Advanced search
Publication Cover
Psychology, Crime & Law Latest Articles
Submit an article Journal homepage
2,384
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

White paper on forensic child interviewing: research-based recommendations by the European Association of Psychology and Law

J. Korkmana HEUNI, The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations;b Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, FinlandCorrespondence[email protected]
,
H. Otgaarc Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands;d Faculty of Law and Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Netherlands
,
L.M. Gevene Department of Criminology, Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Netherlands
,
R. Bullf Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Derby, UK
,
M. Cyrg Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
,
I. Hershkowitzh School of Social Work, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
,
J.-M. Mäkeläb Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
,
M. Mattisoni School of Psychology, University of Chester, Chester, UK
,
R. Milnej School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
,
P. Santtilak Psychology, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
,
P. van Koppenl Faculty of Law, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
,
A. Memonm Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, UK
,
M. Danbyn School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
,
L. Filipovico Department of Linguistics, University of California Davis, USA
,
F.J. Garciap Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
,
E. Gewehrq Department of Forensic Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
,
O. Gomes Bellr Forensic Psychology Consultancy, OGB Consulting, Glasgow, Scotland
,
L. Järvilehtos Forensic Psychology Center for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
,
K. Kaskt School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Estonia
,
A. Körneru Institute of Psychosocial Research for Health Promotion and Intervention, MSB Medical School Berlin, Germany
,
E. Laceyv The Alders Unit, Children's Health Ireland at Tallaght, Children’s Health Ireland, Ireland
,
J. Lavoiew Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
,
M. Magnussonx Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
,
Q.C. Millery Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
,
T. Pakkanenb Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland;s Forensic Psychology Center for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
,
C.E. Peixotoz CEDH - Research Centre for Human Development, FEP - Faculdade de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
,
C.O. Perezaa School of Business & Social Sciences, Colby-Sawyer College, New London, USA
,
F. Pompeddabb Education and Applied Science, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
,
I.A. Succ Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
,
N.E.J. Sumampouwdd Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
,
Celine van Goldeee School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
,
G.F. Waterhouseff Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
,
A. Zappalàgg Psicologia, IUSTO (Istituto Universitario Salesiano Rebaudengo di Torino), Turin, Italy
&
R. Volbertq Department of Forensic Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
 show all
Received 05 Sep 2023, Accepted 18 Feb 2024, Published online: 18 Apr 2024

References

  • Ahern, E. C., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Blasbalg, U., & Karni-Visel, Y. (2019). Examining reluctance and emotional support in forensic interviews with child victims of substantiated physical abuse. Applied Developmental Science, 23(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1387057
  • Ahern, E. C., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Blasbalg, U., & Winstanley, A. (2014). Support and reluctance in the pre-substantive phase of alleged child abuse victim investigative interviews: Revised versus Standard NICHD protocols. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 32(6), 762–774. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2149
  • Ahern, E. C., & Lamb, M. E. (2017). Children’s reports of disclosure recipient reactions in forensic interviews: Comparing the NICHD and MoGP protocols. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9205-x
  • Akca, D., Larivière, C. D., & Eastwood, J. (2021). Assessing the efficacy of investigative interviewing training courses: A systematic review. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 23(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/14613557211008470
  • Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019). Facilitators and barriers to child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosures: A research update (2000–2016). Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 20(2), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697312
  • Aldridge, J., & Cameron, S. (1999). Interviewing child witnesses: Questioning techniques and the role of training. Applied Developmental Science, 3(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0302_7
  • Aldridge, J., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., & Bowler, L. (2004). Using a human figure drawing to elicit information from alleged victims of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.304
  • Almerigogna, J., Ost, J., Bull, R., & Akehurst, L. (2007). A state of high anxiety: How non-supportive interviewers can increase the suggestibility of child witnesses. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(7), 963–974. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1311
  • Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In H. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (vol. 2) (pp. 775–782). Academic Press.
  • Anderson, G. D., Anderson, J. N., & Gilgun, J. F. (2014). The influence of narrative practice techniques on child behaviors in forensic interviews. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(6), 615–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.932878
  • Anderson, J., Ellefson, J., Lashley, J., Miller, A. L., Olinger, S., Russell, A., Stauffer, J., & Weigman, J. (2010). CornerHouse forensic interview protocol: RATAC. Thomas M. Cooley Journal of Practical and Clinical Law, 12(2), 193–331.
  • Andrews, S. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2016). How do lawyers examine and cross-examine children in Scotland? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(6), 953–971. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3286
  • Andrews, S. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2021). Lawyers’ question repetition and children’s responses in Scottish criminal courts. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1-2), 276–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517725739
  • Arbiyah, N., Otgaar, H., Sauerland, M., Rassin, E., Maegherman, E., & Merckelbach, H. (2023). The use of alternative scenarios in assessing the reliability of victims’ statements. Psychology, Crime and Law, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2023.2236274
  • Ask, K., & Fahsing, I. (2019). Investigative decision making. In R. Bull & I. Blandón-Gitlin (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of legal and investigative psychology (pp. 87–102). Routledge.
  • Azzopardi, C., Eirich, R., Rash, C. L., MacDonald, S., & Madigan, S. (2019). A meta-analysis of the prevalence of child sexual abuse disclosure in forensic settings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 93, 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.020
  • Baker, M., Fessinger, M., McWilliams, K., & Williams, S. (2021). The use of note-taking during forensic interviews: Perceptions and practical recommendations for interviewers. Developmental Child Welfare, 3(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/25161032211002187
  • Bearman, M., Earhart, B., Timms, L., & Powell, M. (2020). Professionals’ views on how to conduct investigative interviews with adults with limited expressive language. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(1), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1767713
  • Benia, L. R., Hauck-Filho, N., Dillenburg, M., & Stein, L. M. (2015). The NICHD investigative interview protocol: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(3), 259–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1006749
  • Benson, M. S., & Powell, M. B. (2015). Evaluation of a comprehensive interactive training system for investigative interviewers of children. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(3), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000052
  • Bensussan, P. (2011). Forensic psychiatry in France: The Outreau case and false allegations of child sexual abuse. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 20(3), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2011.03.002
  • Benuto, L. T., & Garrick, J. (2016). Cultural considerations in forensic interviewing of children. In W. T. O'Donohue & M. Fanetti (Eds.), Forensic interviews regarding child sexual abuse: A guide to evidence-based practice (pp. 351–364). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_20
  • Bertel, O. (2012). Let's go to the videotape: Why the forensic interviews of children in child protective cases should be video recorded. Family Court Review, 50(2), 344–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2012.01454.x
  • Blasbalg, U., Hershkowitz, I., & Karni-Visel, Y. (2018). Support, reluctance and production in child abuse investigative interviews. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 24(4), 518–527. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000183
  • Blasbalg, U., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Karni-Visel, Y. (2021). Adherence to the revised NICHD protocol recommendations for conducting repeated supportive interviews is associated with the likelihood that children will allege abuse. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000295
  • Blasbalg, U., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Karni-Visel, Y., & Ahern, E. C. (2019). Is interviewer support associated with the reduced reluctance and enhanced informativeness of alleged child abuse victims? Law and Human Behavior, 43(2), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000303
  • Bottoms, B. L., Peter-Hagene, L. C., Epstein, M. A., Wiley, T. R., Reynolds, C. E., & Rudnicki, A. G. (2014). Abuse characteristics and individual differences related to disclosing childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and witnessed domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(7), 1308–1339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564155
  • Bottoms, B. L., Quas, J. A., & Davis, S. L. (2007). The influence of interviewer-provided social support on children’s suggestibility, memory, and disclosures. In M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach, & A. Cederborg (Eds.), Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 145–168). Psychology Press.
  • Bowes, S. M., Ammirati, R. J., Costello, T. H., Basterfield, C., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2020). Cognitive biases, heuristics, and logical fallacies in clinical practice: A brief field guide for practicing clinicians and supervisors. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 51(5), 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000309
  • Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2012). Reliability of children’s testimony in the era of developmental reversals. Developmental Review, 32(3), 224–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/2Fj.dr.2012.06.008
  • Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveira, R. A., Rohenkohl, G., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories? Psychological Science, 19(9), 919–925. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02177.x
  • Brown, D., Walker, D., & Godden, E. (2021). Tele-forensic interviewing to elicit children’s evidence—Benefits, risks, and practical considerations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000288
  • Brown, D. A. (2011). The Use of Supplementary Techniques in Forensic Interviews with Children. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. C. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119998495.ch12
  • Brown, D. A., Lamb, M. E., Lewis, C., Pipe, M. E., Orbach, Y., & Wolfman, M. (2013). The NICHD investigative interview protocol: An analogue study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 19(4), 367–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035143
  • Brubacher, S. P., Benson, M. S., Powell, M. B., Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Westera, N. J. (2020). An overview of best practice investigative interviewing of child witnesses of sexual assault. In I. Bryce & W. Petherick (Eds.), Child sexual abuse: Forensic issues in evidence, impact, and management (pp. 445–466). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819434-8.00022-2
  • Brubacher, S. P., Peterson, C., La Rooy, D., Dickinson, J. J., & Poole, D. A. (2019). How children talk about events: Implications for eliciting and analyzing eyewitness reports. Developmental Review, 51, 70–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.12.003
  • Brubacher, S. P., Poole, D. A., & Dickinson, J. J. (2015). The use of ground rules in investigative interviews with children: A synthesis and call for research. Developmental Review, 36, 15–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.001
  • Brubacher, S. P., Powell, M. B., & Roberts, K. P. (2014). Recommendations for interviewing children about repeated experiences. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000011
  • Brubacher, S. P., Powell, M. B., Steele, L. C., & Boud, D. (2022). The use of a guided peer review assessment for investigative interviewers of child witnesses. Journal of Forensic Practice, 24(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-07-2021-0040
  • Brubacher, S. P., Roberts, K. P., & Powell, M. (2011). Effects of practicing episodic versus scripted recall on children's subsequent narratives of a repeated event. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(2), 286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022793
  • Bruck, M., & Ceci, S. J. (1999). The suggestibility of children's memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 419–439. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.419
  • Bruck, M., & Ceci, S. J. (2013). Expert testimony in a child sex abuse case: Translating memory development research. Memory (Hove, England), 21(5), 556–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.769606
  • Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Francouer, E. (1999). The accuracy of mothers’ memories of conversations with their preschool children. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 5(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.5.1.89
  • Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Hembrooke, H. (2002). The nature of children’s true and false memories. Developmental Review, 22(3), 520–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00006-0
  • Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Principe, G. F. (2006). The Child and the Law. In K. A. Renninger, I. E. Sigel, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Child psychology in practice (pp. 776–816). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bruck, M., & Melnyk, L. (2004). Individual differences in children's suggestibility: A review and synthesis. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(8), 947–996. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1070
  • Bruck, M., Melnyk, L., & Ceci, S. J. (2000). Draw it again Sam: The effect of drawing on children's suggestibility and source monitoring ability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77(3), 169–196. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1999.2560
  • Bücken, C. A., Otgaar, H., London, K., Riesthuis, P., Battista, F., & Mangiulli, I. (2022). ‘Nothing happened’: Legal implications of false denials among abused children. Child Abuse Review, 32(2), e2791. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2791
  • Bull, R. (2010). The investigative interviewing of children and other vulnerable witnesses: Psychological research and working/professional practice. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X440160
  • Bull, R., & Milne, R. (2020). Recommendations for collecting event memory evidence. In J. Pozzulo, E. Pica, & C. Sheahan (Eds.) Memory and sexual misconduct: Psychological research for criminal justice (pp. 198–222). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027857
  • Butler-Sloss, E. (1989). The Cleveland Inquiry. The Medico-Legal Society, 57(3), 149. https://doi.org/10.1177/002581728905700304
  • Cacuci, S. A., Bull, R., Huang, C. Y., & Visu-Petra, L. (2021). Criteria-based content analysis in child sexual abuse cases: A cross-cultural perspective. Child Abuse Review, 30(6), 520–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2733
  • Callaghan, J. E. M., Fellin, L. C., Mavrou, S., Alexander, J., & Sixsmith, J. (2017). The management of disclosure in children’s accounts of domestic violence: Practices of telling and not telling. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(12), 3370–3387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0832-3
  • Carnes, C. N., Nelson-Gardell, D., & Wilson, C. (2000). Addressing challenges and controversies in child sexual abuse interviewing: The forensic evaluation protocol and research project. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 2(2), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v02n02_05
  • Carter, C. A., Bottoms, B. L., & Levine, M. (1996). Linguistic and socioemotional influences on the accuracy of children's reports. Law and Human Behavior, 20(3), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01499027
  • Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 403–439. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.403
  • Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1995). Jeopardy in the courtroom: A scientific analysis of children's testimony. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10180-000
  • Ceci, S. J., Kulkofsky, S., Klemfuss, J. Z., Sweeney, C. D., & Bruck, M. (2007). Unwarranted assumptions about children's testimonial accuracy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091354
  • Cederborg, A. C., Alm, C., Lima da Silva Nises, D., & Lamb, M. E. (2013). Investigative interviewing of alleged child abuse victims: An evaluation of a new training programme for investigative interviewers. Police Practice and Research, 14(3), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.712292
  • Chenier, K., Shawyer, A., Williams, A., & Milne, R. (2021). ‘Cold feet’: The attrition of historic child sexual abuse cases reported to the police in a Northern Canadian Territory. Child Abuse and Neglect, 120, 105206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105206
  • Cirlugea, O., & O’Donohue, W. T. (2016). Review of psychometrics of forensic interview protocols with children. In W. T. O’Donohue & M. Fanetti (Eds.), Forensic interviews regarding child sexual abuse (pp. 237–255). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_13
  • Collins, K., Harker, N., & Antonopoulos, G. A. (2016). The impact of the registered intermediary on adults’ perceptions of child witnesses: Evidence from a mock cross examination. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 23(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-016-9314-1
  • Collin-Vézina, D., Dion, J., & Trocmé, N. (2009). Sexual abuse in Canadian Aboriginal communities: A broad review of conflicting evidence. Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 7(1), 27–47.
  • Conte, J. R. & Simon, J. (2020) Child sexual abuse disclosure and forensic practice. In R. Geffner, J. W. White, L. K. Hamberger, A. Rosenbaum, V. Vaughan-Eden, & V. I. Vieth (Eds.) Handbook of interpersonal violence and abuse across the lifespan. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_333-1
  • Cooper, P., & Mattison, M. (2017). Intermediaries, vulnerable people and the quality of evidence: An international comparison of three versions of the English intermediary model. The International Journal of Evidence and Proof, 21(4), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712717725534
  • Cornah, C. E., & Memon, A. (1996). Improving children’s testimony: The effects of social support. Presented at the biennial meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Hilton Head, NC.
  • Council of Europe. (2007). Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse and Explanatory Report. (Lanzarote Convention). 2008. Strasbourg.
  • Council of the Baltic Sea States. (2017). The PROMISE Barnahus Quality Standards: Guidance for Multidisciplinary and Interagency Response to Child Victims and Witnesses of Violence. PROMISE Project Series. Council of the Baltic Sea States Secretariat and Child Circle. https://cbss.org/publications/the-promise-barnahus-quality-standards
  • Crenshaw, D. A., Stella, L., O’Neill-Stephens, E., & Walsen, C. (2019). Developmentally and trauma-sensitive courtrooms. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 59(6), 779–795. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816641854
  • Crown Prosecution Service (2019). Safeguarding children as victims and witnesses. https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/safeguarding-children-victims-and-witnesses
  • Cyr, M. (2022). Conducting Interviews with Child Victims of Abuse and Witnesses of Crime: A Practical Guide. Routledge.
  • Cyr, M., Dion, J., Gendron, A., Powell, M. B., & Brubacher, S. P. (2021). A test of three refresher modalities on child forensic interviewers’ post-training performance. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000300
  • Cyr, M., Dion, J., McDuff, P., & Trotier-Sylvain, K. (2012). Transfer of skills in the context of non-suggestive investigative interviews: Impact of structured interview protocol and feedback. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(4), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2822
  • Cyr, M., & Lamb, M. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of the NICHD investigative interview protocol when interviewing French-speaking alleged victims of child sexual abuse in Quebec. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(5), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.04.002
  • Danby, M. C., Guadagno, B., & Sharman, S. J. (2021). Interviewers’ perceptions of interviewing Aboriginal Australian children. Police Practice and Research, 22(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2021.1873514
  • Davies, G., Westcott, H., & Horan, N. (2000). The impact of questioning style on the content of investigative interviews with suspected child sexual abuse victims. Psychology, Crime and Law, 6(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160008410834
  • Davis, S. L., & Bottoms, B. L. (2002). Effects of social support on children's eyewitness reports: A test of the underlying mechanism. Law and Human Behavior, 26(2), 185–215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014692009941
  • Davison, L. E., & Thomas, G. V. (2001). Effects of drawing on children's item recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 78(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.2000.2567
  • DeLoache, J. S., & Marzolf, D. P. (1995). The use of dolls to interview young children: Issues of symbolic representation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 60(1), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1995.1036
  • Derksen, D. G., & Connolly, D. A. (2023). Drawing conclusions: Instructing witnesses to draw what happened to them. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 20(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1604
  • Dickinson, J. J., Lytle, N. E., & Poole, D. A. (2021). Tele-forensic interviewing can be a reasonable alternative to face-to-face interviewing of child witnesses. Law and Human Behavior, 45(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000443
  • Dodier, O., & Denault, V. (2018). The Griffiths Question Map: A forensic tool for expert witnesses’ assessments of witnesses and victims’ statements. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63(1), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13477
  • Duron, J. F., & Remko, F. S. (2020). Considerations for Pursuing Multiple Session Forensic Interviews in Child Sexual Abuse Investigations. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1504263
  • Earhart, B., Danby, M. C., Brubacher, S. P., Powell, M. B., & Sharman, S. (2018). A comparison of responses to substantive transition prompts in interviews with children. Child Maltreatment, 23(2), 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518756827
  • Eisen, M. L., Goodman, G. S., Diep, J., Lacsamana, M., Ristrom, L. J., & Qin, J. J. (2021). Disclosures of sexual and physical abuse across repeated interviews. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 30(8), 932–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2021.1960457
  • Eisen, M. L., Goodman, G. S., Qin, J., Davis, S., & Crayton, J. (2007). Maltreated children's memory: Accuracy, suggestibility, and psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1275–1294. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1275
  • Eisen, M. L., Quas, J. A., & Goodman, G. S. (Eds.) (2001). Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview. Routledge.
  • Elliott, D. M., & Briere, J. (1994). Forensic sexual abuse evaluations of older children: Disclosures and symptomatology. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 12(3), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2370120306
  • Erens, B., Otgaar, H., de Ruiter, C., van Bragt, D., & Hershkowitz, I. (2022). The NICHD interview protocol used by Dutch child protection workers: Effects on interview style, children's reported information and susceptibility to suggestion. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 36(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3893
  • Ernberg, E., Magnusson, M., Koponen, L., & Landström, S. (2022). “It doesn't work at all, that's my experience”: Swedish forensic interviewers’ views on interpreter-mediated child interviews. Child Abuse and Neglect, 127, 105540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105540
  • Everson, M., Ragsdale, C., & Snider, S. (2014). RADAR: Child forensic interview pocket guide, September 29 - October 1, 2014. Chapel Hill: North Carolina Conference of District Attorneys.
  • Everson, M. D., & Sandoval, J. M. (2011). Forensic child sexual abuse allegations: Assessing subjectivity and bias in professional judgements. Child Abuse and Neglect, 35(4), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.01.001
  • Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., Jo, E., & Fisher, R. P. (2016). The effect of interpreters on eliciting information, cues to deceit and rapport. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 21(2), 286–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12067’
  • Fahsing, I., Rachlew, A., & May, L. (2023). Have you considered the opposite? A debiasing strategy for judgment in criminal investigation. The Police Journal, 96(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X211038888
  • Fernandes, D., Gomes, J. P., Albuquerque, P. B., & Matos, M. (2023). Forensic Interview Techniques in Child Sexual Abuse Cases: A Scoping Review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 1, 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838023117731
  • Ferra, F., Blades, M., & Walsh, D. (2022). The effect of the number of interviewers on children’s testimonies. Psychology, Crime and Law, 28(4), 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.1909017
  • Fessinger, M. B., & McAuliff, B. D. (2020). A national survey of child forensic interviewers: Implications for research, practice, and law. Law and Human Behavior, 44(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000368
  • Filipović, L. (2007). Language as a witness: Insights from cognitive linguistics. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 14(2), 245–267. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.2007.14.2.245
  • Filipović, L. (2013). The role of language in legal contexts: A forensic cross-linguistic viewpoint. In M. Freeman & F. Smith (Eds.), Law and Language: Current Legal Issues, Volume 2 (pp. 328–343). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673667.003.0167
  • Filipović, L. (2019). Evidence-gathering in police interviews: Communication problems and possible solutions. Pragmatics and Society, 10(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.10.1
  • Finnilä-Tuohimaa, K., Santtila, P., Sainio, M., Niemi, P., & Sandnabba, K. (2005). Connections between experience, beliefs, scientific knowledge, and self-evaluated expertise among investigators of child sexual abuse in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00429.x
  • Fisher, R. P., & Geiselman, R. E. (1992). Memory-enhancing techniques for investigative interviewing: The cognitive interview. Charles C. Thomas.
  • Fisher, R. P., Geiselman, R. E., Raymond, D. S., Jurkevich, L. M., & Warhaftig, M. L. (1987). Enhancing enhanced eyewitness memory: Refining the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15(4), 291–297.
  • Flin, R., Bull, R., Boon, J., & Knox, A. (1993). Child witnesses in Scottish criminal trials. International Review of Victimology, 2(4), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/026975809300200403
  • Fontes, L. A., & Plummer, C. A. (2010). Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, and Program Innovations for Victims, Survivors, and Offenders, 19(5), 491–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.512520
  • Fontes, L. A., & Plummer, C. A. (2012). Cultural issues in child sexual abuse intervention and prevention. In P. Goodyear-Brown (Ed.), Handbook of child sexual abuse: Identification, assessment, and treatment (pp. 487–508). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fontes, L. A., & Tishelman, A. C. (2016). Language competence in forensic interviews for suspected child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 58, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.014
  • FRA, the European Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2022. Children as suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings - procedural safeguards. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2022-children-procedural-safeguards_en.pdf.
  • Friðriksdóttir, H., & Haugen, A. G. (2017). Child friendly justice: International obligations and the challenges of interagency collaboration. In S. Johansson, K. Stefansen, E. Bakketeig, & A. Kaldal (Eds.), Collaborating against child abuse (pp. 187–206). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58388-4_9
  • Gagnon, K., & Cyr, M. (2017). Sexual abuse and preschoolers: Forensic details in regard of question types. Child Abuse and Neglect, 67, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.022
  • Garcia, F. J., Brubacher, S. P., & Powell, M. B. (2022). How interviewers navigate child abuse disclosure after an unproductive start in forensic interviews. International Journal on Child Maltreatment, 5(3), 375–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-022-00121-0
  • Garcia, F. J., Powell, M. B., Brubacher, S. P., Eisenchlas, S. A., & Low-Choy, S. (2022). The influence of transition prompt wording on response informativeness and rapidity of disclosure in child forensic interviews. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 28(2), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000347
  • Garven, S., Wood, J. M., Malpass, R. S., & Shaw J. S., III. (1998). More than suggestion: The effect of interviewing techniques from the McMartin Preschool case. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.347
  • Gilligan, P., & Akhtar, S. (2006). Cultural barriers to the disclosure of child sexual abuse in Asian communities: Listening to what women say. British Journal of Social Work, 36(8), 1361–1377. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch309
  • Goodman, G. S., & Aman, C. (1990). Children's use of anatomically detailed dolls to recount an event. Child Development, 61(6), 1859–1871. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130842
  • Goodman, G. S., Bottoms, B. L., Schwartz-Kenney, B. M., & Rudy, L. (1991). Children’s testimony about a stressful event: Improving children’s reports. Journal of Narrative and life history, 1(1), 69–99. https://doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.1.1.05chi
  • Goodman, G. S., & Melinder, A. (2007). Child witness research and forensic interviews of young children: A review. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532506X156620
  • Goodman, G. S., Sharma, A., Thomas, S. F., & Considine, M. G. (1995). Mother knows best: Effects of relationship status and interviewer bias on children's memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 60(1), 195–228. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1995.1038
  • Goodman-Brown, T., Edelstein, R. S., Goodman, G. S., Jones, D. P. H., & Gordon, D. S. (2003). Why children tell: A model of children’s disclosure of sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(5), 525–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00037-1
  • Gordon, B. N., Ornstein, P. A., Nida, R. E., Follmer, A., Crenshaw, M. C., & Albert, G. (1993). Does the use of dolls facilitate children's memory of visits to the doctor? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7(6), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350070602
  • Grandgenett, H. M., Pittenger, S. L., Dworkin, E. R., & Hansen, D. J. (2021). Telling a trusted adult: Factors associated with the likelihood of disclosing child sexual abuse prior to and during a forensic interview. Child Abuse and Neglect, 116, 104193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104193
  • Greenstock, J., & Pipe, M. E. (1997). Are two heads better than one? Peer support and children's eyewitness reports. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(6), 461–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199712)11:6/3C461::AID-ACP473/3E3.0.CO;2-T
  • Griffiths, A. (2008). An examination into the efficacy of police advanced investigative interview training? Doctoral dissertation, University of Portsmouth.
  • Gumpert, C. H., & Lindblad, F. (2000). Expert testimony on child sexual abuse: A qualitative study of the Swedish approach to statement analysis. Expert Evidence, 7(4), 279–314. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016657130623
  • Hannonen, J. (2023). Recorded interviews as evidence in child sexual exploitation andabuse – Barnahus model in Finland and Sweden. International Journal of Criminal Justice, 5(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.36889/IJCJ.2023.001
  • Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback [transfer argument]. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
  • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
  • Henry, L. A., Crane, L., Nash, G., Hobson, Z., Kirke-Smith, M., & Wilcock, R. (2017). Verbal, visual, and intermediary support for child witnesses with autism during investigative interviews. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2348–2362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3142-0
  • Herman, S. (2009). Forensic child sexual abuse evaluations: Accuracy, ethics, and admissibility. In K. Kuehnle & M. Connell (Eds.), The evaluation of child sexual abuse allegations: A comprehensive guide to assessment and testimony (pp. 247–266). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hershkowitz, I. (2001). Children's responses to open-ended utterances in investigative interviews. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 6(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532501168190
  • Hershkowitz, I. (2009). Socioemotional factors in child sexual abuse investigations. Child Maltreatment, 14(2), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559508326224
  • Hershkowitz, I., Ahern, E. C., Lamb, M. E., Blasbalg, U., Karni-Visel, Y., & Breitman, M. (2017). Changes in interviewers’ use of supportive techniques during the Revised Protocol training. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3333
  • Hershkowitz, I., & Lamb, M. E. (2020). Allegation rates and credibility assessment in forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims: Comparing the revised and standard NICHD protocols. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 26(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000230
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Blasbalg, U., & Kami-Visel, Y. (2021). The dynamics of two-session interviews with suspected victims of abuse who are reluctant to make allegations. Development and Psychopathology, 33(2), 739–747. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001820
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Katz, C. (2014). Allegation rates in forensic child abuse investigations: Comparing the revised and standard NICHD protocols. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037391
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Katz, C., & Horowitz, D. (2012). The development of communicative and narrative skills among preschoolers: Lessons from forensic interviews about child abuse. Child Development, 2(2), 611–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01704.x
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.09.004
  • Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., & Horowitz, D. (2006). Dynamics of forensic interviews with suspected abuse victims who do not disclosure abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 30(7), 753–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.016
  • Hijazo-Gascón, A. (2019). Translating accurately or sounding natural? The interpreters’ challenges due to semantic typology and the interpreting process. Pragmatics and Society, 10(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.00016.hij
  • Hope, L., Anakwah, N., Antfolk, J., Brubacher, S. P., Flowe, H., Gabbert, F., Giebels, E., Kanja, W., Korkman, J., Kyo, A., Naka, M., Otgaar, H., Powell, M. B., Selim, H., Skrifvars, J., Sorkpah, I. K., Sowatey, E. A., Steele, L. C., Steverns, L., … Wells, S. (2022). Urgent issues and prospects at the intersection of culture, memory, and witness interviews: Exploring the challenges for research and practice. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 27(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12202
  • Howe, M. L., & Knott, L. M. (2015). The fallibility of memory in judicial processes: Lessons from the past and their modern consequences. Memory (Hove, England), 23(5), 633–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/2F09658211.2015.1010709
  • Hritz, A. C., Royer, C. E., Helm, R. K., Burd, K. A., Ojeda, K., & Ceci, S. J. (2015). Children's suggestibility research: Things to know before interviewing a child. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 25(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apj.2014.09.002
  • Huang, C.-Y., & Bull, R. (2021). Applying hierarchy of expert performance (HEP) to investigative interview evaluation: Strengths, challenges, and future directions. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(2), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1770634
  • Hughes, M., & Grieve, R. (1980). On asking children bizarre questions. First Language, 1(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/014272378000100
  • Johansson, S., Stefansen, K., Bakketeig, E., & Kaldal, A. (2017). Implementing the Nordic Barnahus model: Characteristics and local adaptions. In S. Johansson, K. Stefansen, E. Bakketeig, & A. Kaldal (Eds.), Collaborating Against Child Abuse (pp. 1–31). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Johnson, M., Magnussen, S., Thoresen, C., Lønnum, K., Burrell, L. V., & Melinder, A. (2015). Best practice recommendations still fail to result in action: A national 10-year follow-up study of investigative interviews in CSA cases. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(5), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3147
  • Joleby, M., Lunde, C., Landström, S., & Jonsson, L. S. (2021). “All of me is completely different”: Experiences and consequences among victims of technology-assisted child sexual abuse. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 606218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606218
  • Juusola, A., & Korkman, J. (2023). Oikeutta omalla kielellä? Kartoitus tulkkauksen laadusta ja kehitystarpeista lapsirikostutkinnassa (Justice in one’s own language? An assessment of the quality and development needs for interpretation in the context of investigating crimes against children. Psykologia, 70–76.
  • Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016755
  • Karni-Visel, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Blasbalg, U. (2019). Facilitating the expression of emotions by alleged victims of child abuse during investigative interviews using the Revised NICHD Protocol. Child Maltreatment, 24(3), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519831382
  • Karni-Visel, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Blasbalg, U. (2021). Nonverbal emotions while disclosing child abuse: The role of interviewer support. Child Maltreatment, 28(1), 10775595211063497. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595211063497
  • Kask, K., Pompedda, F., Palu, A., Schiff, K., Mägi, M. L., & Santtila, P. (2022). Transfer of avatar training effects to investigative field interviews of children conducted by police officers. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 753111. https://doi.org/10.3389/2Ffpsyg.2022.753111
  • Klemfuss, J. Z., & Olaguez, A. P. (2020). Individual differences in children’s suggestibility: An updated review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29(2), 158–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1508108
  • Kogan, S. M. (2004). Disclosing unwanted sexual experiences: Results from a national sample of adolescent women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.014
  • Korkman, J., Juusola, A., & Santtila, P. (2014). Who made the disclosure? Recorded discussions between children and caretakers suspecting child abuse. Psychology, Crime and Law, 20(10), 994–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2014.902455
  • Korkman, J., Laajasalo, T., Juusola, A., Uusivuori, L., & Santtila, P. (2015). What did the child tell? The accuracy of parents’ reports of a child’s statements when suspecting child sexual abuse. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 15(2), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228932.2015.1003439
  • Korkman, J., Pakkanen, T., & Laajasalo, T. (2017). Child forensic interviewing in Finland: Investigating suspected child abuse at the forensic psychology unit for children and adolescents. In S. Johansson, K. Stefansen, E. Bakketeig, & A. Kaldal (Eds.), Collaborating against child abuse (pp. 145–164). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58388-4_7
  • Kulkofsky, S., & Klemfuss, J. Z. (2008). What the stories children tell can tell about their memory: Narrative skill and young children's suggestibility. Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1442–1456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012849
  • Kulkofsky, S., Wang, Q., & Ceci, S. J. (2008). Do better stories make better memories? Narrative quality and memory accuracy in preschool children. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1326
  • Laajasalo, T., Korkman, J., Pakkanen, T., Oksanen, M., Tuulikki, L., Peltomaa, E., & Aronen, E. T. (2018). Applying a research-based assessment model to child sexual abuse investigations: Model and case descriptions of an expert center. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 18(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/24732850.2018.1449496
  • Lacey, E., & Nunkoosing, K. (2022). ‘What am i bringing into the room?’ Perception and management of interviewer bias in child sexual abuse interviews: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Child Abuse Review, 31(2), e2725.
  • Lahtinen, H. M., Korkman, J., Laitila, A., & Mehtätalo, L. (2017). The effect of training on investigative interviewers’ attitudes and beliefs related to child sexual abuse. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 8(1), 16–30.
  • Lahtinen, H. M., Laitila, A., Korkman, J., & Ellonen, N. (2018). Children’s disclosures of sexual abuse in a population-based sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 76, 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.011
  • Lahtinen, H. M., Laitila, A., Korkman, J., Ellonen, N., & Honkalampi, K. (2020). Children’s disclosures of physical abuse in a population-based sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5-6), 2011–2036. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520934443
  • Lamb, M., Sternberg, K., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D., & Esplin, P. W. (2002). The effects of intensive training and ongoing supervision on the quality of investigative interviews with alleged sex abuse victims. Applied Developmental Science, 6(3), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0603_2
  • Lamb, M. E. (2016). Difficulties translating research on forensic interview practices to practitioners: Finding water, leading horses, but can we get them to drink? American Psychologist, 71(8), 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000039
  • Lamb, M. E., & Brown, D. A. (2006). Conversational apprentices: Helping children become competent informants about their own experiences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24(1), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151005X57657
  • Lamb, M. E., Brown, D. A., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2018). Tell me what happened: Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses. Wiley.
  • Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2008). Promoting and maintaining developmentally-appropriate interviewing by training interviewers. In M. E. Lamb, I. Hershkowitz, Y. Orbach, & P. W. Esplin (Eds.), Tell me what happened: Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses (pp. 254–266). Wiley.
  • Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2011). Tell me what happened: Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Sternberg, K. J., Boat, B., & Everson, M. D. (1996). Investigative interviews of alleged sexual abuse victims with and without anatomical dolls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(12), 1251–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00121-4
  • Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2007). A structured forensic interview protocol improves the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: A review of research using the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(11-12), 1201–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.03.021
  • La Rooy, D., Brubacher, S. P., Aromäki-Stratos, A., Cyr, M., Hershkowitz, I., Korkman, J., Myklebust, T., Naka, M., Peixoto, C. E., Roberts, K. P., Steward, H., & Lamb, M. E. (2015). The NICHD protocol: A review of an internationally-used evidence-based tool for training child forensic interviewers. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 1(2), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-01-2015-0001
  • La Rooy, D., Katz, C., Malloy, L. C., & Lamb, M. E. (2010). Do we need to rethink guidance on repeated interviews? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(4), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019909
  • Laver, L. (2019). Interviewing children as suspects: The need for a child-centred approach. In A. Pycroft & D. Gough (Eds.), Multi-agency working in criminal justice, second edition (pp. 169–186). Policy Press.
  • Lavoie, J., Dickerson, K. L., Redlich, A. D., & Quas, J. A. (2019). Overcoming disclosure reluctance in youth victims of sex trafficking: New directions for research, policy, and practice. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 25(4), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000205
  • Lawson, M., Rodriguez-Steen, L., & London, K. (2018). A systematic review of the reliability of children’s event reports after discussing experiences with a naïve, knowledgeable, or misled parent. Developmental Review, 49, 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.003
  • Lev-Wiesel, R., & First, M. (2018). Willingness to disclose child maltreatment: CSA vs other forms of child abuse in relation to gender. Child Abuse and Neglect, 79, 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.010
  • Lipian, M. S., Mills, M. J., & Brantman, A. (2004). Assessing the verity of children's allegations of abuse: A psychiatric overview. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 27(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.03.003
  • London, K., Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Shuman, D. W. (2005). Disclosure of child sexual abuse: What does the research tell us about the ways that children tell? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(1), 194–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.1.194
  • London, K., Bruck, M., & Melnyk, L. (2009). Post-event information affects children’s autobiographical memory after one year. Law and Human Behavior, 33(4), 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9147-7
  • London, K., Hall, A. K., & Lytle, N. E. (2017). Does it help, hurt, or something else? The effect of a something else response alternative on children’s performance on option-posing questions. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(3), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000129
  • London, K., Henry, L. A., Conradt, T., & Corser, R. (2013). Suggestibility and individual differences in typically developing and intellectually disabled children. In A. M. Ridley, F. Gabbert, & D. J. La Rooy (Eds.), Suggestibility in legal contexts: Psychological research and forensic implications (pp. 129–148). Wiley.
  • Lyon, T. D. (2005). Ten step investigative interview.
  • Lyon, T. D., & Dorado, J. S. (2008). Truth induction in young maltreated children: The effects of oath-taking and reassurance on true and false disclosures. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(7), 738–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.08.008
  • Lyon, T. D., Malloy, L. C., Quas, J. A., & Talwar, V. A. (2008). Coaching, truth induction, and young maltreated children’s false allegations and false denials. Child Development, 79(4), 914–929. https://doi.org/10.1111/2Fj.1467-8624.2008.01167.x
  • Lyon, T. D., Williams, S., & Stolzenberg, S. N. (2020). Understanding expert testimony on child sexual abuse denial after New Jersey v. JLG: Ground truth, disclosure suspicion bias, and disclosure substantiation bias. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 38(6), 630–647. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2490
  • Lytle, N. E., Dickinson, J. J., & Poole, D. A. (2019). Techniques for interviewing reluctant child witnesses. In J. J. Dickinson, N. Schreiber Compo, R. N. Carol, B. L. Schwartz, & M. R. McCauley (Eds.), Evidence-Based Investigative Interviewing. Applying Cognitive Principles (pp. 193–215). Routledge.
  • Macleod, E., Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (2016). Drawing conclusions: The effect of instructions on children's confabulation and fantasy errors. Memory (Hove, England), 24(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.982656
  • Magnusson, M., Ernberg, E., Landström, S., & Akehurst, L. (2020). Forensic interviewers’ experiences of conducting interviews with children of different ages. Psychology, Crime and Law, 26(10), 967–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1742343
  • Magnusson, M., Ernberg, E., Landström, S., Joleby, M., Akehurst, L., Korkman, J., & Ask, K. (2021). The effects of drawing on preschoolers’ statements about experienced and non-experienced events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(2), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3772
  • Magnusson, M., Joleby, M., Ernberg, E., Akehurst, L., Korkman, J., & Landström, S. (2021). Preschoolers’ true and false reports: Comparing effects of the Sequential Interview and NICHD protocol. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 26(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12185
  • Malloy, L. C., Brubacher, S. P., & Lamb, M. E. (2011). Expected consequences of disclosure revealed in investigative interviews with suspected victims of child sexual abuse. Applied Developmental Science, 15(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2011.538616
  • Malloy, L. C., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2007). Filial dependency and recantation of child sexual abuse allegations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000246067.77953.f7
  • Malloy, L. C., & Mugno, A. P. (2016). Children’s recantation of adult wrongdoing: An experimental investigation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 145, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.12.003
  • Malloy, L. C., Mugno, A. P., Rivard, J. R., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2016). Familial influences on recantation in substantiated child sexual abuse cases. Child Maltreatment, 21(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559516650936
  • Malloy, L. C., & Quas, J. A. (2009). Children's suggestibility: Areas of consensus and controversy. In K. Kuehnle & M. Connell (Eds.), The evaluation of child sexual abuse allegations: A comprehensive guide to assessment and testimony (pp. 267–297). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Manay, N., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2021). Recipients of children’s and adolescents’ disclosures of childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review. Child Abuse and Neglect, 116, 104192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104192
  • Mattison, M., Dando, C. J., & Ormerod, T. C. (2018). Drawing the answers: Sketching to support free and probed recall by child witnesses and victims with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22(2), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316669088
  • Mattison, M. L., Dando, C. J., & Ormerod, T. C. (2015). Sketching to remember: Episodic free recall task support for child witnesses and victims with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1751–1765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2335-z
  • McElvaney, R. (2015). Disclosure of child sexual abuse: Delays, non-disclosure and partial disclosure. What the research tells us and implications for practice. Child Abuse Review, 24(3), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2280
  • McGroarty, A., & Baxter, J. S. (2009). Interviewer behaviour, interviewee self-esteem and response change in simulated forensic interviews. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(6), 642–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.024
  • McGuire, K., & London, K. (2020). A retrospective approach to examining child abuse disclosure. Child Abuse and Neglect, 99, 104263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104263
  • McWilliams, K., Bederian-Gardner, D., Hobbs, S. D., Bakanosky, S., & Goodman, G. S. (2012). Children’s Eyewitness Memory and Suggestibility: Revisiting Ceci and Bruck’s (1993) review. In A. M. Slater & P. C. Quinn (Eds.), Developmental psychology: Revisiting the classic studies (pp. 101–117). Sage Publications.
  • Mercurio, V. (2018). Il Caso Rignano Flaminio: Il McMartin All’Italiana. SIPEA.
  • Miller, Q. C., & London, K. (2020). Forensic implications of delayed reports from child witnesses. In J. Pozzulo, E. Pica, & C. Sheahan (Eds.), Memory and sexual misconduct: Psychological research for criminal justice (pp. 100–131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027857-5
  • Milne, B., Griffiths, A., Clarke, C., & Dando, C. (2019). The cognitive interview: A tiered approach in the real world. In J. J. Dickinson, N. S. Compo, R. N. Carol, B. L. Schwartz, & M. R. McCauley (Eds.), Evidence-based investigative interviewing: Applying cognitive principles (pp. 56–73). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315160276-4
  • Milne, R., & Bull, R. (2003). Does the cognitive interview help children to resist the effects of suggestive questioning? Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532503762871219
  • Ministry of Justice. (2022). Achieving best evidence in criminal proceedings: Guidance on interviewing victims and witnesses, and guidance on using special measures. London, UK: .
  • Moston, S. (1992). Social support and children's eyewitness testimony. In H. Dent & R. Flin (Eds.), Children as witnesses (pp. 33–46). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Myers, J. E. B. (2002). Legal systems and child protection. In. J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C. T. Hendrix, C. Jenny & T. A. Reid (Eds.), APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed., pp. 305–327). Sage Publications.
  • Myklebust, T. (2017). The Nordic model of handling children's testimonies. In S. Johansson, K. Stefansen, E. Bakketeig & A. Kaldal (Eds.), Collaborating against child abuse: Exploring the Nordic Barnahus Model (pp. 97-120). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58388-4_5
  • Nathanson, R., & Saywitz, K. J. (2003). The effects of the courtroom context on children's memory and anxiety. The Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 31(1), 67–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318530303100105
  • National Children’s Advocacy Center. (2019). National children’s advocacy center’s child forensic interview structure.
  • Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. (2004). The emergence of autobiographical memory: A social cultural developmental theory. Psychological Review, 111(2), 486. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.486
  • Newlin, C., Cordisco Steele, L., Chamberlin, A., Anderson, J., Kenniston, J., Russell, A., Stewart, H., & Vaughan-Eden, V. (2015). Child forensic interviewing: Best practices. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 1–20.
  • Nicol, A., La Rooy, D., & Lamb, M. (2017). Evidence-based and developmentally appropriate forensic interviewing of children. In L. Dixon, D. Perkins, C. Hamilton-Giachritsis, & L. Craig (Eds.), What works in child protection: An evidenced-based approach to assessment and intervention in care proceedings (pp. 239–257). Wiley.
  • O’Donohue, W., & Cirlugea, O. (2021). Controlling for confirmation bias in child sexual abuse interviews. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 49(3), 371–380. https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.200109-20
  • Olafson, E. (2012). A call for field-relevant research about child forensic interviewing for child protection. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(1), 109–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2012.642469
  • Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2000). Assessing the value of structured protocols for forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(6), 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(00)00137-x
  • Orbach, Y., & Pipe, M. E. (2011). Investigating substantive issues. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. C. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (pp. 147–163). Wiley.
  • Otgaar, H., Candel, I., Smeets, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2010). ‘You didn't take Lucy's skirt off’: The effect of misleading information on omissions and commissions in children's memory reports. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15(2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532509X471951
  • Otgaar, H., De Ruiter, C., Howe, M. L., Hoetmer, L., & van Reekum, P. (2017). A case concerning children’s false memories of abuse: Recommendations regarding expert witness work. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1230924
  • Otgaar, H., De Ruiter, C., Sumampouw, N., Erens, B., & Muris, P. (2020). Protecting against misinformation: Examining the effect of empirically based investigative interviewing on misinformation reporting. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 36(4), 758–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-020-09401-2
  • Otgaar, H., Horselenberg, R., van Kampen, R., & Lalleman, K. (2012). Clothed and unclothed human figure drawings lead to more correct and incorrect reports of touch in children. Psychology, Crime and Law, 18(7), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2010.532129
  • Otgaar, H., Houben, S., Muris, P., & Howe, M. L. (2023). Does interviewing affect suggestibility and false memory formation? In G. E. Oxburgh, T. Myklebust, M. Fallon, & M. Hartwig (Eds.), Interviewing and interrogation: A review of research and practice since World War II (pp. 193–207). Torkel Opsahl Academic Publisher.
  • Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., & Dodier, O. (2022). What can expert witnesses reliably say about memory in the courtroom? Forensic Science International: Mind and Law, 3, 100106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100106
  • Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Merckelbach, H., & Muris, P. (2018). Who is the better eyewitness? Sometimes adults but at other times children. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(5), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418770998
  • Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Peters, M., Sauerland, M., & Raymaekers, L. (2013). Developmental trends in different types of spontaneous false memories: Implications for the legal field. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 31(5), 666–682. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2076
  • Otgaar, H., La Rooy, D., Horselenberg, R., Hershkowitz, I., de Ruiter, C., Blezer, L., Kidane, R., & Kollau, R. (2019). Assessing the quality of child investigative interviewing in the Netherlands. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 889–897. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3521
  • Otgaar, H., van Ansem, R., Pauw, C., & Horselenberg, R. (2016). Improving children’s interviewing methods? The effects of drawing and practice on children’s memories for an event. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 31(4), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9190-0
  • Paine, M. L., & Hansen, D. J. (2002). Factors influencing children to self-disclose sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(2), 271–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00091-5
  • Paulo, R. M., Albuquerque, P. B., & Bull, R. (2013). The enhanced cognitive interview: Towards a better use and understanding of this procedure. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 15(3), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2013.15.3.311
  • Peixoto, C. E., Fernandes, R. V., Almeida, T. S., Silva, J. M., La Rooy, D., Ribeiro, C., Magalhães, T., & Lamb, M. E. (2017). Interviews of children in a Portuguese special judicial procedure. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 35(3), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2284
  • Peixoto, C. E., Ribeiro, C., Fernandes, R. V., & Almeida, T. S. (2014). A Entrevista de Crianças no contexto Forense [Children’s Interview in the Forensic context]. In F. Almeida & M. Paulino (Eds.), Psicologia, Justiça e Cie^ncias Forenses [Psychology, Justice and Forensic Sciences] (pp. 203–228). Lisboa: Pactor.
  • Perez, C. O., London, K., & Otgaar, H. (2022). A review of the differential contributions of language abilities to children’s eyewitness memory and suggestibility. Developmental Review, 63, 101009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.101009
  • Pickrell, J. E., McDonald, D. L., Bernstein, D. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2016). Misinformation effect. In Cognitive illusions (pp. 406–423). Psychology Press.
  • Pipe, M. E., & Salmon, K. (2009). Dolls, drawing, body diagrams, and other props: Role of props in investigative interviews. In K. Kuehnle & M. Connell (Eds.), The evaluation of child sexual abuse allegations: A comprehensive guide to assessment and testimony (pp. 365–395). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Pompedda, F. (2018). Training in investigative interviews of children: Serious gaming paired with feedback improves interview quality. Doctoral dissertation, Abo Akademi University.
  • Pompedda, F., Antfolk, J., Zappalà, A., & Santtila, P. (2017). A combination of outcome and process feedback enhances performance in simulations of child sexual abuse interviews using avatars. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01474
  • Pompedda, F., Zappalà, A., & Santtila, P. (2015). Simulations of child sexual abuse interviews using avatars paired with feedback improves interview quality. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 21(1), 28–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2014.915323
  • Pompedda, F., Zhang, Y., Haginoya, S., & Santtila, P. (2022). A mega-analysis of the effects of feedback on the quality of simulated child sexual abuse interviews with avatars. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 37(3), 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-022-09509-7
  • Poole, D. A. (2016). Interviewing children: The science of conversation in forensic contexts. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14941-000
  • Poole, D. A., Bruck, M., & Pipe, M. E. (2011). Forensic interviewing aids: Do props help children answer questions about touching? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0963721410388804
  • Poole, D. A., & Dickinson, J. J. (2011). Evidence supporting restrictions on uses of body diagrams in forensic interviews. Child Abuse and Neglect, 35(9), 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.05.004
  • Poole, D. A., & Dickinson, J. J. (2014). Comfort drawing during investigative interviews: Evidence of the safety of a popular practice. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.012
  • Poole, D. A., & Lamb, M. E. (1998). Investigative interviews of children: A guide for helping professionals. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10301-000
  • Powell, M. B., & Brubacher, S. P. (2020). The origin, experimental basis, and application of the standard interview method: An information-gathering framework. Australian Psychologist, 55(6), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12468
  • Powell, M. B., Hughes-Scholes, C. H., & Sharman, S. J. (2012). Skill in interviewing reduces confirmation bias. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 9(2), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1357
  • Powell, M. B., & Lancaster, S. (2003). Guidelines for interviewing children during child custody evaluations. Australian Psychologist, 38(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707017
  • Powell, M. B., Manger, B., Dion, J., & Sharman, S. J. (2017). Professionals’ perspectives about the challenges of using interpreters in child sexual abuse interviews. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(1), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1197815
  • Price, H. L., & Roberts, K. P. (2011). The effects of an intensive training and feedback program on police and social workers’ investigative interviews of children. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/ Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 43(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022541
  • Priebe, G., & Svedin, C. G. (2008). Child sexual abuse is largely hidden from the adult society: An epidemiological study of adolescents’ disclosures. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(12), 1095–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.04.001
  • Principe, G. F., & Ceci, S. J. (2002). “I saw it with my own ears”: The influence of peer conversations and suggestive questions on preschoolers’ event memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 83(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0965(02)00120-0
  • Principe, G. F., & London, K. (2022). How parents can shape what children remember: Implications for the testimony of young witnesses. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(3), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000059
  • Qi, H., & Roberts, K. P. (2018). Cultural influences on the development of children’s memory and cognition. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 56, 183–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2018.11.005
  • Quas, J. A., & Lench, H. C. (2007). Arousal at encoding, arousal at retrieval, interviewer support, and children's memory for a mild stressor. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1279
  • Quas, J. A., Stolzenberg, S. N., & Lyon, T. D. (2018). The effects of promising to tell the truth, the putative confession, and recall and recognition questions on maltreated and non-maltreated children’s disclosure of a minor transgression. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.08.014
  • Quas, J. A., Wallin, A. R., Papini, S., Lench, H., & Scullin, M. H. (2005). Suggestibility, social support, and memory for a novel experience in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 91(4), 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2005.03.008
  • Randell, I., Seymour, F., Henderson, E., & Blackwell, S. (2018). The experiences of young complainant witnesses in criminal court trials for sexual offences. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25(3), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/2F13218719.2017.1396866
  • Ridley, A. M., Van Rheede, V., & Wilcock, R. (2015). Interviews, intermediaries and interventions: Mock-jurors’, police officers’ and barristers’ perceptions of a child witness interview. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 7(1), 21–35.
  • Rischke, A. E., Roberts, K. P., & Price, H. L. (2011). Using spaced learning principles to translate knowledge into behavior: Evidence from investigative interviews of alleged child abuse victims. Journal of police and criminal psychology, 26, 58–67.
  • Rivard, J. R., & Schreiber Compo, N. (2017). Self-reported current practices in child forensic interviewing: Training, tools, and pre-interview preparation. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 35(3), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2290
  • Roberts, K. P., Brubacher, S. P., Price, H. L., & Powell, M. B. (2011). Practice narratives. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, C. Katz, & L. Malloy (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (pp. 129–145). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Roberts, K. P., Lamb, M. E., & Sternberg, K. J. (2004). The effects of rapport-building style on children's reports of a staged event. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.957
  • Rohrabaugh, M., London, K., & Hall, A. K. (2016). Planning the forensic interview. In W. T. O'Donohue & M. Fanetti (Eds.), Forensic interviews regarding child sexual abuse: A guide to evidence-based practice (pp. 197–218). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_11
  • Ruddock, A. C. (2006). The relationship of interviewer rapport behaviors to the amount and type of disclosure from children during child abuse investigations. Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University.
  • Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S., Kraiger, K., & Smith-Jentsch, K. (2012). The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(2), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/152910061243666
  • Salmon, K., Pipe, M. E., Malloy, A., & Mackay, K. (2012). Do non-verbal aids increase the effectiveness of ‘best practice’verbal interview techniques? An experimental study. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(3), 370–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1835
  • Samra, J., & Yuille, J. C. (1996). Anatomically-neutral dolls: Their effects on the memory and suggestibility of 4-to 6-year-old eyewitnesses. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(12), 1261–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(96)00122-6
  • Santtila, P., Korkman, J., & Kenneth Sandnabba, N. (2004). Effects of interview phase, repeated interviewing, presence of a support person, and anatomically detailed dolls on child sexual abuse interviews. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316021000044365
  • Saywitz, K., & Camparo, L. (1998). Interviewing child witnesses: A developmental perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(8), 825–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00054-4
  • Saywitz, K. J., & Camparo, L. B. (2013). Evidence-based child forensic interviewing: The developmental narrative elaboration interview. Oxford University Press.
  • Saywitz, K. J., Larson, R. P., Hobbs, S. D., & Wells, C. R. (2015). Developing rapport with children in forensic interviews: Systematic review of experimental research. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 33(4), 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2186
  • Saywitz, K. J., Wells, C. R., Larson, R. P., & Hobbs, S. D. (2019). Effects of interviewer support on children’s memory and suggestibility: Systematic review and meta-analyses of experimental research. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 20(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683457
  • Siegman, A. W., & Reynolds, M. (1984). The facilitating effects of interviewer rapport and the paralinguistics of intimate communications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1984.2.1.71
  • Simcock, G., & Hayne, H. (2002). Breaking the barrier? Children fail to translate their preverbal memories into language. Psychological Science, 13(3), 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00442
  • Skinner, G. C., Andrews, S. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2019). The disclosure of alleged child sexual abuse: An investigation of criminal court transcripts from Scotland. Psychology, Crime and Law, 25(5), 458–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1538415
  • Smith, D. W., Letourneau, E. J., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2000). Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: Results from a national survey. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00130-1
  • Smith, K., & Milne, R. (2011). Planning the interview. In M. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (pp. 87–107). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Smith, M. C. (2008). Pre-professional mandated reporters’ understanding of young children’s eyewitness testimony: Implications for training. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(12), 1355–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.04.004
  • Springman, R. E., Wherry, J. N., & Notaro, P. C. (2006). The effects of interviewer race and child race on sexual abuse disclosures in forensic interviews. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15(3), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v15n03_06
  • Stauffer, J. (2020). A look inside the CornerHouse forensic interview protocol. APSAC Advisor, 32(2), 19–29.
  • Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Yudilevitch, L., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., & Hovav, M. (1997). Effects of introductory style on children's abilities to describe experiences of sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(11), 1133–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00071-9
  • Stewart, H., Katz, C., & La Rooy, D. J. (2011). Training forensic interviewers. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. C. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (pp. 199–216). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119998495.ch11
  • Strange, D., Garry, M., & Sutherland, R. (2003). Drawing out children's false memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(5), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.911
  • Su, I. A., & Ceci, S. J. (2021). “Zoom Developmentalists”: Home-based videoconferencing developmental research during COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nvdy6
  • Sumampouw, N. E. J., de Ruiter, C., & Otgaar, H. (2021). Potential for police investigator bias: the impact of child sexual abuse victims’ background characteristics on perceived statement credibility, case outcome and quality of interview questions. Police Practice and Research, 10, 1–18.
  • Sumampouw, N. E. J., Otgaar, H., & De Ruiter, C. (2020). The relevance of certain case characteristics in the successful prosecution of child sexual abuse cases in Indonesia. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29(8), 984–1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2020.1801930
  • Sumampouw, N. E. J., Otgaar, H., La Rooy, D. J., & De Ruiter, C. (2020). The quality of forensic child interviewing in child sexual abuse cases in Indonesia. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 35(2), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09342-5
  • Talwar, L., Lee, K., Bala, N., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (2004). Children’s Lie-Telling to Conceal a Parent’s Transgression: Legal Implications. Law and Human Behavior, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1023/b:lahu.0000039333.51399.f6
  • Tamm, A., Otzipka, J., & Volbert, R. (2021). Assessing the individual interviewer rapport-building and supportive techniques of the R-NICHD Protocol. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659438/full
  • Taskforce, A. P. S. A. C, & . (2012). Forensic Interviewing in Cases of Suspected Child Abuse. The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC). https://depts.washington.edu/uwhatc/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/APSAC_Forensic-Interviewing-in-cases-of-Suspected-Child-Abuse.pdf.
  • Tavkar, P., & Hansen, D. J. (2011). Interventions for families victimized by child sexual abuse: Clinical issues and approaches for child advocacy center-based services. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(3), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.005
  • Teoh, Y. S., & Lamb, M. E. (2010). Preparing children for investigative interviews: Rapport-building, instruction, and evaluation. Applied Developmental Science, 14(3), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2010.494463
  • Thoresen, C., Lønnum, K., Melinder, A., Stridbeck, U., & Magnussen, S. (2006). Theory and practice in interviewing young children: A study of Norwegian police interviews 1985–2002. Psychology, Crime and Law, 12(6), 629–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160500350546
  • Turoy-Smith, K. M., Brubacher, S. P., Earhart, B., & Powell, M. B. (2018). Eliciting children’s recall regarding home life and relationships. Journal of Child Custody, 15(4), 349–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2018.1530629
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2009). Justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime: Model law and related commentary. United Nations.
  • Van Der Watt, M., & Kruger, B. (2017). Exploring ‘juju’and human trafficking: towards a demystified perspective and response. South African review of sociology, 48, 70–86.
  • Volbert, R., & Steller, M. (2014). Is this testimony truthful, fabricated, or based on false memory? Credibility assessment 25 years after Steller and Köhnken (1989). European Psychologist, 19(3), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000200
  • Vredeveldt, A., Given-Wilson, Z., & Memon, A. (2023). Culture, trauma, and memory in investigative interviews. Psychology, Crime and Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2023.2209262
  • Vredeveldt, A., Otgaar, H. P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., & van Koppen, P. J. (2017). Het rechtspsychologische deskundigenrapport. Expertise en Recht, 6(27), p. 243.
  • Vrij, A., Hope, L., & Fisher, R. P. (2014). Eliciting reliable information in investigative interviews. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214548592
  • Walsh, W. A., Jones, L. M., Cross, T. P., & Lippert, T. (2010). Prosecuting child sexual abuse: The importance of evidence type. Crime and Delinquency, 56(3), 436–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128708320484
  • Wandrey, L., Lyon, T. D., Quas, J. A., & Friedman, W. J. (2012). Maltreated children's ability to estimate temporal location and numerosity of placement changes and court visits. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 18(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024812
  • Wang, Q. (2004). The emergence of cultural self-constructs: autobiographical memory and self-description in European American and Chinese children. Developmental Psychology, 40(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.3
  • Wang, Q. (2011). Autobiographical memory and culture. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1047
  • Wang, Q. (2021). The cultural foundation of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 72(1), 151–179. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-070920-023638
  • Wang, Q., & Ross, M. (2005). What we remember and what we tell: The effects of culture and self-priming on memory representations and narratives. Memory (Hove, England), 13(6), 594–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210444000223
  • Warren, A., Woodall, C., Tomas, M., Nunno, M., Keeney, J., Larson, S., & Stadfeld, J. (1999). Assessing the effectiveness of a training program for interviewing child witnesses. Applied Developmental Science, 3(2), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0302_6
  • Waterhouse, G. F., Ridley, A. M., Bull, R., La Rooy, D. J., & Wilcock, R. (2016). Dynamics of repeated interviews with children. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(5), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3246
  • Waterhouse, G. F., Ridley, A. M., Bull, R., La Rooy, D. J., & Wilcock, R. (2019). Mapping repeated interviews. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 34(4), 392–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-018-9288-7
  • Waterman, A., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. (2002). How and why do children respond to nonsensical questions. In H. L. Westcott, G. M. Davies, & R. Bull (Eds.), Children's testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (pp. 147–159). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Webster, M. W. (2022). Some unusual cases of multiple-victim, multiple-offender child sexual abuse (1980–2020). The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), 135(1551), 115–120.
  • Winerdal, U., Cederborg, A. C., & Lindholm, J. (2019). The quality of question types in Swedish police interviews with young suspects of serious crimes. The Police Journal, 92(2), 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18770915
  • Wood, J. M., McClure, K. A., & Birch, R. A. (1996). Suggestions for improving interviews in child protection agencies. Child Maltreatment, 1(3), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559596001003005
  • Woolford, J., Patterson, T., Macleod, E., Hobbs, L., & Hayne, H. (2015). Drawing helps children to talk about their presenting problems during a mental health assessment. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104513496261
  • Wright, R., & Powell, M. B. (2007). What makes a good investigative interviewer of children? A comparison of police officers’ and experts’ perceptions. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 30(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710725604
  • Wyman, J. D., Lavoie, J., & Talwar, V. (2019). Best practices for interviewing children with intellectual disabilities in maltreatment cases. Exceptionality, 27(3), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/09362835.2018.1425623
  • Xie, Q. W., Sun, X., Chen, M., Qiao, D. P., & Chan, K. L. (2017). What prevents Chinese parents from reporting possible cases of child sexual abuse to authority? A holistic-interactionistic approach. Child Abuse and Neglect, 64, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.006
  • Zhang, Y., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Haginoya, S., & Santtila, P. O. (2023). Effects of combining feedback and hypothesis-testing on the quality of simulated child sexual abuse interviews with avatars among Chinese university students. PLoS One, 18(4), e0285114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285114
  • Zumbach, J., Brubacher, S. P., Davis, F., de Ruiter, C., Ireland, J., McNamara, K., October, M., Saini, M., Volbert, R., & Laajasalo, T. (2022). International perspective on guidelines and policies for child custody and child maltreatment risk evaluations: A preliminary comparative analysis across selected countries in Europe and North America. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 900058. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.900058
Supercharge Your Next Research Paper: Research and write your next paper with Jenni AI.
Supercharge Your Next Research Paper: Research and write your next paper with Jenni AI.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.