583
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Systematic Review

White rice consumption and risk of cardiometabolic and cancer outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

, , , , , ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 12476-12487 | Published online: 19 Jul 2022

References

  • Abe, S. K., M. Inoue, N. Sawada, M. Iwasaki, J. Ishihara, S. Sasazuki, T. Shimazu, T. Yamaji, K. Shibuya, and S. Tsugane. 2014. Rice, bread, noodle and cereal intake and colorectal cancer in Japanese men and women: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study (JPHC Study). British Journal of Cancer 110 (5):1316–21. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.799.
  • Anand, S. S., C. Hawkes, R. J. de Souza, A. Mente, M. Dehghan, R. Nugent, M. A. Zulyniak, T. Weis, A. M. Bernstein, R. M. Krauss, et al. 2015. Food consumption and its impact on cardiovascular disease: Importance of solutions focused on the globalized food system: A report from the Workshop Convened by the World Heart Federation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 66 (14):1590–614. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050.
  • Bahadoran, Z., P. Mirmiran, H. Delshad, and F. Azizi. 2014. White rice consumption is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in Tehrani adults: A prospective approach in Tehran lipid and glucose study. Archives of Iranian Medicine 17 (6):435–40.
  • Barclay, A. W., P. Petocz, J. McMillan-Price, V. M. Flood, T. Prvan, P. Mitchell, and J. C. Brand-Miller. 2008. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk—A meta-analysis of observational studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (3):627–37. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.627.
  • Benziger, C. P., G. A. Roth, and A. E. Moran. 2016. The Global Burden of Disease Study and the Preventable Burden of NCD. Global Heart 11 (4):393–7. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2016.10.024.
  • Bhavadharini, B., V. Mohan, M. Dehghan, S. Rangarajan, S. Swaminathan, A. Rosengren, A. Wielgosz, A. Avezum, P. Lopez-Jaramillo, F. Lanas, et al. 2020. White rice intake and incident diabetes: A study of 132,373 participants in 21 countries. Diabetes Care 43 (11):2643–50. doi: 10.2337/dc19-2335.
  • Bray, F., J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. L. Siegel, L. A. Torre, and A. Jemal. 2018. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA 68 (6):394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492.
  • Carr, P. R., L. Jansen, S. Bienert, W. Roth, E. Herpel, M. Kloor, H. Bläker, J. Chang-Claude, H. Brenner, and M. Hoffmeister. 2017. Associations of red and processed meat intake with major molecular pathological features of colorectal cancer. European Journal of Epidemiology 32 (5):409–18. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0275-6.
  • de Batlle, J., E. Gracia-Lavedan, D. Romaguera, M. Mendez, G. Castaño-Vinyals, V. Martín, N. Aragonés, I. Gómez-Acebo, R. Olmedo-Requena, J. J. Jimenez-Moleon, et al. 2018. Meat intake, cooking methods and doneness and risk of colorectal tumours in the Spanish Multicase-Control Study (MCC-Spain). European Journal of Nutrition 57 (2):643–53. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1350-6.
  • Dehghan, M., A. Mente, X. Zhang, S. Swaminathan, W. Li, V. Mohan, R. Iqbal, R. Kumar, E. Wentzel-Viljoen, A. Rosengren, et al. 2017. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): A prospective cohort study. Lancet 390 (10107):2050–62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32252-3.
  • Egger, M., G. D. Smith, M. Schneider, and C. Minder. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315 (7109):629–34. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
  • Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, N. Sarwar, P. Gao, S. R. K. Seshasai, R. Gobin, S. Kaptoge, E. Di Angelantonio, E. Ingelsson, D. A. Lawlor, E. Selvin, et al. 2010. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. The Lancet 375 (9733):2215–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9. [PMC][20609967
  • Eshak, E. S., H. Iso, C. Date, K. Yamagishi, S. Kikuchi, Y. Watanabe, Y. Wada, and A. Tamakoshi. and JACC Study Group. 2011. Rice intake is associated with reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men but not women. The Journal of Nutrition 141 (4):595–602. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.132167.
  • Eshak, E. S., H. Iso, K. Yamagishi, Y. Kokubo, I. Saito, H. Yatsuya, N. Sawada, M. Inoue, and S. Tsugane. 2014. Rice consumption is not associated with risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity or mortality in Japanese men and women: A large population-based, prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (1):199–207. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.079038.
  • Foster-Powell, K., S. H. A. Holt, and J. C. Brand-Miller. 2002. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (1):5–56. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5.
  • GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. 2019. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 393 (10184):1958–72. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8.
  • Ge, L., B. Sadeghirad, G. D. C. Ball, B. R. da Costa, C. L. Hitchcock, A. Svendrovski, R. Kiflen, K. Quadri, H. Y. Kwon, M. Karamouzian, et al. 2020. Comparison of dietary macronutrient patterns of 14 popular named dietary programmes for weight and cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 369:m696. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m696.
  • Golozar, A., D. Khalili, A. Etemadi, H. Poustchi, A. Fazeltabar, F. Hosseini, F. Kamangar, M. Khoshnia, F. Islami, F. Hadaegh, et al. 2017. White rice intake and incidence of type-2 diabetes: Analysis of two prospective cohort studies from Iran. BMC Public Health 17 (1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3999-4.
  • Greenland, S., and M. P. Longnecker. 1992. Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 135 (11):1301–9. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, R. Kunz, J. Brozek, P. Alonso-Coello, D. Rind, P. J. Devereaux, V. M. Montori, B. Freyschuss, G. Vist, et al. 2011a. GRADE Guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence–imprecision. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1283–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, R. Kunz, J. Woodcock, J. Brozek, M. Helfand, P. Alonso-Coello, P. Glasziou, R. Jaeschke, E. A. Akl, GRADE Working Group, et al. 2011b. GRADE Guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence—Inconsistency. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1294–302. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, R. Kunz, J. Woodcock, J. Brozek, M. Helfand, P. Alonso-Coello, Y. Falck-Ytter, R. Jaeschke, G. Vist, GRADE Working Group, et al. 2011c. GRADE Guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence–indirectness. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1303–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.04.014.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, V. Montori, G. Vist, R. Kunz, J. Brozek, P. Alonso-Coello, B. Djulbegovic, D. Atkins, Y. Falck-Ytter, et al. 2011d. GRADE Guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence–publication bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1277–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, N. Santesso, M. Helfand, G. Vist, R. Kunz, J. Brozek, S. Norris, J. Meerpohl, B. Djulbegovic, et al. 2013. GRADE Guidelines: 12. Preparing summary of findings tables-binary outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 66 (2):158–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.012.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, S. Sultan, P. Glasziou, E. A. Akl, P. Alonso-Coello, D. Atkins, R. Kunz, J. Brozek, V. Montori, et al. 2011e. GRADE Guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (12):1311–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, G. E. Vist, R. Kunz, Y. Falck-Ytter, P. Alonso-Coello, and H. J. Schünemann. and GRADE Working Group. 2008. GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336 (7650):924–6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
  • Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, G. Vist, R. Kunz, J. Brozek, P. Alonso-Coello, V. Montori, E. A. Akl, B. Djulbegovic, Y. Falck-Ytter, et al. 2011f. GRADE Guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence–study limitations (Risk of bias). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64 (4):407–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017.
  • Higgins, J. P. T., S. G. Thompson, J. J. Deeks, and D. G. Altman. 2003. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327 (7414):557–60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
  • Hirata, A., K. Ohnaka, N. Tashiro, Z. Wang, M. Kohno, C. Kiyohara, S. Kono, and R. Takayanagi. 2017. Effect modification of green tea on the association between rice intake and the risk of diabetes mellitus: A prospective study in Japanese men and women. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 26 (3):545–55. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.042016.04.[PMC][28429922.
  • Hodge, A. M., D. R. English, K. O’Dea, and G. G. Giles. 2004. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27 (11):2701–6. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2701.
  • Hu, E. A., A. Pan, V. Malik, and Q. Sun. 2012. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Bmj 344 (mar15 3):e1454. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e1454.
  • Joshi, A. D., A. Kim, J. P. Lewinger, C. M. Ulrich, J. D. Potter, M. Cotterchio, L. Le Marchand, and M. C. Stern. 2015. Meat intake, cooking methods, dietary carcinogens, and colorectal cancer risk: Findings from the Colorectal Cancer Family Registry. Cancer Medicine 4 (6):936–52. doi: 10.1002/cam4.461.
  • Kato, I., S. Tominaga, Y. Ito, S. Kobayashi, Y. Yoshii, A. Matsuura, A. Kameya, T. Kano, and A. Ikari. 1992. A prospective study of atrophic gastritis and stomach cancer risk. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 83 (11):1137–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1992.tb02736.x.
  • Kearney, J. 2010. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 365 (1554):2793–807. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0149.
  • Krittanawong, C., A. Tunhasiriwet, H. Zhang, L. J. Prokop, S. Chirapongsathorn, T. Sun, and Z. Wang. 2017. Is white rice consumption a risk for metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Asia 9 (2):e010909. doi: 10.1136/heartasia-2017-010909.
  • Li, W., Z. Zhu, M. Chern, J. Yin, C. Yang, L. Ran, M. Cheng, M. He, K. Wang, J. Wang, et al. 2017. A natural allele of a transcription factor in rice confers broad-spectrum blast resistance. Cell 170 (1):114–26.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.008.
  • Lo, J. J., Y.-M M. Park, R. Sinha, and D. P. Sandler. 2020. Association between meat consumption and risk of breast cancer: Findings from the Sister Study. International Journal of Cancer 146 (8):2156–65. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32547.
  • Malik, V. S., V. Sudha, N. M. Wedick, M. RamyaBai, P. Vijayalakshmi, N. Lakshmipriya, R. Gayathri, A. Kokila, C. Jones, B. Hong, et al. 2019. Substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India: A randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Nutrition 121 (12):1389–97. doi: 10.1017/S000711451900076X.
  • Mehta, S. S., W. D. Arroyave, R. M. Lunn, Y.-M M. Park, W. A. Boyd, and D. P. Sandler. 2020. A prospective analysis of red and processed meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 29 (1):141–50. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0459.
  • Mohan, V., R. M. Anjana, R. Gayathri, M. Ramya Bai, N. Lakshmipriya, V. Ruchi, K. K. Balasubramaniyam, M. M. Jakir, S. Shobana, R. Unnikrishnan, et al. 2016. Glycemic index of a novel high-fiber white rice variety developed in India—A randomized control trial study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 18 (3):164–70. doi: 10.1089/dia.2015.0313.
  • Murakami, K., and S. Sasaki. 2018. Glycemic index and glycemic load of the diets of Japanese adults: The 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan. Nutrition 46:53–61. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.012.
  • Muraki, I., H. Wu, F. Imamura, F. Laden, E. B. Rimm, F. B. Hu, W. C. Willett, and Q. Sun. 2015. Rice consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: Results from a pooled analysis of 3 U.S. cohorts. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (1):164–72. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.087551.
  • Nanri, A., T. Mizoue, M. Noda, Y. Takahashi, M. Kato, M. Inoue, S. Tsugane, and Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group. 2010. Rice intake and type 2 diabetes in Japanese men and women: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 (6):1468–77. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29512.
  • Oba, S., C. Nagata, K. Nakamura, K. Fujii, T. Kawachi, N. Takatsuka, and H. Shimizu. 2010. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and intake of carbohydrate and rice in relation to risk of mortality from stroke and its subtypes in Japanese men and women. Metabolism 59 (11):1574–82. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.02.004.
  • Orsini, N., R. Bellocco, and S. Greenland. 2006. Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose-response data. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 6 (1):40–57. doi: 10.1177/1536867X0600600103.
  • Orsini, N., R. Li, A. Wolk, P. Khudyakov, and D. Spiegelman. 2012. Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: Examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software. American Journal of Epidemiology 175 (1):66–73. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr265.
  • Ouzzani, M., H. Hammady, Z. Fedorowicz, and A. Elmagarmid. 2016. Rayyan—A web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 5 (1):210. doi: 10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.
  • Pan, B., L. Ge, H. Lai, Q. Wang, Q. Wang, Q. Zhang, M. Yin, S. Li, J. Tian, K. Yang, et al. 2021. Association of soft drink and 100% fruit juice consumption with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular diseases mortality, and cancer mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1–12. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1937040.
  • Pan, B., Y. Wu, Q. Yang, L. Ge, C. Gao, Y. Xun, J. Tian, and G. Ding. 2019. The impact of major dietary patterns on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 12 (1):29–39. doi: 10.1111/jebm.12312.
  • Pittas, A. G., J. Lau, F. B. Hu, and B. Dawson-Hughes. 2007. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92 (6):2017–29. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-0298.
  • Rebello, S. A., H. Koh, C. Chen, N. Naidoo, A. O. Odegaard, W.-P. Koh, L. M. Butler, J.-M. Yuan, and R. M. van Dam. 2014. Amount, type, and sources of carbohydrates in relation to Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in a Chinese population: A prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (1):53–64. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.076273.
  • Rong, Y., Li. Chen, T. Zhu, Y. Song, M. Yu, Z. Shan, A. Sands, F. B. Hu, and L. Liu. 2013. Egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ 346 (2):e8539. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8539.
  • Saneei, P., B. Larijani, and A. Esmaillzadeh. 2017. Rice consumption, incidence of chronic diseases and risk of mortality: Meta-analysis of cohort studies. Public Health Nutrition 20 (2):233–44. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016002172.
  • Seah, J. Y. H., W.-P. Koh, J.-M. Yuan, and R. M. van Dam. 2019. Rice intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: The Singapore Chinese Health Study. European Journal of Nutrition 58 (8):3349–60. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1879-7.
  • Severson, R. K., A. M. Nomura, J. S. Grove, and G. N. Stemmermann. 1989. A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese Ancestry in Hawaii1. Cancer Research 49 (7):1857–60. https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/49/7/1857/494893/A-Prospective-Study-of-Demographics-Diet-and.
  • Shi, Z., and V. Ganji. 2020. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (12):1725–35. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0668-6.
  • Shi, Z., A. W. Taylor, G. Hu, T. Gill, and G. A. Wittert. 2012. Rice intake, weight change and risk of the metabolic syndrome development among Chinese adults: The Jiangsu Nutrition Study (JIN). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21 (1):35–43. doi: 10.3316/informit.004088862910556.
  • Shin, W.-K., H.-W. Lee, A. Shin, J.-K. Lee, S.-A. Lee, J. E. Lee, and D. Kang. 2020. Multi-grain rice diet decreases risk of breast cancer in Korean women: Results from the Health Examinees Study. Nutrients 12 (8):2273. doi: 10.3390/nu12082273.
  • Soriguer, F., N. Colomo, G. Olveira, E. García-Fuentes, I. Esteva, M. S. Ruiz de Adana, S. Morcillo, N. Porras, S. Valdés, and G. Rojo-Martínez. 2013. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 32 (3):481–4. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.008.
  • Stroup, D. F., J. A. Berlin, S. C. Morton, I. Olkin, G. D. Williamson, D. Rennie, D. Moher, B. J. Becker, T. A. Sipe, and S. B. Thacker. 2000. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. Jama 283 (15):2008–12. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008.
  • Sun, Q., D. Spiegelman, R. M. van Dam, M. D. Holmes, V. S. Malik, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu. 2010. White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (11):961–9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.109.
  • Swaminathan, S., M. Dehghan, J. M. Raj, T. Thomas, S. Rangarajan, D. Jenkins, P. Mony, V. Mohan, S. A. Lear, A. Avezum, et al. 2021. Associations of cereal grains intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality across 21 countries in prospective urban and rural epidemiology study: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 372:m4948. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4948.
  • The CLARITY Group. 2021. Systematic review and literature review software by evidence partners. DistillerSR. Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.evidencepartners.com/.
  • The Ottawa Hospital, G. A. Wells, B. Shea, D. O’Connell, J. Peterson, V. Welch, M. Losos, and P. Tugwell. 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies in meta-analyses. Accessed May 1, 2022. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
  • Villegas, R., S. Liu, Y.-T. Gao, G. Yang, H. Li, W. Zheng, and X. O. Shu. 2007. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (21):2310–6. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.21.2310.
  • Wolever, T. M. S., A. El-Sohemy, A. Ezatagha, A. Zurbau, and A. L. Jenkins. 2021. Neither low salivary amylase activity, cooling cooked white rice, nor single nucleotide polymorphisms in starch-digesting enzymes reduce glycemic index or starch digestibility: A randomized, crossover trial in healthy adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114 (5):1633–45. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab228.
  • Xu, C., and S. A. R. Doi. 2018. The robust error meta-regression method for dose-response meta-analysis. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 16 (3):138–44. doi: 10.1097/xeb.0000000000000132.
  • Yang, Y. X., X. L. Wang, P. M. Leong, H. M. Zhang, X. G. Yang, L. Z. Kong, F. Y. Zhai, Y. Y. Cheng, J. Sheng Guo, and Y. X. Su. 2018. New Chinese dietary guidelines: Healthy eating patterns and food-based dietary recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27 (4):908–13. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.072018.03.
  • Zeraatkar, D., G. H. Guyatt, P. Alonso-Coello, M. M. Bala, M. Rabassa, M. A. Han, R. W. M. Vernooij, C. Valli, R. El Dib, and B. C. Johnston. 2020. Red and processed meat consumption and risk for all-cause mortality and cardiometabolic outcomes. Annals of Internal Medicine 172 (7):511–2. doi: 10.7326/L20-0070.
  • Zhang, J., and K. F. Yu. 1998. What’s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. Jama 280 (19):1690–1. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.19.1690.
  • Zhang, R., X. Zhang, K. Wu, H. Wu, Q. Sun, F. B. Hu, J. Han, W. C. Willett, and E. L. Giovannucci. 2016. Rice consumption and cancer incidence in US men and women: Rice consumption and cancer incidence. International Journal of Cancer 138 (3):555–64. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29704.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.