209
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Getting ahead of school shootings: A call for action, advocacy and research

References

  • Allday, R. A., & Pakurar, K. (2007). Effects of teacher greetings on student on-task behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(2), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2007.86-06
  • Almeida, A. (2015). When schools simulate mass shootings. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/02/when-schools-simulate-mass-shootings/385642/.
  • American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force. (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. The American Psychologist, 63(9), 852–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.852
  • Borum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher, 39(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X09357620
  • Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Examining the effects of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12(3), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300709334798
  • Brophy, J. (1998). Motivating students to learn. McGraw Hill.
  • Chafouleas, S. M., Johnson, A. H., Overstreet, S., & Santos, N. M. (2016). Toward a blueprint for trauma-informed service delivery in schools. School Mental Health, 8(1), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-015-9166-8
  • Charlton, C. T., Moulton, S., Sabey, C. V., & West, R. (2020). A systematic review of the effects of schoolwide intervention programs on student and teacher perceptions of school climate. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 23(3), 285–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720940168
  • Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2015). Understanding the effects of maltreatment on brain development. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.
  • Collins, L. W., & Cook, L. (2016). Never say never: The appropriate and inappropriate use of praise and feedback for students with learning and behavioral disabilities. In Instructional Practices with and without Empirical Validity. Emerald Group. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0735-004X20160000029007
  • Collins, L. W., Landrum, T. J., & Sweigart, C. A. (2020). Extreme school violence and students with emotional and behavioral disorders: (How) do they intersect? Education and Treatment of Children, 43(3), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43494-020-00025-z
  • Cook, C. R., Fiat, A., Larson, M., Daikos, C., Slemrod, T., Holland, E. A., Thayer, A. J., & Renshaw, T. (2018). Positive greetings at the door: Evaluation of a low-cost, high-yield proactive classroom management strategy. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20(3), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717753831
  • Cornell, D. (2018). Comprehensive school threat assessment guidelines. School Threat Assessment Consultants LLC.
  • Cox, J. W., & Rich, S. (2018, March 25). Scarred by school shootings. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/local/us-school-shootings-history/
  • Fox, J. A., & Fridel, E. E. (2018). The menace of school shootings in America. In H. Shapiro (Ed.), The Wiley handbook on violence in education: Forms, factors, and preventions (pp. 15–35). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118966709.ch1
  • Freeman, J., Simonsen, B., McCoach, D. B., Sugai, G., Lombardi, A., & Horner, R. (2015). An analysis of the relationship between implementation of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports and high school dropout rates. The High School Journal, 98(4), 290–315. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2015.0009
  • Gage, N. A., Leite, W., Childs, K., & Kincaid, D. (2017). Average treatment effect of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports on school-level academic achievement in Florida. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 19(3), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717693556
  • Grasley-Boy, N. M., Gage, N. A., & Lombardo, M. (2019). Effect of SWPBIS on disciplinary exclusions for students with and without disabilities. Exceptional Children, 86(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402919854196
  • Hauck, G., Ellis, N. T., & Filby, M. (2020). February 10). Congress approved $25M in funding for gun safety research. Now what?. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/09/gun-violence-how-researchers-spend-25-m-gun-safety-funding/4464121002/
  • Haydon, T., Macsuga-Gage, A. S., Simonsen, B., & Hawkins, R. (2012). Opportunities to respond: A key component of effective instruction. Beyond Behavior, 22(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/107429561202200105
  • Hoffman, S. (2014). Zero benefit: Estimating the effect of zero tolerance discipline polices on racial disparities in school discipline. Educational Policy, 28(1), 69–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904812453999
  • Horner, R. H., Sugai, G., & Fixsen, D. L. (2017). Implementing effective educational practices at scales of social importance. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0224-7
  • Huskey, M. G., & Connell, N. M. (2020). Preparation or provocation? Student perceptions of active shooter drills. Criminal Justice Policy Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403419900316
  • Johnson, C. L. (2017). Preventing school shootings: The effectiveness of safety measures. Victims & Offenders, 12(6), 956–973. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2017.1307293
  • Jones, D. (2022, April 22). Firearms overtook auto accidents as the leading cause of death in children. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2022/04/22/1094364930/firearms-leading-cause-of-death-in-children
  • Katsiyannis, A., Whitford, D. K., & Ennis, R. P. (2018). Firearm violence across the lifespan: Relevance and theoretical impact on child and adolescent educational prospects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 1748–1762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1035-2
  • Kim, J., McIntosh, K., Mercer, S. H., & Nese, R. N. (2018). Longitudinal associations between SWPBIS fidelity of implementation and behavior and academic outcomes. Behavioral Disorders, 43(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0198742917747589
  • Kingkade, T. (2020, September 3). Active shooter drills are meant to prepare students. But research finds ‘severe’ side effects. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/active-shooter-drills-are-meant-prepare-students-research-finds-severe-n1239103
  • Landrum, T. J., Sweigart, C. A., & Collins, L. W. (2019). Getting ahead of the next school shooting: What we know, what we can do. Educational Leadership, 77(2), 36–41. http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/oct19/vol77/num02/School-Shootings@-What-We-Know,-What-We-Can-Do.aspx
  • Maeng, J. L., Cornell, D., & Huang, F. (2020). Student threat assessment as an alternative to exclusionary discipline. Journal of School Violence, 19(3), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2019.1707682
  • March for Our Lives. (2018). https://marchforourlives.com
  • Moms Demand Action. (2011). https://momsdemandaction.org
  • Mongan, P., & Walker, R. (2012). “The road to hell is paved with good intentions”: A historical, theoretical, and legal analysis of zero-tolerance weapons policies in American schools. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 56(4), 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2011.654366
  • Moore-Petinak, N., Waselewski, M., Patterson, B. A., & Chang, T. (2020). Active shooter drills in the United States: A national study of youth experiences and perceptions. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(4), 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.015
  • Muschert, G. W. (2007). Research in school shootings. Sociology Compass, 1(1), 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00008.x
  • National Association of School Psychologists. (2017). Best practice considerations for schools in active shooter and other armed assailant drills: Guidance from the National Association of School Psychologists and the National Association of School Resource Officers. National Association of School Psychologists. https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/school-climate-safety-and-crisis/systems-level-prevention/best-practice-considerations-for-schools-in-active-shooter-and-other-armed-assailant-drills
  • National Threat Assessment Center. (2019). Protecting America’s schools: A U.S. Secret Service analysis of targeted school violence. U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security. https://www.secretservice.gov/data/protection/ntac/usss-analysis-of-targeted-school-violence.pdf
  • Nekvasil, E. K., Cornell, D. G., & Huang, F. L. (2015). Prevalence and offense characteristics of multiple casualty homicides: Are schools at higher risk than other locations?. Psychology of Violence, 5(3), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038967
  • Perfect, M. M., Turley, M. R., Carlson, J. S., Yohanna, J., & Saint Gilles, M. P. (2016). School-related outcomes of traumatic event exposure and traumatic stress symptoms in students: A systematic review of research from 1990 to 2015. School Mental Health, 8(1), 7–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9175-2
  • Reddy, M., Borum, R., Berglund, J., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2001). Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches. Psychology in the Schools, 38(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.1007
  • Schonfeld, D. J., Melzer-Lange, M., Hashikawa, A. N., & Gorski, P. A. Council on Children and Disasters, Council on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention, & Council on School Health. (2020). Participation of children and adolescents in live crisis drills and exercises. Pediatrics, 146(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-015503
  • Schonfeld, D. J., Rossen, E., & Woodard, D. (2017). Deception in schools—When crisis preparedness efforts go too far. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(11), 1033–1034. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2565
  • Skiba, R. J. (2014). The failure of zero tolerance. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 22(4), 27–33.
  • Skiba, R. J., & Peterson, R. L. (2000). School discipline at a crossroads: From zero tolerance to early response. Exceptional Children, 66(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290006600305
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach (HHS Publication No. 14-4884). https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/userfiles/files/SAMHSA_Trauma.pdf
  • Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education. https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf
  • Waasdorp, T. E., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2012). The impact of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on bullying and peer rejection: A randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 166(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.755
  • Zhe, E. J., & Nickerson, A. B. (2007). Effects of an intruder crisis drill on children’s knowledge, anxiety, and perceptions of school safety. School Psychology Review, 36(3), 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2007.12087936

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.