Framing the Polish-Belarusian Border in 2021. The Case of Public Service Television (TVP)

References

• Alcaraz-Mármol, G., and J. Soto Almela. 2016. “The Semantic Prosody of the Words Inmigración and Inmigrante in the Spanish Written Media: A corpus-based Study of Two National Newspapers.” Revista Signos 49 (91): 145–167. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-09342016000200001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almustafa, M. 2020. “Reframing Refugee Crisis: A “European Crisis of Migration” or A “Crisis of Protection”?” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 40 (5): 1064–1082. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654421989705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2022. Amnesty International Report 2021/2022. The State of the World’s Human Rights. London: Peter Benenson House.
   Google Scholar
• Annita, L., and M. M. Lazar. 2004. “The Discourse of the New World Order: ‘Out-Casting’ the Double Face of Threat.” Discourse & Society 15 (2–3): 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/095792650404101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, P. 2006. Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, P. 2012. “Acceptable Bias? Using Corpus Linguistics Methods with Critical Discourse Analysis.” Critical Discourse Studies 9 (3): 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2012.688297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, P., C. Gabrielatos, M. Khosravinik, M. Krzyżanowski, T. McEnery, and R. Wodak. 2008. “A Useful Methodological Synergy? Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Examine Discourses of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press.” Discourse & Society 19 (3): 273–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508088962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzacq, T. 2008. “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context.” European Journal of International Relations 11 (2): 171–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105052960
   Google Scholar
• Bekić, J. 2022. “Coercive Engineered Migrations as A Tool of Hybrid Warfare: A Binary Comparison of Two Cases on the External EU Border.” Politicka Misao 59 (2): 141–169. https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.59.2.06
   Google Scholar
• Bennets, M. 2021. “Lukashenko Willing to Flood EU with Drugs and Migrants to Stop New Sanctions.” The Times, May 28 2021. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lukashenko-willing-to-flood-eu-with-drugs-and-migrants-to-stop-new-sanctions-vtrwndw82
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, S. 2018. “New Crises, Old Habits: Online Interdiscursivity and Intertextuality in UK Migration Policy Discourses.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16 (1–2): 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2016.1257753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermeo, N. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27(1): 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2016.0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhard, M. 2021. “Democratic Backsliding in Poland and Hungary.” Slavic Review 80 (3): 585–607. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobako, M. 2018. “Semi-peripheral Islamophobias: The Political Diversity of anti-Muslim Discourses in Poland.” Patterns of Prejudice 52 (5): 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1490112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar, A., and A. Grzelak. 2023. “The Polish–Belarusian Border Crisis and the (Lack of) European Union Response.” Bialostockie Studia Prawnicze 28 (1): 57–86. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2023.28.01.04
   Google Scholar
• Bogetić, K. 2013. “Normal Straight Gays: Lexical Collocations and Ideologies of Masculinity in Personal Ads of Serbian Gay Teenagers.” Gender and Language 7 (3): 333–367. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v7i3.333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böröcz, J., and M. Sarkar. 2017. “The Unbearable Whiteness of the Polish Plumber and the Hungarian Peacock Dance around “Race.”” Slavic Review 76 (2): 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukala, S. 2016. “Rethinking Topos in the Discourse Historical Approach: Endoxon Seeking and Argumentation in Greek Media Discourses on ‘Islamist Terrorism.’” Discourse Studies 18 (3): 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144561663455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breeze, R. 2011. “Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics.” Pragmatics 21 (4): 493–525. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.4.01bre
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breeze, R. 2020. “Exploring Populist Styles of Political Discourse in Twitter.” World Englishes 39 (4): 550–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezina, V. 2018. Statistics in Corpus Linguistics: A Practical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, B., O. Wæver, and J. De Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Caiani, M., and P. Graziano. 2019. “Understanding Varieties of Populism in Times of Crises.” West European Politics 42 (6): 1141–1158. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1598062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cap, P. 2017. The Language of Fear. Communicating Threat in Public Discourse. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cap, P. 2018. “From ‘Cultural Unbelonging’ to ‘Terrorist Risk’: Communicating Threat in the Polish anti-immigration Discourse.” Critical Discourse Studies 15 (3): 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2017.1405050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBOS. 2017. “Attitudes Towards Accepting Refugees” [Stosunek do przyjmowania uchodźców]. Accessed December 30 2023. https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2017/K_044_17.PDF
   Google Scholar
• CBOS. 2020. “Opinions on TV and Radio Stations” [Opinie o stacjach telewizyjnych i radiowych]. Accessed December 30 2023. https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2020/K_147_20.PDF
   Google Scholar
• CBOS. 2021. “Perception of Television News and Current Affairs Programs” [Postrzeganie telewizyjnych programów informacyjnych i publicystycznych]. Accessed December 30 2023. https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2021/K_106_21.PDF
   Google Scholar
• CBOS. 2022. “Attitude Towards Other Nations” [Stosunek do innych narodów]. Accessed December 30 2023. https://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2022/K_021_22.PDF
   Google Scholar
• CBOS. 2023. “Poles in the Face of War in Ukraine and Ukrainian Refugees” [Polacy wobec wojny na Ukrainie i ukraińskich uchodźców]. Accessed December 30 2023. https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2023/K_012_23.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Cervi, L., S. Tejedor, and M. Gracia. 2021. “What Kind of Islamophobia? Representation of Muslims and Islam in Italian and Spanish Media.” Religions 12 (6): 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesari, J. 2012. “Securitization of Islam in Europe.” Die Welt des Islams 52 (3–4): 430–449. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-201200A8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, P., P. Gilbert, J. Gilbert, C. Gale, and K. Harvey. 2013. “The Language of Compassion in Acute Mental Health Care.” Qualitative Health Research 23 (6): 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313482190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dervin, F. 2012. “Cultural Identity, Representation and Othering.” In The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication, edited by J. Jackson, 195–208. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dervin, F. 2016. “Discourses of Othering.” In Interculturality in Education. A Theoretical and Methodological Toolbox, edited by F. Dervin, 43–55. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Dhëmbo, E., E. Çaro, and J. Hoxha. 2021. ““Our Migrant” and “The Other Migrant”: Migration Discourse in the Albanian Media, 2015–2018.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00981-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond, L. 2020. “Breaking Out of the Democratic Slump.” Journal of Democracy 31 (1): 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzimińska, M., Ł. Grabowski, A. Krzewińska, and I. Warwas. 2023. “On the Perception of Science by Poles: Corpus-based Descriptive Study of Public Consultation Data.” Prace Jezykoznawcze 25 (1): 5–20. https://doi.org/10.31648/pj.8707
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. 1993. “Framing: Towards Clarification of Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N., and R. Wodak. 1997. “Critical Discourse Analysis.” In Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, edited by A. V. D. Teun, 258–284. Vol. 2. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gabrielatos, C., and P. Baker. 2008. “Fleeing, Sneaking, Flooding: A Corpus Analysis of Discursive Constructions of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press, 1996–2005.” Journal of English Linguistics 36 (1): 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424207311247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galantino, M. G. 2022. “The migration–terrorism Nexus: An Analysis of German and Italian Press Coverage of the ‘Refugee Crisis.’” European Journal of Criminology 19 (2): 259–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370819896213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galasiński, D., and A. Galasińska. 2007. “Lost in Communism, Lost in Migration: Narratives of the Post-1989 Polish Migrant Experience.” Journal of Multicultural Discourses 2 (1): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.2167/md046.0
   Google Scholar
• Gamson, W. A., and A. Modigliani. 1989. “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 95 (1): 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1086/229213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido, E. 2018. “Exploring North-South Identities Using NLP: The Image of Spain in the German Weekly Die Zeit.” Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies 43 (1): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.26431/0739-182X.1284
   Google Scholar
• Genova, D., and N. Paul. 2016. “The “Crisis” of the European Border Regime: Towards a Marxist Theory of Borders.” International Socialism 150:31–54.
   Google Scholar
• Goździak, E. M., and P. Márton. 2018. “Where the Wild Things are: Fear of Islam and the Anti-Refugee Rhetoric in Hungary and in Poland.” Central and Eastern European Migration Review 7 (2): 125–151.
   Google Scholar
• Graff, A., and E. Korolczuk. 2022. Anti-Gender Politics in the Populist Moment. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grupa Granica. 2022. Situation at the Polish-Belarusian border [Sytuacja na granicy polsko-białoruskiej]. https://hfhr.pl/upload/2022/12/sprawozdanie-grupy-granica-pazdziernik-listopad_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Grześkowiak, M. 2023. “The “Guardian of the Treaties” Is No More? the European Commission and the 2021 Humanitarian Crisis on Poland–Belarus Border.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 42 (1): 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdac025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo-Tenorio, E., and M. Ángel Benítez-Castro. 2021. “Trump’s Populist Discourse and Affective Politics, or on How to Move ‘The People’ through Emotion.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 20 (2): 86–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2020.1861540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjelm, T. 2014. “Discourse Analysis.” In The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion, edited by M. Stausberg and S. Engler, 134–150. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, J., and K. Haltinner. 2015. “Floods, Invaders, and Parasites: Immigration Threat Narratives and Right-Wing Populism in the USA, UK and Australia.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 36 (5): 520–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2015.1072907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horolets, A., and O. Kozłowska. 2012. “Provincializing Europe, Orientalizing Occident or Reproducing Power Imbalance? Representations of the UK in Post-2004 Polish Migrants’ Narratives.” Word & Text: A Journal of Literary Studies & Linguistics 2 (1): 48–70.
   Google Scholar
• Horolets, A., A. Mica, M. Pawlak, and P. Kubicki. 2020. “Ignorance as an Outcome of Categorizations: The “Refugees” in the Polish Academic Discourse before and after the 2015 Refugee Crisis.” East European Politics and Societies 34 (3): 730–751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325419891204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaskułowski, K. 2019. The Everyday Politics of Migration Crisis in Poland: Between Nationalism, Fear and Empathy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, R. M. 2021. “Race, Coloniality and the Post 9/11 Counter-Discourse: Critical Terrorism Studies and the Reproduction of the Islam-Terrorism Discourse.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 14 (4): 498–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2021.1983112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilgarriff, A., V. Baisa, J. Bušta, M. Jakubíček, V. Kovář, J. Michelfeit, P. Rychlý, and V. Suchomel. 2014. “The Sketch Engine: Ten Years on.” Lexicography 1 (1): 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9
   Google Scholar
• Klaus, W. 2017. “Closing Gates to Refugees: The Causes and Effects of the 2015 “Migration Crisis” on Border Management in Hungary and Poland.” Rocznik Instytutu Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej 15 (3): 11–34.
   Google Scholar
• Knoll, P. W. 1974. “Poland as “Antemurale Christianitatis” in the Late Middle Ages.” The Catholic Historical Review 60 (3): 381–401.
   Google Scholar
• Konieczny, M. K. 2022. “Border Crime in the Aspect of the Hybrid War between Belarus and Poland.” Studia Prawnoustrojowe 57:309–330. https://doi.org/10.31648/sp.7748
   Google Scholar
• Konopka, A. 2019. “„us” and „them” in the Language of Conservative Islamophobia – Referential and Predicational Strategies in Polish Right-Wing Press Discourse on the Migration Crisis in 2015.” Studia Humanistyczne AGH 18 (1): 33–51. https://doi.org/10.7494/human.2019.18.1.33
   Google Scholar
• Kosman, M. 2022. “The Rise of the New Polish Far-right: An Analysis of Grzegorz Braun’s Discursive Strategies.” Journal of Language and Politics 21 (3): 484–504. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.20063.kos
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krotofil, J., and D. Motak. 2018. “A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Media Coverage of the Migration Crisis in Poland: The Polish Catholic Church’s Perception of the “Migration Crisis.”” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 28:92–115. https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.70069
   Google Scholar
• Krzyżanowska, N., and M. Krzyżanowski. 2018. “Crisis and Migration in Poland: Discursive Shifts, Anti-Pluralism and the Politicisation of Exclusion.” Sociology 52 (3): 612–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518757952
   Google Scholar
• Krzyżanowski, M. 2010. The Discursive Construction of European Identities: A Multi-Level Approach to Discourse and Identity in the Transforming European Union. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Krzyżanowski, M. 2018. “Discursive Shifts in Ethno-Nationalist Politics: On Politicization and Mediatization of the “Refugee Crisis” in Poland.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16 (1–2): 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2011.601638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krzyżanowski, M. 2020. “Discursive Shifts and the Normalisation of Racism: Imaginaries of Immigration, Moral Panics and the Discourse of Contemporary Right-Wing Populism.” Social Semiotics 30 (4): 503–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2020.1766199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kużelewska, E., and A. Piekutowska. 2023. “Belarus’ Violation of International Obligations in Connection with Artificial Migration Pressure on the Belarus–European Union Border.” Bialostockie Studia Prawnicze 28 (1): 39–55. https://doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2023.28.01.03
   Google Scholar
• Lucassen, L. 2018. “Peeling an Onion: The “Refugee Crisis” from a Historical Perspective.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41 (3): 383–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1355975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mautner, G. 2005. “Time to Get Wired: Using Web-Based Corpora in Critical Discourse Analysis.” Discourse & Society 16 (6): 809–828. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926505056661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mautner, G. 2016.“Checks and Balances: How Corpus Linguistics Can Contribute to CDA”. Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, edited by R. Wodak and M. Meyer, 3rd ed. 154–179. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• McEnery, T., and A. Wilson. 2001. Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mora, N. 2009. “Orientalist Discourse in Media Texts.” Journal of Human Sciences 6 (2): 418–428.
   Google Scholar
• Narkowicz, K. 2018. “Refugees Not Welcome Here: State, Church and Civil Society Responses to the Refugee Crisis in Poland.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 31 (4): 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-018-9287-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narkowicz, K., and K. Pędziwiatr. 2017. “Saving and Fearing Muslim Women in ‘Post-Communist’Poland: Troubling Catholic and Secular Islamophobia.” Gender, Place and Culture 24 (2): 288–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1298574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öksüz, D., V. Brezina, and P. Rebuschat. 2021. “Collocational Processing in L1 and L2: The Effects of Word Frequency, Collocational Frequency, and Association.” Language Learning 71 (1): 55–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piechocki, M., and J. Wyszyński. 2020. “Indicators of Populist Discourse in News Tickers on Wiadomości TVP1.” In Populist Discourse in the Polish, edited by A. Stępińska, 83–96. Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University.
   Google Scholar
• Połońska-Kimunguyi, E., and M. Gillespie. 2016. “Terrorism Discourse on French International Broadcasting: France 24 and the Case of Charlie Hebdo Attacks in Paris.” European Journal of Communication 31 (5): 568–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/026732311666945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rak, J. 2022. “Quasi-Militant Democracy as a New Form of Sacred in Poland during the Corona Crisis.” Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 19 (57): 111–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rampton, B., and C. Charalambous. 2020. “Sociolinguistics and Everyday (In)securitization.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 24 (1): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisigl, M. 2017. “The Discourse-Historical Approach.” In The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies, edited by J. Flowerdew and J. E. Richardson, 44–59. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reisigl, M., and R. Wodak. 2001. Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. E., and R. Wodak. 2009. “Recontextualising Fascist Ideologies of the Past: Right-Wing Discourses on Employment and Nativism in Austria and the United Kingdom.” Critical Discourse Studies 6 (4): 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900903180996
   Google Scholar
• Sadurski, W. 2018. “How Democracy Dies (In Poland): A Case Study of anti-constitutional Populist Backsliding.” Sydney Law School Research Paper 18 (1): 1–71.
   Google Scholar
• Said, E. W. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, C. 1985. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, C. 1996. The Concept of the Political. Cambridge: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shumsky, D. 2004. “Post‐Zionist Orientalism? Orientalist Discourse and Islamophobia among the Russian‐speaking Intelligentsia in Israel.” Social Identities 10 (1): 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350463042000191001
   Google Scholar
• Skleparis, D. 2016. “(In)securitization and Illiberal Practices on the Fringe of the EU.” European Security 25 (1): 92–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2015.1080160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surowiec, P., M. Kania-Lundholm, and M. Winiarska-Brodowska. 2020. “Towards Illiberal Conditioning? New Politics of Media Regulations in Poland (2015–2018).” East European Politics 36 (1): 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2019.1608826
   Google Scholar
• Szczepańska, E. 2022. “Illegal Belarus Border Crossings in 2021” [Nielegalne przekroczenia granicy z Białorusią w 2021 r]. Straż Graniczna. https://www.strazgraniczna.pl/pl/aktualnosci/9689,Nielegalne-przekroczenia-granicy-z-Bialorusia-w-2021-r.html
   Google Scholar
• Tatarczyk, D., and W. Wojtasik. 2022. “The Incumbency Advantage during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Examining the 2020 Polish Presidential Election.” East European Politics and Societies. https://doi.org/10.1177/08883254221085307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tazbir, J. 2017. “From Antemurale to Przedmurze, the History of the Term.” Odrodzenie i reformacja w Polsce 61 (2): 67–87. https://doi.org/10.12775/OiRwP.2017.SI.04
   Google Scholar
• Triandafyllidou, A. 2018. “A Refugee Crisis Unfolding: Real Events and Their Interpretation in Media and Political Debates.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16 (1–2): 198–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2017.1309089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troszyński, M., and M. El-Ghamari. 2022. “A Great Divide: Polish Media Discourse on Migration, 2015–2018.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 9 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-01027-x
   Google Scholar
• Vergani, M., and E. Maria Tacchi. 2016. “When Catholics Turn Right: The Effects of the Islamic Terrorism Threat on the Fragmented Catholic Italian Voters.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (11): 1885–1903. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1112258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waever, O. 1995. “Securitization and Desecuritization.” In On Security, edited by D. L. Ronnie, edited by 46–86. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Widdowson, H. G. 1995. “Discourse Analysis: A Critical View.” Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 4 (3): 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/096394709500400301
   Google Scholar
• Wigura, K., Ł. Bertram, and A. Puchejda. 2017. Negative Portrayal of Muslims in the Polish Press. Warszawa: Kultura Liberalna’s Public Debate Observatory.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. C. 2003. “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics.” International Studies Quarterly 47 (4): 511–531. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0020-8833.2003.00277.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. C. 2011. “The Continuing Evolution of Securitization Theory.” In Securitization Theory. How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, edited by T. Balzacq, 212–222. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Winogrodzki, K. 2023. “Janina Ochojska on the ‘Mass Grave’ near the Polish-Belarusian Border. Deputy Head of the Ministry of Interior and Administration Reacts.” [Janina Ochojska O „zbiorowym Grobie” Przy Granicy polsko-białoruskiej. Wiceszef MSWiA Reaguje.” Wprost. 10 March 2023. https://www.wprost.pl/kraj/11131981/janina-ochojska-o-zbiorowym-grobie-przy-granicy-polsko-bialoruskiej-wiceszef-mswia-reaguje.html
   Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. 2011. “Critical Discourse Analysis.” In Continuum Companion to Discourse Analysis, edited by K. Hyland and B. Paltridge, 38–53. London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. 2019. “Entering the ‘Post-Shame Era’: The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, Populism and Neo-Authoritarianism in Europe.” Global Discourse: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Current Affairs 9 (1): 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1332/204378919X15470487645420
   Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. 2021. The Politics of Fear. The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Zawadzka-Paluektau, N. 2023. “Ukrainian Refugees in Polish Press.” Discourse & Communication 17 (1): 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813221111636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Żuk, P. 2020. “One Leader, One Party, One Truth: Public Television under the Rule of the Populist Right in Poland in the Pre-Election Period in 2019.” Javnost-The Public 27 (3): 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2020.1794413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar