774
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Cronobacter spp. in foods of plant origin: occurrence, contamination routes, and pathogenic potential

, , &
Pages 12398-12412 | Published online: 22 Jul 2022

References

  • Akduman, G., and I. Omurtag Korkmaz. 2020. Microbial evaluation of Turkish herbal teas before and after infusion. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control 7:170–4. doi: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.4.4844.
  • Aksu, F., S. Sandikçi Altunatmaz, G. Issa, A. Aksoy, and H. Aksu. 2019. Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in various foodstuffs and identification by multiplex PCR. Food Science and Technology 39 (3):729–34. doi: 10.1590/fst.06818.
  • Aksu, F., S. Sandikçi Altunatmaz, G. Issa, S. Özmen Togay, and H. Aksu. 2016. Prevalence and identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction patterns of Cronobacter spp. isolated from plant-based foods. Food Science and Technology 36 (4):730–6. doi: 10.1590/1678-457x.16916.
  • AlOudat, M., N. Magyar, L. Simon-Sarkadi, and A. Lugasi. 2021. Nutritional content of ready-to-eat meals sold in groceries in Hungary. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science 24:100318. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100318.
  • Alsonosi, A., S. Hariri, M. Kajsik, M. Orieskova, V. Hanulik, M. Roderova, J. Petrzelova, H. Kollarova, H. Drahovska, S. Forsythe, et al. 2015. The speciation and genotyping of Cronobacter isolates from hospitalised patients. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 34 (10):1979–88. doi: 10.1007/s10096-015-2440-8.
  • Al-Holy, M. A., M. Lin, M. M. Abu-Ghoush, H. M. Al-Qadiri, and B. A. Rasco. 2009. Thermal resistance, survival and inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in powdered and reconstituted infant formula. Journal of Food Safety 29 (2):287–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00157.x.
  • Al-Holy, M. A., K. Sabbah, T. M. Osaili, and A. A. Qatatsheh. 2015. Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant formula and infant cereals using chitosan and lactic acid. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 39 (6):1229–34. doi: 10.1111/jfpp.12339.
  • Al-Nabulsi, A. A., T. M. Osaili, R. R. Shaker, A. N. Olaimat, M. M. Ayyash, and R. A. Holley. 2009. Survival of Cronobacter species in reconstituted herbal infant teas and their sensitivity to bovine lactoferrin. Journal of Food Science 74 (9):M479–84. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01371.x.
  • Amagliani, L., J. O’Regan, A. L. Kelly, and J. A. O’Mahony. 2017. The composition, extraction, functionality and applications of rice proteins: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 64:1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.01.008.
  • Amalaradjou, M. A., and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2011. Effect of transcinnamaldehyde on reducing resistance to environmental stresses in Cronobacter sakazakii. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8 (3):403–9. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0691.
  • Arslan, S., and H. G. Ertürk. 2021. Occurrence, virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Cronobacter spp. from ready-to-eat foods. Current Microbiology 78 (9):3403–16. doi: 10.1007/s00284-021-02585-8.
  • Arroyo, C., G. Cebrián, R. Pagán, and S. Condón. 2012a. Synergistic combination of heat and ultrasonic waves under pressure for Cronobacter sakazakii inactivation in apple juice. Food Control 25 (1):342–8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.056.
  • Arroyo, C., E. Gayán, R. Pagán, and S. Condón. 2012b. UV-C inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9 (10):907–14. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1178.
  • Awadallah, M. A. I., H. A. Ahmed, A. M. A. Merwad, R. M. M. Abou Elez, and K. M. A. Saleh. 2018. Molecular characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii in Egypt, survival and thermoresistance at different temperatures: A potential public health risk. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) 18 (2):101–7. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2169.
  • Bai, Y., H. Yu, D. Guo, S. Fei, and C. Shi. 2019. Survival and environmental stress resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii exposed to vacuum or air packaging and stored at different temperatures. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:303. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00303.
  • Bang, H.-J., S. Y. Park, S. E. Kim, M. Md Furkanur Rahaman, and S.-D. Ha. 2017. Synergistic effects of combined ultrasound and peroxyacetic acid treatments against Cronobacter sakazakii biofilms on fresh cucumber. LWT 84:91–8. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.037.
  • Berthold-Pluta, A., M. Garbowska, I. Stefańska, and A. Pluta. 2017. Microbiological quality of selected ready-to-eat leaf vegetables, sprouts and non-pasteurized fresh fruit-vegetable juices including the presence of Cronobacter spp. Food Microbiology 65:221–30. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.005.
  • Berthold-Pluta, A., M. Garbowska, I. Stefańska, L. Stasiak-Różańska, T. Aleksandrzak Piekarczyk, and A. Pluta. 2021. Microbiological quality of nuts, dried and candied fruits, including the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. Pathogens 10 (7):900. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070900.
  • Beuchat, L. R., E. Komitopoulou, H. Beckers, R. P. Betts, F. Bourdichon, S. Fanning, H. M. Joosten, and B. H. T. Kuile. 2013. Low-water activity foods: Increased concern as vehicles of foodborne pathogens. Journal of Food Protection 76 (1):150–72. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-211.
  • Bhilwadikar, T., S. Pounraj, S. Manivannan, N. K. Rastogi, and P. S. Negi. 2019. Decontamination of microorganisms and pesticides from fresh fruits and vegetables: A comprehensive review from common household processes to modern techniques. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 18 (4):1003–38. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12453.
  • Brandão, M. L. L., N. S. Umeda, E. Jackson, S. J. Forsythe, and I. de Filippis. 2017. Isolation, molecular and phenotypic characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. from Brazilian retail foods. Food Microbiology 63:129–38. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.011.
  • Brasil. 2019a. Resolução – RDC No. 331, de 23 de dezembro de 2019. Ministério da Saúde/Agência Nac. Vigilância Sanitária/Diretoria Colegiada – DOU – Imprensa Nac. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-331-de-23-de-dezembro-de-2019-235332272.
  • Brasil. 2019b. Instrução Normativa No. 60, de 23 de dezembro de 2019. Ministério da Saúde/Agência Nac. Vigilância Sanitária/Diretoria Colegiada – DOU – Imprensa Nac. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/instrucao-normativa-n-60-de-23-de-dezembro-de-2019-235332356.
  • Breeuwer, P., A. Lardeau, M. Peterz, and H. M. Joosten. 2003. Desiccation and heat tolerance of Enterobacter sakazakii. Journal of Applied Microbiology 95 (5):967–73. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02067.x.
  • Carvalho, G. G., A. P. Calarga, J. R. Teodoro, M. M. Queiroz, C. A. Astudillo-Trujillo, C. E. Levy, M. Brocchi, and D. Y. Kabuki. 2020. Isolation, comparison of identification methods and antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter spp. in infant foods. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 137:109643. 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109643.
  • CDC. 2016a. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to frozen vegetables (final update). Centers Dis. Control Prev. Natl. Cent. Emerg. Zoonotic Infect. Dis. (NCEZID), Div. Foodborne, Waterborne, Environ. Dis. Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/frozen-vegetables-05-16/index.html.
  • CDC. 2016b. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to packaged salads produced at Springfield, Ohio dole processing facility (final update). Centers Dis. Control Prev. Natl. Cent. Emerg. Zoonotic Infect. Dis. (NCEZID), Div. Foodborne, Waterborne, Environ. Dis. Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/bagged-salads-01-16/index.html.
  • CDC. 2018. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella montevideo infections linked to raw sprouts (final update). Centers Dis. Control Prev. Natl. Cent. Emerg. Zoonotic Infect. Dis. (NCEZID), Div. Foodborne, Waterborne, Environ. Dis. Accessed June 17, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/montevideo-01-18/index.html.
  • CDC. 2020a. Outbreak of E. coli infections linked to romaine lettuce (final update). Centers Dis. Control Prev. Natl. Cent. Emerg. Zoonotic Infect. Dis. (NCEZID), Div. Foodborne, Waterborne, Environ. Dis. Accessed June 17, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2019/o157h7-11-19/index.html.
  • CDC. 2020b. Outbreak of E. coli infections linked to leafy greens (final update). Centers Dis. Control Prev. Natl. Cent. Emerg. Zoonotic Infect. Dis. (NCEZID), Div. Foodborne, Waterborne, Environ. Dis. Accessed June 17, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2020/o157h7-10-20b/index.html.
  • CDC. 2020c. Outbreak of E. coli infections linked to fresh express sunflower crisp chopped salad kits (final update). Centers Dis. Control Prev. Natl. Cent. Emerg. Zoonotic Infect. Dis. (NCEZID), Div. Foodborne, Waterborne, Environ. Dis. Accessed June 17, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2019/o157h7-12-19/index.html.
  • CDC. 2020d. Outbreak of Salmonella newport infections linked to onions (final update). Centers Dis. Control Prev. Natl. Cent. Emerg. Zoonotic Infect. Dis. (NCEZID), Div. Foodborne, Waterborne, Environ. Dis. Accessed June 17, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/newport-07-20/index.html.
  • Centre for Food Safety. 2014. Microbiological guidelines for food (for ready-to-eat food in general and specific food items). Accessed July 3, 2022. https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/food_leg/files/food_leg_Microbiological_Guidelines_for_Food_e.pdf.
  • Chen, D., Y. Cheng, P. Peng, J. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, E. Anderson, C. Chen, P. Chen, and R. Ruan. 2019. Effects of intense pulsed light on Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium inoculated in different powdered foods. Food Chemistry 296:23–8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.180.
  • Chen, D., J. R. Wiertzema, P. Peng, Y. Cheng, Y. Wang, J. Liu, Y. Ma, W. Mosher, M. Kang, M. Min, et al. 2020. Catalytic intense pulse light inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii and other pathogens in non-fat dry milk and wheat flour. Food Chemistry 332:127420. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127420.
  • Chen, W., J. Yang, C. You, and Z. Liu. 2016. Diversity of Cronobacter spp. isolates from the vegetables in the middle-east coastline of China. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 32 (90): 1–10. doi: 10.1007/s11274-016-2033-4.
  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). 2008. Code of hygienic practice for powdered formulae for infants and young children. CAC/RCP 66-2008. Accessed July 3, 2022. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXC%2B66-2008%252FCXP_066e.pdf.
  • Costa, P. V., L. Vasconcellos, I. C. da Silva, V. de Mello Medeiros, S. J. Forsythe, and M. L. L. Brandão. 2020. Multi-locus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus isolated from corn-based farinaceous foods commercialized in Brazil. Food Research International 129:108805. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108805.
  • De Corato, U. 2020. Improving the shelf-life and quality of fresh and minimally-processed fruits and vegetables for a modern food industry: A comprehensive critical review from the traditional technologies into the most promising advancements. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60 (6):940–75. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1553025.
  • Demirci, Ü., İH. Tekiner, B. Çakmak, and H. Özpınar. 2018. Occurrence and molecular characterization of different virulence-associated genes of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates from some foods and dust samples. Ciência Rural 48 (8):1–9. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20180127.
  • Dziedzinska, R., P. Vasickova, J. Hrdy, M. Slany, V. Babak, and M. Moravkova. 2018. Foodborne bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens in field and market strawberries and environment of strawberry farms. Journal of Food Science 83 (12):3069–75. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14401.
  • European Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Reg2073_2005(1).pdf.
  • FAO. 2020. Fruit and vegetables – Your dietary essentials, The International Year of Fruits and Vegetables, 2021, background paper. Rome. doi: 10.4060/cb2395en.
  • FAO/WHO. 2006. Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant formula: Meeting report. Microbiol. Risk Assess. Ser. No. 10.
  • FAO/WHO. 2008. Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in powdered follow-up formula: Meeting Report. Microbiol. Risk Assess. Ser. No. 15.
  • Farmer, J. J. 2015. My 40-year history with Cronobacter/Enterobacter sakazakii – Lessons learned, myths debunked, and recommendations. Frontiers in Pediatrics 3:84–12. doi: 10.3389/fped.2015.00084.
  • Fei, P., Y. Jiang, S. Gong, R. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Yuan, Z. Wang, H. Kang, and M. A. Ali. 2018. Occurrence, genotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in drinking water and food samples from Northeast China. Journal of Food Protection 81 (3):456–60. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-326.
  • Forsythe, S. J. 2015. New insights into the emergent bacterial pathogen Cronobacter. In Food safety, eds. S. C. Ricke, J. R. Donaldson, C. A. Phillips, 265–308. Cambridge: Academic Press.
  • Forsythe, S. J. 2018. Updates on the Cronobacter genus. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 9:23–44. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012246.
  • Forsythe, S. J., B. Dickins, and K. A. Jolley. 2014. Cronobacter, the emergent bacterial pathogen Enterobacter sakazakii comes of age; MLST and whole genome sequence analysis. BMC Genomics 15:1121. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1121.
  • FSANZ – Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 2022. Compendium of microbiological criteria. https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/publications/Documents/Compendium_revised%20March%202022.pdf.
  • Gan, X., B. Yang, X. Wang, Y. Dong, Y. Hu, J. Xu, and F. Li. 2021. Contamination, persistence and dissemination of Cronobacter during the production of powdered infant formula in China in 2016. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 13 (1):105–14. doi: 10.15586/qas.v13i1.842.
  • Grim, C. J., M. L. Kotewicz, K. A. Power, G. Gopinath, A. A. Franco, K. G. Jarvis, Q. Q. Yan, S. A. Jackson, V. Sathyamoorthy, L. Hu, et al. 2013. Pan-genome analysis of the emerging foodborne pathogen Cronobacter spp. suggests a species-level bidirectional divergence driven by niche adaptation. BMC Genomics 14:366–16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-366.
  • Gurtler, J. B., and L. R. Beuchat. 2007. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula as affected by composition, water activity, and temperature. Journal of Food Protection 70 (7):1579–86. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-70.7.1579.
  • Holý, O., and S. Forsythe. 2014. Cronobacter spp. as emerging causes of healthcare-associated infection. Journal of Hospital Infection 86 (3):169–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.09.011.
  • Hu, J., X. Li, X. Du, Z. Cui, and J. Cui. 2019. Identification and characterization of Cronobacter strains isolated from environmental samples. Current Microbiology 76 (12):1467–76. doi: 10.1007/s00284-019-01776-8.
  • Huvarova, V., P. Kralik, P. Vasickova, M. Kubankova, V. Verbikova, M. Slany, V. Babak, and M. Moravkova. 2018. Tracing of selected viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents on vegetables and herbs originating from farms and markets. Journal of Food Science 83 (12):3044–53. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14385.
  • Iversen, C., N. Mullane, B. Mccardel, B. D. Tal, A. Lehner, S. Fannin, R. Stephan, and H. Joosten. 2008. Cronobacter gen nov, a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen nov, comb nov, Cronobacter malonaticus sp nov, Cronobacter turicensis sp nov, Cronobacter muytjensii sp nov, Cronobacter dublinensis sp nov, Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp dublinensis subsp nov, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp lausannensis subsp nov and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp lactaridi subsp nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (Pt 6):1442–7. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65577-0.
  • Jang, H., J. Woo, Y. Lee, F. Negrete, S. Finkelstein, H. R. Chase, N. Addy, L. Ewing, J. J. G. Beaubrun, I. Patel, et al. 2018. Draft genomes of Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from dried spices bring unique insights into the diversity of plant-associated strains. Standards in Genomic Sciences 13 (1):16. doi: 10.1186/s40793-018-0339-6.
  • Jaradat, Z. W., Q. O. Ababneh, I. M. Saadoun, N. A. Samara, and A. M. Rashdan. 2009. Isolation of Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) from infant food, herbs and environmental samples and the subsequent identification and confirmation of the isolates using biochemical, chromogenic assays, PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. BMC Microbiology 9:225–11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-225.
  • Jaradat, Z. W., W. Mousa, A. Elbetieha, A. Al Nabulsi, and B. D. Tall. 2014. Cronobacter spp.—opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental adaptive traits. Journal of Medical Microbiology 63 (Pt 8):1023–37. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.073742-0.
  • Jolley, K. A., J. E. Bray, and M. C. J. Maiden. 2018. Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications. Wellcome Open Research 3:124. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14826.1. PMID: 30345391; PMCID: PMC6192448.
  • Joseph, S., H. Sonbol, S. Hariri, P. Desai, M. McClelland, and S. J. Forsythe. 2012. Diversity of the Cronobacter genus as revealed by multilocus sequence typing. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 50 (9):3031–9. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00905-12.
  • Kadlicekova, V., M. Kajsik, K. Soltys, T. Szemes, L. Slobodnikova, L. Janosikova, Z. Hubenakova, P. Ogrodzki, S. Forsythe, J. Turna, et al. 2018. Characterisation of Cronobacter strains isolated from hospitalised adult patients. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 111 (7):1073–85. doi: 10.1007/s10482-017-1008-2. PMID: 29270766.
  • Kakatkar, A. S., R. K. Gautam, L. Pansare Godambe, and R. Shashidhar. 2017. Culture dependent and independent studies on emerging food-borne pathogens Cronobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis in Indian food. International Food Research Journal 24:2645–51.
  • Kim, H., J. Ryu, and L. R. Beuchat. 2006. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii on fresh produce as affected by temperature, and effectiveness of sanitizers for its elimination. International Journal of Food Microbiology 111 (2):134–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.05.021.
  • Lehner, A., B. D. Tall, S. Fanning, and S. Srikumar. 2018. Cronobacter spp.—Opportunistic foodborne pathogens: An update on evolution, osmotic adaptation and pathogenesis. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports 5 (2):97–105. doi: 10.1007/s40588-018-0089-7.
  • Li, C., H. Zeng, J. Zhang, W. He, N. Ling, M. Chen, S. Wu, T. Lei, H. Wu, Y. Ye, et al. 2019. Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and molecular characterization of Cronobacter spp. isolated from edible mushrooms in China. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:283. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00283.
  • Li, Y., Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Hu, C. Hong, A. Xie, Y. Wu, Z. Shangguan, B. Zhou, L. Fang, et al. 2020. Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cronobacter spp. from food and human clinical stool samples in Wenzhou, China 2008–2018. Food Microbiology 89:103432. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2020.103432.
  • Li, Z., W. Ge, K. Li, J. Gan, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, R. Luo, L. Chen, Y. Liang, Q. Wang, et al. 2016. Prevalence and characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii in retail milk-based infant and baby foods in Shaanxi, China. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 13 (4):221–7. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2074.
  • Ling, N., C. Li, J. Zhang, Q. Wu, H. Zeng, W. He, Y. Ye, J. Wang, Y. Ding, M. Chen, et al. 2018. Prevalence and molecular and antimicrobial characteristics of Cronobacter spp. isolated from raw vegetables in China. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:1149. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01149.
  • Liu, M., G. Hu, Y. Shi, H. Liu, J. Li, X. Shan, J. Hu, J. Cui, and L. Liu. 2018. Contamination of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese retail spices. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 15 (10):637–44. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2429.
  • Lou, X., T. Liu, W. Zhang, H. Yu, H. Wang, S. Song, Q. Chen, and Z. Fang. 2019a. The occurrence and distribution characteristics of Cronobacter in diverse cereal kernels, flour, and flour-based products. Food Microbiology 84:103269. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103269.
  • Lou, X., H. Yu, X. Wang, J. Qi, W. Zhang, H. Wang, G. Si, S. Song, C. Huang, T. Liu, et al. 2019b. Potential reservoirs and routes of Cronobacter transmission during cereal growing, processing and consumption. Food Microbiology 79:90–5. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.12.004.
  • Marotta, S. M., F. Giarratana, A. Calvagna, G. Ziino, A. Giuffrida, and A. Panebianco. 2018. Study on microbial communities in domestic kitchen sponges: Evidence of Cronobacter sakazakii and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Italian Journal of Food Safety 7 (4):7672–198. doi: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7672.
  • McAuley, C. M., K. McMillan, S. C. Moore, N. Fegan, and E. M. Fox. 2014. Prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens from Australian dairy farm environments. Journal of Dairy Science 97 (12):7402–12. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8735.
  • Meier, G. O. S., M. L. L. Brandão, V. D. M. Medeiros, C. D. O. Rosas, D. d. Silva, C. T. Carvalho, C. d. Silva, N. S. Umeda, and S. D. R. Lopes. 2016. Pesquisa, identificação e perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Cronobacter spp. em produtos destinados à alimentação infantil. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz 75:01–09.
  • Miranda, N., P. Banerjee, S. Simpson, K. Kerdahi, and I. M. Sulaiman. 2017. Molecular surveillance of Cronobacter spp. isolated from a wide variety of foods from 44 different countries by sequence typing of 16s rrna, rpob and o-antigen genes. Foods 6 (5):36–14. doi: 10.3390/foods6050036.
  • Morato-Rodríguez, M. D. R., D. Velandia-Rodríguez, S. Castañeda, M. Crosby, and H. Vera. 2018. Cronobacter spp. in common breast milk substitutes, Bogotá, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 24 (10):1907–9. doi: 10.3201/eid2410.172021.
  • Moravkova, M., V. Verbikova, V. Huvarova, V. Babak, H. Cahlikova, R. Karpiskova, and P. Kralik. 2018. Occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in ready‐to‐eat vegetable products, frozen vegetables, and sprouts examined using cultivation and real‐time PCR methods. Journal of Food Science 83 (12):3054–8. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14399.
  • Mozrová, V., N. Břeňová, J. Mrázek, D. Lukešová, and M. Marounek. 2014. Surveillance and characterisation of Cronobacter spp. in Czech retail food and environmental samples. Folia Microbiologica 59 (1):63–8. doi: 10.1007/s12223-013-0266-2.
  • Negrete, F., H. Jang, J. Gangiredla, J. H. Woo, Y. Y. Lee, I. R. Patel, H. R. Chase, S. Finkelstein, C. Z. Wang, S. Srikumar, et al. 2019. Genome-wide survey of efflux pump-coding genes associated with Cronobacter survival, osmotic adaptation, and persistence. Current Opinion in Food Science 30:32–42. doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.11.005.
  • Ogihara, H., N. Fukuda, A. Fujiwara, H. Suzuki, H. Yamamoto, D. Kyoui, Y. Okada, and S. Igimi. 2019. Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in retail foods and farm-associated. Food Science and Technology Research 25 (2):265–75. doi: 10.3136/fstr.25.265.
  • Olofsson, K., M. Bertilsson, and G. Lidén. 2008. A short review on SSF – An interesting process option for ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Biotechnology for Biofuels 1 (1):7. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-1-7.
  • Orieskova, M., M. Kajsik, T. Szemes, O. Holy, S. Forsythe, J. Turna, and H. Drahovska. 2016. Contribution of the thermotolerance genomic island to increased thermal tolerance in Cronobacter strains. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 109 (3):405–14. doi: 10.1007/s10482-016-0645-1.
  • Pagotto, F. J., M. Nazarowec-White, S. Bidawid, and J. M. Farber. 2003. Enterobacter sakazakii: Infectivity and enterotoxin production in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Food Protection 66 (3):370–5. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-66.3.370.
  • Parikh, M., T. G. Maddaford, J. A. Austria, M. Aliani, T. Netticadan, and G. N. Pierce. 2019. Dietary flaxseed as a strategy for improving human health. Nutrients 11 (5):1171. doi: 10.3390/nu11051171.
  • Park, S. Y., M. F. R. Mizan, and S.-D. Ha. 2016. Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in head lettuce by using a combination of ultrasound and sodium hypochlorite. Food Control 60:582–7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.041.
  • Patrick, M. E., B. E. Mahon, S. A. Greene, J. Rounds, A. Cronquist, K. Wymore, E. Boothe, S. Lathrop, A. Palmer, and A. Bowen. 2014. Incidence of Cronobacter spp. infections, United States, 2003–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20 (9):1536–23. 10.3201%2Feid2009.140545.
  • Pei, X., Y. Li, H. Zhang, L. Zhan, X. Yu, G. Lan, H. Jia, N. Li, D. Yang, and L. Mei. 2019. Surveillance and characterisation of Cronobacter in powdered infant formula processing factories. Food Control 96:318–23. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.09.009.
  • Pina-Pérez, M. C., D. Rodrigo, and A. Martínez. 2016. Nonthermal inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant formula milk: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56 (10):1620–9. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.781991.
  • Raghav, M., and P. K. Aggarwal. 2007. Purification and characterization of Enterobacter sakazakii enterotoxin. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53 (6):750–5. doi: 10.1139/W07-037.
  • Reich, F., R. König, W. von Wiese, and G. Klein. 2010. Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in a powdered infant formula processing environment. International Journal of Food Microbiology 140 (2–3):214–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.031.
  • Sahra, S., A. Jahangir, N. Mobarakai, A. Glaser, A. Jahangir, and M. A. Sharif. 2021. First case report of acute cholangitis secondary to Cronobacter sakazakii. BMC Infectious Diseases 21 (1):493. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06195-4.
  • Sani, N. A., and O. A. Odeyemi. 2015. Occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in plant and animal derived food sources: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SpringerPlus 4 (545): 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1324-9.
  • Santo, D., A. Graça, C. Nunes, and C. Quintas. 2016. Survival and growth of Cronobacter sakazakii on fresh-cut fruit and the effect of UV-C illumination and electrolyzed water in the reduction of its population. International Journal of Food Microbiology 231:10–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.023.
  • Santo, D., A. Graça, C. Nunes, and C. Quintas. 2018. Escherichia coli and Cronobacter sakazakii in ‘Tommy Atkins’ minimally processed mangos: Survival, growth and effect of UV-C and electrolyzed water. Food Microbiology 70:49–54. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.008.
  • Schmid, M., C. Iversen, I. Gontia, R. Stephan, A. Hofmann, A. Hartmann, B. Jha, L. Eberl, K. Riedel, and A. Lehner. 2009. Evidence for a plant-associated natural habitat for Cronobacter spp. Research in Microbiology 160 (8):608–14. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.08.013.
  • Shi, C., Z. Jia, Y. Chen, M. Yang, X. Liu, Y. Sun, Z. Zheng, X. Zhang, K. Song, L. Cui, et al. 2015. Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by combination of thymoquinone and mild heat. Journal of Applied Microbiology 119 (6):1700–6. doi: 10.1111/jam.12964.
  • Silva, J. N., L. Vasconcellos, S. J. Forsythe, I. de Filippis, and M. Luiz Lima Brandão. 2019. Molecular and phenotypical characterization of Cronobacter species isolated with high occurrence from oats and linseeds. FEMS Microbiology Letters 366 (1):1–6. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fny289.
  • Singh, N., G. Goel, and M. Raghav. 2015. Prevalence and characterization of Cronobacter spp. from various foods, medicinal plants, and environmental samples. Current Microbiology 71 (1):31–8. doi: 10.1007/s00284-015-0816-8.
  • Srikumar, S., Y. Cao, Q. Yan, K. Van Hoorde, S. Nguyen, S. Cooney, G. R. Gopinath, B. D. Tall, S. K. Sivasankaran, A. Lehner, et al. 2019. RNA sequencing-based transcriptional overview of xerotolerance in Cronobacter sakazakii SP291. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85 (3):1–16. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01993-18.
  • Tayeb, B. A., Y. H. Mohamed Sharif, and A. M. Ameen. 2019. Incidence rate and antibiotic resistance profile of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from various food products. Food Research 4 (6):2217–23. doi: 10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).304.
  • Ueda, S. 2017. Occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in dried foods, fresh vegetables and soil. Biocontrol Science 22 (1):55–9. doi: 10.4265/bio.22.55.
  • Vasconcellos, L., C. T. Carvalho, R. O. Tavares, V. de Mello Medeiros, C. de Oliveira Rosas, J. N. Silva, S. M. dos Reis Lopes, S. J. Forsythe, and M. L. L. Brandão. 2018. Isolation, molecular and phenotypic characterization of Cronobacter spp. in ready-to-eat salads and foods from Japanese cuisine commercialized in Brazil. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 107:353–9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.048.
  • Vojkovska, H., R. Karpiskova, M. Orieskova, and H. Drahovska. 2016. Characterization of Cronobacter spp. isolated from food of plant origin and environmental samples collected from farms and from supermarkets in the Czech Republic. International Journal of Food Microbiology 217:130–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.017.
  • Yang, H. Y., S. K. Kim, S. Y. Choi, D. H. You, S. C. Lee, W. S. Bang, and H. Yuk. 2015. Effect of acid, desiccation and heat stresses on the viability of Cronobacter sakazakii during rehydration of powdered infant formula and in simulated gastric fluid. Food Control 50:336–41. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.012.
  • Yang, Y., S. Ma, K. Guo, D. Guo, J. Li, M. Wang, Y. Wang, C. Zhang, X. Xia, and C. Shi. 2022. Efficacy of 405-nm LED illumination and citral used alone and in combination for the inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 154:111027. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111027.
  • Yao, K., K. F. N’guessan, N. Y. Zinzendorf, K. A. Kouassi, K. C. Kouassi, Y. G. Loukou, and P. L. Kouamé. 2016. Isolation and characterization of Cronobacter spp. from indigenous infant flours sold in public health care centres within Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Food Control 62:224–30. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.041.
  • Yong, W., B. Guo, X. Shi, T. Cheng, M. Chen, X. Jiang, Y. Ye, J. Wang, G. Xie, and J. Ding. 2018. An investigation of an acute gastroenteritis outbreak: Cronobacter sakazakii, a potential cause of food-borne illness. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:2549. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02549.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.