The racial and ethnic socialisation continuum: racial oppression and resistance in Latinx families

References

• Alba, R., and V. Nee. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Reprint, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. 1995. “Broad and Narrow Socialisation: The Family in the Context of a Cultural Theory.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 57 (3): 617–628. https://doi.org/10.2307/353917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. 1997. “Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation.” American Sociological Review 62 (3): 465–480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006) 2014. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. L., and A. Krishnakumar. 2007. “Development and Validation of the Adolescent Racial and Ethnic Socialisation Scale (ARESS) in African American Families.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36 (8): 1072–1085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9197-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. L., M. R. Linver, and M. Evans. 2010. “The Role of Gender in the Racial and Ethnic Socialisation of African American Adolescents.” Youth & Society 41 (3): 357–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X09333665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez, L. 2013. The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chavez-Reyes, C. 2010. “Racial and Ethnic Socialisation in Later Generations of a Mexican American Family.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 32 (4): 495–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986310383151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coard, S. I., and R. M. Sellers. 2005. “African American Families As a Context for Racial Socialisation.” In African American Family Life: Ecological and Cultural Diversity, edited by K. A. McLoyd, V. C. Hill, and N. E. Dodge, 264–284. New York: Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (1990) 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dávila, A. 2008. Latino Spin: Public Image and the Whitewashing of Race. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, D. J. 2010. “Middle‐Class Latin@ Identity: Building a Theoretical and Conceptual Framework.” Sociology Compass 4 (11): 947–964. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00327.x.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2001. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dow, D. M. 2016. “Integrated Motherhood: Beyond Hegemonic Ideologies of Motherhood.” Journal of Marriage and Family 78 (1): 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling, J. A. 2014. Mexican Americans and the Question of Race. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. R. 2013. The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. R., and J. A. Cobas. 2014. Latinos Facing Racism: Discrimination, Resistance, and Endurance. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Flores-González, N. 1999. “The Racialisation of Latinos: The Meaning of Latino Identity for the Second Generation.” Latino Studies Journal 10 (3): 3–31.
   Google Scholar
• Flores-González, N. 2017. Citizens but Not Americans: Race and Belonging Among Latino Millennials. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• García, S. J. 2017. “Bridging Critical Race Theory and Migration: Moving Beyond Assimilation Theories.” Sociology Compass 11 (6): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golash-Boza, T. 2006. “Dropping the Hyphen? Becoming Latino(a)-American Through Racialized Assimilation.” Social Forces 85 (1): 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golash-Boza, T. 2016. “A Critical and Comprehensive Sociological Theory of Race and Racism.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 2 (2): 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649216632242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golash-Boza, T., and W. Darity Jr. 2008. “Latino Racial Choices: The Effects of Skin Colour and Discrimination on Latinos’ and Latinas’ Racial Self-Identifications.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (5): 899–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701568858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, L. E. 2007. Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• González, A., G. Adriana, and J. Umaña-Taylor. 2006. “Familial Ethnic Socialisation Among Adolescents of Latino and European Descent: Do Latina Mothers Exert the Most Influence?” Journal of Family Issues 27 (2): 184–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05279987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-López, G. 2015. Family Secrets: Stories of Incest and Sexual Violence in Mexico. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grosfoguel, R. 2004. “Race and Ethnicity or Racialized Ethnicities?: Identities within Global Coloniality.” Ethnicities 4 (3): 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796804045237.
   Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez, L. M., and E. A. Lewis. 1999. Empowering Women of Color. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hordge-Freeman, E. 2015. The Color of Love: Racial Features, Stigma, and Socialisation in Black Brazilian Families. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, D. 2003. “Correlates of African American and Latino Parents’ Messages to Children About Ethnicity and Race: A Comparative Study of Racial Socialisation.” American Journal of Community Psychology 31 (1–2): 15–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023066418688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., and D. Johnson. 2001. “Correlates in Children’s Experiences of Parents’ Racial Socialisation Behaviors.” Journal of Marriage and Family 63 (4): 981–995. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00981.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., E. P. Smith, H. C. Stevenson, J. Rodriguez, D. L. Johnson, and P. Spicer. 2006. “Parents’ Ethnic-Racial Socialisation Practices: A Review of Research and Directions for Future Study.” Developmental Psychology 42 (5): 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, N. 2000. “Research As an Act of Betrayal: Researching Race in an Asian Community in Los Angeles.” In Racing Research, Researching Race: Methodological Dilemmas in Critical Race Studies, edited by F. W. Twine and J. W. Warren, 35–66. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, N., and C. D. Hunter. 2011. “Ethnic-Racial Socialisation Messages in the Identity Development of Second-Generation Haitians.” Journal of Adolescent Research 26 (3): 344–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558410391258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandaswamy, P. 2012. “Gendering Racial Formation.” In Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century, edited by D. M. HoSang, O. LaBennett, and L. Pulido, 23–43. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lesane-Brown, C. L., T. N. Brown, E. E. Tanner-Smith, and M. A. Bruce. 2010. “Negotiating Boundaries and Bonds: Frequency of Young Children’s Socialisation to Their Ethnic/Racial Heritage.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 41 (3): 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, A. E. 2004. “‘What Group?’ Studying Whites and Whiteness in the Era of Color‐Blindness.” Sociological Theory 22 (4): 623–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2751.2004.00237.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora, G. C. 2014. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oboler, S. 1995. Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives: Identity and the Politics of (Re)presentation in the United States. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Omi, M., and H. Winant. 2015. Racial Formation in the United States. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Romero, M. 2006. “Racial Profiling and Immigration Law Enforcement: Rounding Up of Usual Suspects in the Latino Community.” Critical Sociology 32 (2–3): 447–473. https://doi.org/10.1163/156916306777835376.
   Google Scholar
• Romero, M. 2008. “Crossing the Immigration and Race Border: A Critical Race Theory Approach to Immigration Studies.” Contemporary Justice Review 11 (1): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580701850371.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, W. 2012. Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sáenz, R., and K. Manges Douglas. 2015. “A Call for the Racialisation of Immigration Studies: On the Transition of Ethnic Immigrants to Racialized Immigrants.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1 (1): 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649214559287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, G., and M. Romero. 2010. “Critical Race Theory in the US Sociology of Immigration.” Sociology Compass 4 (9): 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00303.x.
   Google Scholar
• Telles, E. M., and V. Ortiz. 2008. Generations of Exclusion: Mexican–Americans, Assimilation, and Race. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Treitler, V. B. 2015. “Social Agency and White Supremacy in Immigration Studies.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1 (1): 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649214560796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twine, F. W. 2000. “Racial Ideologies and Racial Methodologies.” In Racing Research, Researching Race: Methodological Dilemmas in Critical Race Studies, edited by F. W. Twine and J. W. Warren, 1–34. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twine, F. W. 2004. “A White Side of Black Britain: The Concept of Racial Literacy.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (6): 878–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000268512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twine, F. W. 2010. A White Side of Black Britain: Interracial Intimacy and Racial Literacy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Umaña-Taylor, A. J., and N. E. Hill. 2020. “Ethnic–Racial Socialisation in the Family: A Decade’s Advance on Precursors and Outcomes.” Journal of Marriage and Family 82 (1): 244–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle, A. J. 2019. “Second-Generation Central Americans and the Formation of an Ethnoracial Identity in Los Angeles.” Identities 27 (2): 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2019.1587904.
   Google Scholar
• Viruell-Fuentes, E., A. Patricia, and Y. Miranda. 2012. “More Than Culture: Structural Racism, Intersectionality Theory, and Immigrant Health.” Social Science & Medicine 75 (12): 2099–2106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, J. W. 2000. “Masters in the Field: White Talk, White Privilege, White Biases.” In Racing Research, Researching Race: Methodological Dilemmas in Critical Race Studies, edited by F. W. Twine and J. W. Warren, 135–164. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wingrove-Haugland, E., and J. McLeod. 2021. “Not “Minority” but “Minoritized”.” Teaching Ethics 21 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5840/tej20221799.
   Google Scholar
• Yancey, G. A. 2003. Who Is White?: Latinos, Asians, and the New Black/Nonblack Divide. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Yosso, T. J. 2005. “Whose Culture Has Capital? A Critical Race Theory Discussion of Community Cultural Wealth.” Race, Ethnicity, and Education 8 (1): 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332052000341006.
   Google Scholar
• Yosso, T. J., and D. Solorzano. 2005. “Conceptualizing a Critical Race Theory in Sociology.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Inequalities, edited by M. Romero and E. Margolis, 117–146. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar