies and delivery strategies to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacological Research 152:104629. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104629.
  • Hwang, S.-L., P.-H. Shih, and G.-C. Yen. 2012. Flavonoid wogonin from medicinal herb is neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammatory activation of microglia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60 (4):877–85. doi: 10.1021/jf204452y.
  • Jeon, I. H., H. S. Kim, H. J. Kang, H.-S. Lee, S. I. Jeong, S. J. Kim, and S. I. Jang. 2014. Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects of luteolin from perilla (P. frutescens L.) leaves. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 19 (6):6941–51. doi: 10.3390/molecules19066941.
  • Ji, N., S.-G. Kim, H.-H. Park, E. Lee, Y. J. Lee, M. Jin, and E. Lee. 2020. Nepetin, a natural compound from Inulae flos, suppresses degranulation and eicosanoid generation through PLCγ1 and Akt signaling pathways in mast cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research 43 (2):224–32. doi: 10.1007/s12272-020-01212-7.
  • Kahn, B. B., and J. S. Flier. 2000. Obesity and insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 106 (4):473–81. doi: 10.1172/JCI10842.
  • Kamiloglu, S., M. Tomas, T. Ozdal, and E. Capanoglu. 2021. Effect of food matrix on the content and bioavailability of flavonoids. Trends in Food Science & Technology 117:15–33. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.030.
  • Keane, K. N., V. F. Cruzat, R. Carlessi, P. I. H. de Bittencourt, and P. Newsholme. 2015. Molecular events linking oxidative stress and inflammation to insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015:181643. doi: 10.1155/2015/181643.
  • Khan, J., S. Saraf, and S. Saraf. 2016. Preparation and evaluation of luteolin-phospholipid complex as an effective drug delivery tool against GalN/LPS induced liver damage. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 21 (4):475–86. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1022786.
  • Kim, S. M., and J. Y. Imm. 2020. The effect of chrysin-loaded phytosomes on insulin resistance and blood sugar control in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Molecules 25 (23):5503. doi: 10.3390/molecules25235503.
  • Kim, M. H., S. Y. Kwon, S.-Y. Woo, W. D. Seo, and D. Y. Kim. 2021. Antioxidative effects of chrysoeriol via activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and modulation of mitochondrial function. Molecules 26 (2):313. doi: 10.3390/molecules26020313.
  • Kim, H. P., K. H. Son, H. W. Chang, and S. S. Kang. 2004. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 96 (3):229–45. doi: 10.1254/jphs.crj04003x.
  • Koirala, N., N. H. Thuan, G. P. Ghimire, D. V. Thang, and J. K. Sohng. 2016. Methylation of flavonoids: Chemical structures, bioactivities, progress and perspectives for biotechnological production. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 86:103–16. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.02.003.
  • Krishnan, B., K. V. Pugalendi, and R. Saravanan. 2019. Ameliorative potential of Chrysoeriol, a bioactive flavonoid on oxidative stress and hepatic marker enzymes in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5 (3):614–24. doi: 10.31024/ajpp.2019.5.3.25.
  • Krishnan, B., A. Ramu Ganesan, R. Balasubramani, D. D. Nguyen, S. W. Chang, S. Wang, J. Xiao, and B. Balasubramanian. 2020. Chrysoeriol ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Science and Human Wellness 9 (4):346–54. doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2020.05.014.
  • Kumar, R., et al. 2012. Association of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines & oxidative stress with insulin resistance & non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 136 (2):229.
  • Kumar, K. S., V. Sabu, G. Sindhu, A. A. Rauf, and A. Helen. 2018. Isolation, identification and characterization of apigenin from Justicia gendarussa and its anti-inflammatory activity. International Immunopharmacology 59:157–67. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.004.
  • Lai, Z.-R., Y.-L. Ho, S.-C. Huang, T.-H. Huang, S.-C. Lai, J.-C. Tsai, C.-Y. Wang, G.-J. Huang, and Y.-S. Chang. 2011. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of kalanchoe gracilis (L.) DC stem. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 39 (6):1275–90. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X1100955X.
  • Landete, J. M. 2012. Updated knowledge about polyphenols: Functions, bioavailability, metabolism, and health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 52 (10):936–48. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.513779.
  • Larsen, N., F. K. Vogensen, F. W. J. van den Berg, D. S. Nielsen, A. S. Andreasen, B. K. Pedersen, W. A. Al-Soud, S. J. Sørensen, L. H. Hansen, and M. Jakobsen. 2010. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PloS One 5 (2):e9085. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009085.
  • Lee, E.-J., M.-K. Kang, Y.-H. Kim, D. Y. Kim, H. Oh, S.-I. Kim, S. Y. Oh, and Y.-H. Kang. 2019. Dietary chrysin suppresses formation of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion in AGE-exposed mesangial cells and diabetic kidney: Role of autophagy. Nutrients 11 (1):127. doi: 10.3390/nu11010127.
  • Lee, H., Y. O. Kim, H. Kim, S. Y. Kim, H. S. Noh, S. S. Kang, G. J. Cho, W. S. Choi, and K. Suk. 2003. Flavonoid wogonin from medicinal herb is neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammatory activation of microglia. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 17 (13):1943–4. doi: 10.1096/fj.03-0057fje.
  • Lee, C.-W., Z.-C. Lin, L.-F. Hsu, J.-Y. Fang, Y.-C. Chiang, M.-H. Tsai, M.-H. Lee, S.-Y. Li, S. C.-S. Hu, I.-T. Lee, et al. 2016. Eupafolin ameliorates COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in particulate pollutants-exposed human keratinocytes through ROS/MAPKs pathways. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 189:300–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.002.
  • Lee, Y.-s., W.-K. Yang, S.-M. Yee, S.-M. Kim, Y.-C. Park, H. J. Shin, C. K. Han, Y. C. Lee, H.-S. Kang, and S.-H. Kim. 2019. KGC3P attenuates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation through downregulation of p-PTEN in asthmatic mice. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 62:152942. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152942.
  • Leguisamo, N. M., A. M. Lehnen, U. F. Machado, M. M. Okamoto, M. M. Markoski, G. H. Pinto, and B. D. Schaan. 2012. GLUT4 content decreases along with insulin resistance and high levels of inflammatory markers in rats with metabolic syndrome. Cardiovascular Diabetology 11 (1):1–10. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-100.
  • Liao, Z.-Y., I.-C. Liang, H.-J. Li, C.-C. Wu, H.-M. Lo, D.-C. Chang, and C.-F. Hung. 2020. Chrysin inhibits high glucose-induced migration on chorioretinal endothelial cells via VEGF and VEGFR down-regulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (15):5541. doi: 10.3390/ijms21155541.
  • Liu, W., R. Tian, W. Hu, Y. Jia, H. Jiang, J. Zhang, and L. Zhang. 2012. Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of baicalein. Fitoterapia 83 (8):1532–9. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.08.021.
  • Liu, Y., C. Liang, X. Liu, B. Liao, X. Pan, Y. Ren, M. Fan, M. Li, Z. He, J. Wu, et al. 2010. AGEs increased migration and inflammatory responses of adventitial fibroblasts via RAGE, MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Atherosclerosis 208 (1):34–42. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.007.
  • Liu, X., Y. Fu, Q. Ma, J. Yi, and S. Cai. 2021. Anti-diabetic effects of different phenolic-rich fractions from Rhus Chinensis Mill. fruits in vitro. eFood 2 (1):37–46. doi: 10.2991/efood.k.210222.002.
  • Liu, J., L. Y. Qiu, J. Q. Gao, and Y. Jin. 2006. Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of formulation of baicalein with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 312 (1–2):137–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.011.
  • Liu, Y.-J., J. Zhan, X.-L. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Ji, and Q.-Q. He. 2014. Dietary flavonoids intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 33 (1):59–63. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.011.
  • Li, K., Z. He, X. Wang, M. Pineda, R. Chen, H. Liu, K. Ma, H. Shen, C. Wu, N. Huang, et al. 2018. Apigenin C-glycosides of Microcos paniculata protects lipopolysaccharide induced apoptosis and inflammation in acute lung injury through TLR4 signaling pathway. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 124:163–75. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.009.
  • Li, M., Q. Li, Q. Zhao, J. Zhang, and J. Lin. 2015. Luteolin improves the impaired nerve functions in diabetic neuropathy: Behavioral and biochemical evidences. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 8 (9):10112–20.
  • Li, W., J. X. Pi, Y. Zhang, X. T. Ma, B. Zhang, S. Y. Wang, D. L. Qi, N. Li, P. Guo, and Z. D. Liu. 2018. A strategy to improve the oral availability of baicalein: The baicalein-theophylline cocrystal. Fitoterapia 129:85–93. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.018.
  • Lim, M., L. Park, G. Shin, H. Hong, I. Kang, and Y. Park. 2008. Induction of apoptosis of β cells of the pancreas by advanced glycation end‐products, important mediators of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1150 (1):311–5. doi: 10.1196/annals.1447.011.
  • Lin, Y., R. Shi, X. Wang, and H.-M. Shen. 2008. Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Current Cancer Drug Targets 8 (7):634–46. doi: 10.2174/156800908786241050.
  • Lingohr, M. K., R. Buettner, and C. J. Rhodes. 2002. Pancreatic β-cell growth and survival–a role in obesity-linked type 2 diabetes? Trends in Molecular Medicine 8 (8):375–84. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4914(02)02377-8.
  • Lyssenko, V., P. Almgren, D. Anevski, R. Perfekt, K. Lahti, M. Nissén, B. Isomaa, B. Forsen, N. Homström, C. Saloranta, for the Botnia Study Group, et al. 2005. Predictors of and longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and secretion preceding onset of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54 (1):166–74. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.1.166.
  • Maas, M., A. M. Deters, and A. Hensel. 2011. Anti-inflammatory activity of Eupatorium perfoliatum L. extracts, eupafolin, and dimeric guaianolide via iNOS inhibitory activity and modulation of inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (1):371–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.040.
  • Madhavi, Y. V., N. Gaikwad, V. G. Yerra, A. K. Kalvala, S. Nanduri, and A. Kumar. 2019. Targeting AMPK in diabetes and diabetic complications: Energy homeostasis, autophagy and mitochondrial health. Current Medicinal Chemistry 26 (27):5207–29. doi: 10.2174/0929867325666180406120051.
  • Manach, C., et al. (2004). Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79(5):727–747. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727.
  • Mani, R., and V. Natesan. 2018. Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action. Phytochemistry 145:187–96. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.016.
  • Medzhitov, R. (2010). Inflammation 2010: New adventures of an old flame. Cell 140(6): 771–776. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.006.
  • Meng, X., S. Fang, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, C. You, J. Zhang, and H. Yan. 2017. Preventive effect of chrysin on experimental autoimmune uveitis triggered by injection of human IRBP peptide 1–20 in mice. Cellular & Molecular Immunology 14 (8):702–11. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2015.107.
  • Miao, L., H. Tao, Y. Peng, S. Wang, Z. Zhong, H. El-Seedi, S. Dragan, G. Zengin, W. S. Cheang, Y. Wang, et al. 2019. The anti-inflammatory potential of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) extract by partial suppression on NF-kappa B and MAPK activation. Food Chemistry 290:239–45. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.005.
  • NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2016). Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet 387:1513–1530.
  • Nickavar, B., and L. Abolhasani. 2013. Bioactivity-Guided Separation of an α-Amylase Inhibitor Flavonoid from Salvia virgata. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR 12 (1):57–61.
  • Oyadomari, S., E. Araki, and M. Mori. 2002. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. Apoptosis: An International Journal on Programmed Cell Death 7 (4):335–45. doi: 10.1023/a:1016175429877.
  • Pan, M.-H., C.-S. Lai, and C.-T. Ho. 2010. Anti-inflammatory activity of natural dietary flavonoids. Food & Function 1 (1):15–31. doi: 10.1039/c0fo00103a.
  • Panche, A., A. Diwan, and S. Chandra. 2016. Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science 5:E47e47. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.41.
  • Park, C.-H., S.-Y. Min, H.-W. Yu, K. Kim, S. Kim, H.-J. Lee, J.-H. Kim, and Y.-J. Park. 2020. Effects of apigenin on RBL-2H3, RAW264.7, and HaCaT cells: Anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and skin-protective activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (13):4620. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134620.
  • Patel, S., and D. Santani. 2009. Role of NF-kappa B in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated complications. Pharmacological Reports: PR 61 (4):595–603. doi: 10.1016/S1734-1140(09)70111-2.
  • Patel, D., and K. K. Sawant. 2009. Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system: Formulation development and biopharmaceutical evaluation of lipophilic drugs. Current Drug Delivery 6 (4):419–24. doi: 10.2174/156720109789000519.
  • Pichichero, E., R. Cicconi, M. Mattei, M. G. Muzi, and A. Canini. 2010. Acacia honey and chrysin reduce proliferation of melanoma cells through alterations in cell cycle progression. International Journal of Oncology 37 (4):973–81. doi: 10.3892/ijo_00000748.
  • Poulton, J. E., K. Hahlbrock, and H. Grisebach. 1977. O-Methylation of flavonoid substrates by a partially purified enzyme from soybean cell suspension cultures. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 180 (2):543–9. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90071-6.
  • Prasain, J. K., and S. Barnes. 2020. Cranberry polyphenols-gut microbiota interactions and potential health benefits: An updated review. Food Frontiers 1 (4):459–64. doi: 10.1002/fft2.56.
  • Rambaran, T. F., and A. Nordström. 2021. Medical and pharmacokinetic effects of nanopolyphenols: A systematic review of clinical trials. Food Frontiers 2 (2):140–52. doi: 10.1002/fft2.72.
  • Ramirez, G., A. Zamilpa, M. Zavala, J. Perez, D. Morales, and J. Tortoriello. 2016. Chrysoeriol and other polyphenols from Tecoma stans with lipase inhibitory activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 185:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.014.
  • Reaven, G., F. Abbasi, and T. McLaughlin. 2004. Obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 59:207–24. doi: 10.1210/rp.59.1.207.
  • Ren, W., Z. Qiao, H. Wang, L. Zhu, and L. Zhang. 2003. Flavonoids: Promising anticancer agents. Medicinal Research Reviews 23 (4):519–34. doi: 10.1002/med.10033.
  • Renaud, S., and M. de Lorgeril. 1993. The French paradox: Dietary factors and cigarette smoking-related health risks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 686:299–309. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb39191.x.
  • Rice-Evans, C. A., N. J. Miller, P. G. Bolwell, P. M. Bramley, and J. B. Pridham. 1995. The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radical Research 22 (4):375–83. doi: 10.3109/10715769509145649.
  • Rithidech, K. N., M. Tungjai, P. Reungpatthanaphong, L. Honikel, and S. R. Simon. 2012. Attenuation of oxidative damage and inflammatory responses by apigenin given to mice after irradiation. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 749 (1–2):29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.08.001.
  • Ross, J. A., and C. M. Kasum. 2002. Dietary flavonoids: Bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety. Annual Review of Nutrition 22 (1):19–34. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.111401.144957.
  • Robak, J., and R. J. Gryglewski. (1996). Bioactivity of flavonoids. Polish Journal of Pharmacology 48(6):555–564.
  • Rothwell, J., et al. 2013. Phenol-Explorer 3.0: A major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content. Database (Oxford) 2013: bat070.
  • Saba, E., Y.-S. Lee, W.-K. Yang, Y. Y. Lee, M. Kim, S.-M. Woo, K. Kim, Y.-S. Kwon, T.-H. Kim, D. Kwak, et al. 2020. Effects of a herbal formulation, KGC3P, and its individual component, nepetin, on coal fly dust-induced airway inflammation. Scientific Reports 10 (1):14036. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68965-5.
  • Sada, K., T. Nishikawa, D. Kukidome, T. Yoshinaga, N. Kajihara, K. Sonoda, T. Senokuchi, H. Motoshima, T. Matsumura, E. Araki, et al. 2016. Hyperglycemia induces cellular hypoxia through production of mitochondrial ROS followed by suppression of aquaporin-1. PloS One 11 (7):e0158619. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158619.
  • Saeedi, P., I. Petersohn, P. Salpea, B. Malanda, S. Karuranga, N. Unwin, S. Colagiuri, L. Guariguata, A. A. Motala, K. Ogurtsova, et al. 2019. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 157:107843. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843.
  • Salehi, B., et al. 2019. The therapeutic potential of apigenin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (6): 1305.
  • Sangeetha, R. 2019. Luteolin in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 7 (2):393–8. doi: 10.12944/CRNFSJ.7.2.09.
  • Scalbert, A., et al. (2002). Absorption and metabolism of polyphenols in the gut and impact on health. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 56(6):276–282. doi: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00205-6.
  • Seraglio, S. K. T., A. C. Valese, H. Daguer, G. Bergamo, M. S. Azevedo, P. Nehring, L. V. Gonzaga, R. Fett, and A. C. O. Costa. 2017. Effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds, minerals, and antioxidant capacity of Mimosa scabrella Bentham honeydew honeys. Food Research International (Ottawa, ON) 99 (Pt 1):670–8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.024.
  • Shaw, J. E., R. A. Sicree, and P. Z. Zimmet. (2010). Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 87(1):4–14.
  • Shen, Y.-C., W.-F. Chiou, Y.-C. Chou, and C.-F. Chen. 2003. Mechanisms in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of baicalin and baicalein in human leukocytes. European Journal of Pharmacology 465 (1–2):171–81. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01378-5.
  • Shen, Q., X. Li, W. Li, and X. Zhao. 2011. Enhanced intestinal absorption of daidzein by borneol/menthol eutectic mixture and microemulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 12 (4):1044–9. doi: 10.1208/s12249-011-9672-4.
  • Shi, S., J. Li, X. Zhao, Q. Liu, and S.-J. Song. 2021. A comprehensive review: Biological activity, modification and synthetic methodologies of prenylated flavonoids. Phytochemistry 191:112895. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112895.
  • Shin, E. K., H.-S. Kwon, Y. H. Kim, H.-K. Shin, and J.-K. Kim. 2009. Chrysin, a natural flavone, improves murine inflammatory bowel diseases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 381 (4):502–7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.071.
  • Shoelson, S. E., L. Herrero, and A. Naaz. 2007. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 132 (6):2169–80. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.059.
  • Shoelson, S. E., J. Lee, and A. B. Goldfine. 2006. Inflammation and insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116 (7):1793–801. doi: 10.1172/JCI29069.
  • Singh, J., B. P. Chaudhari, and P. Kakkar. 2017. Baicalin and chrysin mixture imparts cyto-protection against methylglyoxal induced cytotoxicity and diabetic tubular injury by modulating RAGE, oxidative stress and inflammation. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 50:67–75. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.01.013.
  • Sun, C., C. Zhao, E. C. Guven, P. Paoli, J. Simal-Gandara, K. M. m. Ramkumar, S. Wang, F. Buleu, A. Pah, V. Turi, et al. 2020. Dietary polyphenols as antidiabetic agents: Advances and opportunities. Food Frontiers 1 (1):18–44. doi: 10.1002/fft2.15.
  • Sung, H.-C., C.-J. Liang, C.-W. Lee, F.-L. Yen, C.-Y. Hsiao, S.-H. Wang, Y.-F. Jiang-Shieh, J.-S. Tsai, and Y.-L. Chen. 2015. The protective effect of eupafolin against TNF-α-induced lung inflammation via the reduction of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 170:136–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.058.
  • Ta, N., and T. Walle. 2007. Aromatase inhibition by bioavailable methylated flavones. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 107 (1–2):127–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.01.006.
  • Taha, I. M., A. M. Abdu Allah, and E. M. Abd El Gayed. 2018. Expression of toll-like receptor 4 and its connection with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-Le-Grand, France) 64 (13):15–20. PMID: 30403590
  • Taleb, R. E., et al. 2020. In vivo and in vitro anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic propolis extract. Journal of Food Biochemistry 44 (7): 458–470.
  • Tanti, J. F., and J. Jager. 2009. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance: Role of stress-regulated serine kinases and insulin receptor substrates (IRS) serine phosphorylation. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 9 (6):753–62. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.07.004.
  • Terao, J. 2017. Factors modulating bioavailability of quercetin-related flavonoids and the consequences of their vascular function. Biochemical Pharmacology 139:15–23. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.021.
  • Thilakarathna, S. H., and H. P. V. Rupasinghe. 2013. Flavonoid bioavailability and attempts for bioavailability enhancement. Nutrients 5 (9):3367–87. doi: 10.3390/nu5093367.
  • Thitilertdecha, P., V. Tantithavorn, P. Poungpairoj, and N. Onlamoon. 2019. Determination of suppressive effect on human T-cell activation by hispidulin, nepetin, and vanillic acid. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 41 (6):591–8. doi: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1675165.
  • Tilg, H., and A. R. Moschen. 2008. Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of insulin resistance. Molecular Medicine 14 (3–4):222–31. doi: 10.2119/2007-00119.Tilg.
  • Torres-Piedra, M., R. Ortiz-Andrade, R. Villalobos-Molina, N. Singh, J. L. Medina-Franco, S. P. Webster, M. Binnie, G. Navarrete-Vázquez, and S. Estrada-Soto. 2010. A comparative study of flavonoid analogues on streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats: Quercetin as a potential antidiabetic agent acting via 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (6):2606–12. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.049.
  • Tsilioni, I., A. Taliou, K. Francis, and T. C. Theoharides. 2015. Children with autism spectrum disorders, who improved with a luteolin-containing dietary formulation, show reduced serum levels of TNF and IL-6. Translational Psychiatry 5:e647. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.142.
  • Valavanidis, A., T. Vlachogianni, and C. Fiotakis. 2009. 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): A critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews 27 (2):120–39. doi: 10.1080/10590500902885684.
  • Van Greevenbroek, M. M., C. G. Schalkwijk, and C. D. Stehouwer. 2013. Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Causes and consequences. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 71 (4):174–87.
  • Vauzour, D., K. Vafeiadou, A. Rodriguez-Mateos, C. Rendeiro, and J. P. E. Spencer. 2008. The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: a multiplicity of effects. Genes & Nutrition 3 (3–4):115–26. doi: 10.1007/s12263-008-0091-4.
  • Vitale, M., O. Vaccaro, M. Masulli, E. Bonora, S. Del Prato, C. B. Giorda, A. Nicolucci, S. Squatrito, S. Auciello, A. C. Babini, et al. 2017. Polyphenol intake and cardiovascular risk factors in a population with type 2 diabetes: The TOSCA.IT study. Clinical Nutrition 36 (6):1686–92. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.002.
  • Vuruskan, H., Z. Caliskan, Y. Kordan, C. Ozakin, I. Yavascaoglu, and B. Oktay. 2005. Elevated plasma concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in patients with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Urological Research 33 (6):465–9. doi: 10.1007/s00240-005-0509-z.
  • Waisundara, V. Y., A. N. Hsu, B. K. H. Tan, and D. J. Huang. 2009. Baicalin improves antioxidant status of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 (10):4096–102. doi: 10.1021/jf8028539.
  • Wang, G. G., X. H. Lu, W. Li, X. Zhao, and C. Zhang. 2011. Protective effects of luteolin on diabetic nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2011:323171. doi: 10.1155/2011/323171.
  • Wang, J., M. Xiao, J. Wang, S. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Guo, Y. Tang, and J. Gu. 2021. NRF2-related epigenetic modifications in cardiac and vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology 12:598005. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.598005.
  • Wang, C.-Z., C.-F. Zhang, Y. Luo, H. Yao, C. Yu, L. Chen, J. Yuan, W.-H. Huang, J.-Y. Wan, J. Zeng, et al. 2020. Baicalein, an enteric microbial metabolite, suppresses gut inflammation and cancer progression in ApcMin/+ mice. Clinical & Translational Oncology: Official Publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico 22 (7):1013–22. doi: 10.1007/s12094-019-02225-5.
  • Wei, W., Q. Liu, Y. Tan, L. Liu, X. Li, and L. Cai. 2009. Oxidative stress, diabetes, and diabetic complications. Hemoglobin 33 (5):370–7. doi: 10.3109/03630260903212175.
  • Wen, X., and T. Walle. 2006. Methylated flavonoids have greatly improved intestinal absorption and metabolic stability. Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals 34 (10):1786–92. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.011122.
  • Weyer, C., C. Bogardus, D. M. Mott, and R. E. Pratley. 1999. The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 104 (6):787–94. doi: 10.1172/JCI7231.
  • Widjajakusuma, E. C., A. Jonosewojo, L. Hendriati, S. Wijaya, A. Surjadhana, W. Sastrowardoyo, N. Monita, N. M. Muna, R. P. Fajarwati, M. Ervina, et al. 2019. Phytochemical screening and preliminary clinical trials of the aqueous extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves in metformin treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 55:137–47. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.07.002.
  • Wu, J.-Y., Y.-J. Chen, L. Bai, Y.-X. Liu, X.-Q. Fu, P.-L. Zhu, J.-K. Li, J.-Y. Chou, C.-L. Yin, Y.-P. Wang, et al. 2020. Chrysoeriol ameliorates TPA-induced acute skin inflammation in mice and inhibits NF-kappaB and STAT3 pathways. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 68:153173. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153173.
  • Xiao, J. B., and P. Hogger. 2014. Influence of diabetes on the pharmacokinetic behavior of natural polyphenols. Current Drug Metabolism 15 (1):23–9. doi: 10.2174/1389200214666131210142614.
  • Xingjun, et al. 2018. The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 14(11): 1483-1496.
  • Xiong, J., K. Wang, C. Yuan, R. Xing, J. Ni, G. Hu, F. Chen, and X. Wang. 2017. Luteolin protects mice from severe acute pancreatitis by exerting HO-1-mediated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39 (1):113–25. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2809.
  • Xu, Z., Z.-H. Shen, B. Wu, S.-L. Gong, and B. Chen. 2021. Small molecule natural compound targets the NF-κB signaling and ameliorates the development of osteoarthritis. Journal of Cellular Physiology 236 (11):7298–307. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30392.
  • Xue, C., Z. Shi, Z. He, Z. Wang, F. Qin, J. Chen, and M. Zeng. 2020. Formation of three selected AGEs and their corresponding intermediates in aldose- and ketose-lysine systems. eFood 1 (3):270–8. doi: 10.2991/efood.k.200508.001.
  • Yamamoto, M., S. Sato, H. Hemmi, K. Hoshino, T. Kaisho, H. Sanjo, O. Takeuchi, M. Sugiyama, M. Okabe, K. Takeda, et al. 2003. Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science (New York, NY) 301 (5633):640–3. doi: 10.1126/science.1087262.
  • Yang, Z., W. Huang, J. Zhang, M. Xie, and X. Wang. 2019. Baicalein improves glucose metabolism in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 854:187–93. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.005.
  • Yang, X. M., Y. M. Jiang, J. L. Yang, J. R. He, J. Sun, F. Chen, M. W. Zhang, and B. Yang. 2015. Prenylated flavonoids, promising nutraceuticals with impressive biological activities. Trends in Food Science & Technology 44 (1):93–104. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.03.007.
  • Yoon, H., and H. Yoon. 2021. Chrysoeriol ameliorates COX-2 expression through NF-κB, AP-1 and MAPK regulation via the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22 (1):718. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.10150.
  • Zafar, A., N. K. Alruwaili, S. S. Imam, N. Hadal Alotaibi, K. S. Alharbi, M. Afzal, R. Ali, S. Alshehri, S. I. Alzarea, M. Elmowafy, et al. 2021. Bioactive Apigenin loaded oral nano bilosomes: Formulation optimization to preclinical assessment. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 29 (3):269–79. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.02.003.
  • Zang, Y., K. Igarashi, and Y. Li. 2016. Anti-diabetic effects of luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside on KK-Ay mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 80 (8):1580–6. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1116928.
  • Zang, M., S. Xu, K. A. Maitland-Toolan, A. Zuccollo, X. Hou, B. Jiang, M. Wierzbicki, T. J. Verbeuren, and R. A. Cohen. 2006. Polyphenols stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase, lower lipids, and inhibit accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice. Diabetes 55 (8):2180–91. doi: 10.2337/db05-1188.
  • Zhang, H. L., G. Caprioli, H. Hussain, N. P. Khoi Le, M. A. Farag, and J. B. Xiao. 2021. A multifaceted review on dihydromyricetin resources, extraction, bioavailability, biotransformation, bioactivities, and food applications with future perspectives to maximize its value. eFood 2 (4):164–84. doi: 10.53365/efood.k/143518.
  • Zhang, Z., C. Cui, F. Wei, and H. Lv. 2017. Improved solubility and oral bioavailability of apigenin via Soluplus/Pluronic F127 binary mixed micelles system. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 43 (8):1276–82. doi: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1313857.
  • Zhang, B.-W., X. Li, W.-L. Sun, Y. Xing, Z.-L. Xiu, C.-L. Zhuang, and Y.-S. Dong. 2017. Dietary flavonoids and acarbose synergistically inhibit α-glucosidase and lower postprandial blood glucose. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (38):8319–30. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02531.
  • Zhang, B., W. Sun, N. Yu, J. Sun, X. Yu, X. Li, Y. Xing, D. Yan, Q. Ding, Z. Xiu, et al. 2018. Anti-diabetic effect of baicalein is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in streptozotocin and high-fat-diet induced diabetic rats. Journal of Functional Foods 46:256–67. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.070.
  • Zhang, Y., Q. Xie, L. You, P C. ‐K. Cheung, and Z. Zhao. 2021. Behavior of non-digestible polysaccharides in gastrointestinal tract: a mechanistic review of its anti-obesity effect. eFood 2 (2):59–72. doi: 10.2991/efood.k.210310.001.
  • Zhao, C., X. Wan, S. Zhou, and H. Cao. 2020. Natural polyphenols: A potential therapeutic approach to hypoglycemia. eFood 1 (2):107–18. doi: 10.2991/efood.k.200302.001.
  • Zhao, L., Y. Wei, Y. Huang, B. He, Y. Zhou, and J. Fu. 2013. Nanoemulsion improves the oral bioavailability of baicalin in rats: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. International Journal of Nanomedicine 8:3769–79. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S51578.
  • Zhao, C., C. Yang, S. T. C. Wai, Y. Zhang, M. P Portillo, P. Paoli, Y. Wu, W. San Cheang, B. Liu, C. Carpéné, et al. 2019. Regulation of glucose metabolism by bioactive phytochemicals for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 59 (6):830–47. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1501658.
  • Zheng, Z., W. Zhu, B. Yang, R. Chai, T. Liu, F. Li, G. Ren, S. Ji, S. Liu, G. Li, et al. 2018. The co-treatment of metformin with flavone synergistically induces apoptosis through inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway in breast cancer cells. Oncology Letters 15 (4):5952–8. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.7999.
  • Zheng, Y., S. H. Ley, and F. B. Hu. 2018. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 14(2):88–98.
  • Zheng, W., Z. Tao, L. Cai, C. Chen, C. Zhang, Q. Wang, X. Ying, W. Hu, and H. Chen. 2017. Chrysin attenuates IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-κB in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Inflammation 40 (4):1143–54. doi: 10.1007/s10753-017-0558-9.
  • Zheng, X.-K., L. Zhang, W.-W. Wang, Y.-Y. Wu, Q.-B. Zhang, and W.-S. Feng. 2011. Anti-diabetic activity and potential mechanism of total flavonoids of Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring in rats induced by high fat diet and low dose STZ. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (1):662–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.018.
  • Zhong, R., M. A. Farag, M. Chen, C. He, and J. Xiao. 2022. Recent advances in the biosynthesis, structure–activity relationships, formulations, pharmacology, and clinical trials of fisetin. eFood 3 (1-2):e3. doi: 10.1002/efd2.3.
  • Zhou, X., L. Fu, P. L. Wang, L. Yang, X. S. Zhu, and C. G. Li. 2021. Drug-herb interactions between Scutellaria baicalensis and pharmaceutical drugs: Insights from experimental studies, mechanistic actions to clinical applications. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 138:111445. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111445.
  • Zhou, Y.-J., N. Xu, X.-C. Zhang, Y.-Y. Zhu, S.-W. Liu, and Y.-N. Chang. 2021. Chrysin improves glucose and lipid metabolism disorders by regulating the AMPK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and HFD/STZ-induced C57BL/6J mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69 (20):5618–27. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01109.
  • Zhou, R.-J., H. Ye, F. Wang, J.-L. Wang, and M.-L. Xie. 2017. Apigenin inhibits D-galactosamine/LPS-induced liver injury through upregulation of hepatic Nrf-2 and PPARg expressions in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 493 (1):625–e30. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.141.
  • Zhu, F. M., J. X. Li, Z. L. Ma, J. Li, and B. Du. 2021. Structural identification and in vitro antioxidant activities of anthocyanins in black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa lliot). eFood 2 (4):201–8. doi: 10.53365/efood.k/143829.
  • Ziyan, L., Z. Yongmei, Z. Nan, T. Ning, and L. Baolin. 2007. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin in experimental animal models. Planta Medica 73 (3):221–6. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-967122.
  • Żyżyńska-Granica, B., B. Gierlikowska, A. Parzonko, A. K. Kiss, and S. Granica. 2020. The bioactivity of flavonoid glucuronides and free aglycones in the context of their absorption, II phase metabolism and deconjugation at the inflammation site. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 135:110929. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110929.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.