62
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Nicotine and Alcohol Use as Predictors of Recreational Cannabis Use in Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis

, , , &

References

  • Abdel-Ghany, M., & Wang, M. Q. (2003). Contemporaneous and intertemporal relationship between the consumption of licit and illicit substances by youth. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 24(3), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025447305590
  • Albaugh, M. D., Ottino-Gonzalez, J., Sidwell, A., Lepage, C., Juliano, A., Owens, M. M., Chaarani, B., Spechler, P., Fontaine, N., Rioux, P., Lewis, L., Jeon, S., Evans, A., D’Souza, D., Radhakrishnan, R., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Quinlan, E. B., Conrod, P., … Garavan, H. (2021). Association of cannabis use during adolescence with neurodevelopment. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1258
  • Ali, M. M., Amialchuk, A., & Dwyer, D. S. (2011). The social contagion effect of marijuana use among adolescents. PLOS One, 6(1), e16183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016183
  • Audrain-McGovern, J., Stone, M. D., Barrington-Trimis, J., Leventhal, A. M., Unger, J. B., & Cruz, T. B. (2018). Adolescent e-cigarette, hookah, and conventional cigarette use and subsequent marijuana use. Pediatrics, 142(3), e20173616. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3616
  • Bava, S., Frank, L. R., McQueeny, T., Schweinsburg, B. C., Schweinsburg, A. D., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). Altered white matter microstructure in adolescent substance users. Psychiatry Research, 173(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.04.005
  • Bidwell, L. C., Martin-Willett, R., & Karoly, H. C. (2021). Advancing the science on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(6), 900–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13281
  • Butler, A. E., Gohari, M. R., Cole, A. G., Aleyan, S., Romano, I., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2022). Bidirectional associations between cannabis, e-cigarette, and cigarette use among Canadian youth: Findings from the COMPASS Study. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 29(5), 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2021.1929848
  • Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2017). Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016.pdf
  • Cerdá, M., Mauro, C., Hamilton, A., Levy, N. S., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Hasin, D., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., & Martins, S. S. (2020). Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254
  • Chadi, N., Schroeder, R., Jensen, J. W., & Levy, S. (2019). Association between electronic cigarette use and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(10), e192574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2574
  • Chen, C. Y., O’Brien, M. S., & Anthony, J. C. (2005). Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000–2001. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 79(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.014
  • Compton, W. M., Han, B., Jones, C. M., Blanco, C., & Hughes, A. (2016). Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002–14: Analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(10), 954–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30208-5
  • D’Amico, E. J., Tucker, J. S., Pedersen, E. R., Shih, R. A., & Dunbar, M. S. (2017). Understanding rates of marijuana use and consequences among adolescents in a changing legal landscape. Current Addiction Reports, 4(4), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-017-0170-y
  • Defoe, I. N., Dubas, J. S., & van Aken, M. A. (2023). A cross-national study on adolescent substance use: Intentions, peer substance use, and parent-adolescent communication. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(2), 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12832
  • Degenhardt, L., Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2003). Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction, 98(11), 1493–1504. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00437.x
  • Dierker, L., & Donny, E. (2008). The role of psychiatric disorders in the relationship between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among young adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10(3), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200801901898
  • Duan, Z., Wang, Y., Weaver, S. R., Spears, C. A., Zheng, P., Self-Brown, S. R., Eriksen, M. P., & Huang, J. (2022). Effect modification of legalizing recreational cannabis use on the association between e-cigarette use and future cannabis use among US adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 233, 109260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109260
  • Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., & Hops, H. (1998). Progressions of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use in adolescence. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(4), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018730814379
  • Esmaeelzadeh, S., Moraros, J., Thorpe, L., & Bird, Y. (2018). Examining the association and directionality between mental health disorders and substance use among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. and Canada—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(12), 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120543
  • Ezequiel, M., García-López, E., Morales-Quintero, L. A., Llamas, N. E., Marinaro, J. Á., & Muñoz, J. M. (2020). Adolescent brain development and progressive legal responsibility in the Latin American context. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00627
  • Galduróz, J. C. F., Noto, A. R., & Carlini, E. (1997). IV Drug survey the use among 1st and 2nd grade students in Brazilian capitals. Brazilian Center for Information on Psychotropic Drugs, Department of Psychobiology.
  • Gierisch, J. M., Beadles, C., Shapiro, A., McDuffie, J. R., Cunningham, N., Bradford, D., Strauss, J., Callahan, M., Chen, M., Hemminger, A., Kosinski, A., Nagi, A., & Williams, J. W.Jr. (2014). Health disparities in quality indicators of healthcare among adults with mental illness. VA ESP Project #09-010.
  • Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., Ware, M., Marmorstein, N., Cipriani, A., Dendukuri, N., & Mayo, N. (2019). Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500
  • Gogliettino, A. R., Potenza, M. N., & Yip, S. W. (2016). White matter development and tobacco smoking in young adults: A systematic review with recommendations for future research. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 162, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.015
  • Hall, W., & Weier, M. (2015). Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 97(6), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.110
  • Hammond, C. J., Chaney, A., Hendrickson, B., & Sharma, P. (2020). Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana legalization: A review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates. International Review of Psychiatry, 32(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1713056
  • Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2023). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane. Retrieved from https://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
  • Jensen, M. K., Sørensen, T. I. A., Andersen, A. T., Thorsen, T., Tolstrup, J. S., Godtfredsen, N. S., & Grønbaek, M. (2003). A prospective study of the association between smoking and later alcohol drinking in the general population. Addiction, 98(3), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00304.x
  • Johnson, R. M., LaValley, M., Schneider, K. E., Musci, R. J., Pettoruto, K., & Rothman, E. F. (2017). Marijuana use and physical dating violence among adolescents and emerging adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 174, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.012
  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Miech, R. A. (2019). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED594190
  • Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., Damaj, M. I., & Chen, X. (2014). Early smoking onset and risk for subsequent nicotine dependence: A monozygotic co-twin control study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4), 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030321
  • Keyes, K. M., Hamilton, A., & Kandel, D. B. (2016). Birth cohorts analysis of adolescent cigarette smoking and subsequent marijuana and cocaine use. American Journal of Public Health, 106(6), 1143–1149. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303128
  • Kirby, T., & Barry, A. E. (2012). Alcohol as a gateway drug: A study of US 12th graders. The Journal of School Health, 82(8), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x
  • Kooreman, H. (2017). The impact of substance use on the developing brain. The Center for Health Policy at the IU Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health.
  • Korhonen, T., van Leeuwen, A. P., Reijneveld, S. A., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C. (2010). Externalizing behaviour problems and cigarette smoking as predictors of cannabis use: The TRAILS study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-201001000-00010
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174.
  • Latimer, W., & Zur, J. (2010). Epidemiologic trends of adolescent use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19(3), 451–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.002
  • Leadbeater, B. J., Ames, M. E., & Linden-Carmichael, A. N. (2019). Age-varying effects of cannabis use frequency and disorder on symptoms of psychosis, depression, and anxiety in adolescents and adults. Addiction, 114(2), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14459
  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Brown, R. A. (1999). Level of current and past adolescent cigarette smoking as predictors of future substance use disorders in young adulthood. Addiction, 94(6), 913–921. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94691313.x
  • Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053
  • Miguez, M. C., & Becoña, E. (2015). Do cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption associate with cannabis use and problem gambling among Spanish adolescents? Adicciones, 27(1), 8–16.
  • Morin, J. G., Afzali, M. H., Bourque, J., Stewart, S. H., Séguin, J. R., O’Leary-Barrett, M., & Conrod, P. J. (2019). A population-based analysis of the relationship between substance use and adolescent cognitive development. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020202
  • Mustonen, A., Hielscher, E., Miettunen, J., Denissoff, A., Alakokkare, A.-E., Scott, J. G., & Niemelä, S. (2021). Adolescent cannabis use, depression, and anxiety disorders in the northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. BJPsych Open, 7(4), e137. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.967
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research (p. 486). The National Academies Press.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2014). Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment: A research-based guide. NIH Pub. No. 14-7953 (pp. 1–46). Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/podat-guide-adolescents-508.pdf
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, January 15). Statement of Nora Volkow, M.D. Director National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health before the Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives. Hearing on Cannabis Policies for the New Decade. Retrieved from https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/institutes/olpa/1-15-20-%20House%20E%26C-%20Cannabis.pdf
  • Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan—A web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
  • Pacheco-Colón, I., Hawes, S. W., Duperrouzel, J. C., & Gonzalez, R. (2021). Evidence lacking for cannabis users slacking: A longitudinal analysis of escalating cannabis use and motivation among adolescents. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(6), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561772000096X
  • Pacula, R. L., & Smart, R. (2017). Medical marijuana and marijuana legalization. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13(1), 397–419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128
  • Park, E., Livingston, J. A., Wang, W., Kwon, M., Eiden, R. D., & Chang, Y. (2020). Adolescent e-cigarette use trajectories and subsequent alcohol and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 103, 106213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106213
  • Pavani, R. A., Silva, E. D., de Moraes, M. S., & Neto, F. C. (2007). Marijuana consumption among high school students in São José do Rio Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil, 2003. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 10(2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2007000200004
  • Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012). Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of their co-use. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.002
  • Roche, D., Bujarski, S., Green, R., Hartwell, E. E., Leventhal, A. M., & Ray, L. A. (2019). Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana consumption is associated with increased odds of same-day substance co- and tri-use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 200, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.035
  • Rogers, S. M., Harrell, M. B., Chen, B., Springer, A., Loukas, A., & Perry, C. L. (2021). Multi-directional pathways of tobacco and marijuana use, including comorbid use, among a population-based cohort of adolescents in Texas: A six-wave cross-lagged model. Addictive Behaviors, 115, 106771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106771
  • Rovito, M. J., Bruzzone, A., Lee, E., Castillo, H. L., Talton, W., Taliaferro, L., & Falk, D. (2021). Assessing health-related quality of life among survivors of testicular cancer: A systematic review. American Journal of Men’s Health, 15(1), 1557988320982184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320982184
  • Sarvet, A. L., Wall, M. M., Fink, D. S., Greene, E., Le, A., Boustead, A. E., Pacula, R. L., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., Galea, S., & Hasin, D. S. (2018). Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 113(6), 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14136
  • Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1
  • Schauer, G. L., Berg, C. J., Kegler, M. C., Donovan, D. M., & Windle, M. (2015). Assessing the overlap between tobacco and marijuana: Trends in patterns of co-use of tobacco and marijuana in adults from 2003–2012. Addictive Behaviors, 49, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.012
  • Schleimer, J. P., Smith, N., Zaninovic, V., Keyes, K. M., Castillo-Carniglia, A., Rivera-Aguirre, A., & Cerdá, M. (2022). Trends in the sequence of initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among adolescents in Argentina and Chile from 2001 to 2017. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 100, 103494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103494
  • Schmid, B., Hohm, E., Blomeyer, D., Zimmermann, U. S., Schmidt, M. H., Esser, G., & Laucht, M. (2007). Concurrent alcohol and tobacco use during early adolescence characterizes a group at risk. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 42(3), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agm024
  • Seidel, A., Morgenstern, M., Galimov, M. D. A., Pedersen, A., Isensee, B., Goecke, M. A., & Hanewinkel, R. (2022). Use of electronic cigarettes as a predictor of cannabis experimentation: A longitudinal study among German youth. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 24(3), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab166
  • Shapira, B., Rosca, P., Berkovitz, R., Gorjaltsan, I., & Neumark, Y. (2020). The switch from one substance-of-abuse to another: Illicit drug substitution behaviors in a sample of high-risk drug users. PeerJ, 8, e9461. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9461
  • Silins, E., Horwood, L. J., Patton, G. C., Fergusson, D. M., Olsson, C. A., Hutchinson, D. M., Spry, E., Toumbourou, J. W., Degenhardt, L., Swift, W., Coffey, C., Tait, R. J., Letcher, P., Copeland, J., & Mattick, R. P. (2014). Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: An integrative analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 1(4), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70307-4
  • Spencer, E. A., & Brassey, J. (2017). Catalogue of biases collaboration, ascertainment bias. In Catalogue of bias. Retrieved from https://catalogofbias.org/biases/ascertainment-bias/
  • Staff, J., Vuolo, M., Kelly, B. C., Maggs, J. L., & Silva, C. P. (2022). Electronic cigarette use in adolescence is associated with later cannabis use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 232, 109302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109302
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Substance misuse prevention for young adults. Publication No. PEP19-PL-Guide-1. National Mental Health and Substance Use Policy Laboratory.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt39443/2021NSDUHFFRRev010323.pdf
  • Sullivan, E., & Austriaco, N. (2016). A virtue analysis of recreational marijuana use. The Linacre Quarterly, 83(2), 158–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00243639.2015.1125083
  • Sun, R., Mendez, D., Warner, K. E., Lemos, N. P., Shaikh, A., Dierker, L., & Villanti, A. C. (2022). Use of electronic cigarettes among cannabis-naive adolescents and its association with future cannabis use. JAMA Network Open, 5(7), e2223277. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23277
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking–50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Tobacco 21. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-21
  • Volkow, N. D. (2013). Marijuana facts for teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved January 1, 2023, from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/teens_brochure_2013.pdf
  • Wang, J. B., & Cataldo, J. K. (2016). Medical marijuana legalization and co-use in adult cigarette smokers. American Journal of Health Behavior, 40(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.40.2.5
  • Wang, Y., Duan, Z., Self-Brown, S. R., Weaver, S. R., Spears, C. A., Zheng, P., Eriksen, M. P., & Huang, J. (2022). Longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use and onset of multiple modes of cannabis use among US adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 131, 107316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107316
  • Weinberger, A. H., Wyka, K., & Goodwin, R. D. (2022). Impact of cannabis legalization in the United States on trends in cannabis use and daily cannabis use among individuals who smoke cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 238, 109563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109563
  • Welte, J. W., & Barnes, G. M. (1985). Alcohol: The gateway to other drug use among secondary-school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14(6), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02139522
  • Westling, E., Rusby, J. C., Crowley, R., & Light, J. M. (2022). A longitudinal study of e-cigarette, cigarette, and marijuana use sequence in youth. Tobacco Use Insights, 15, 1179173X221101813. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X221101813
  • Wetherill, R., Reagan, L. P., & Tapert, S. F. (2013). Adolescent brain development, substance use, and psychotherapeutic change. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 27(2), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029111
  • Winters, K. C., & Lee, C. Y. S. (2008). Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: Association with recent use and age. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1–3), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005
  • World Health Organization. (1998). The second decade: Improving adolescent health and development. WHO, Adolescent Health and Development Programme Brochure.
  • Xue, S., Husain, M. I., Zhao, H., & Ravindran, A. V. (2021). Cannabis use and prospective long-term association with anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(2), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720952251
  • Yuan, M., Cross, S. J., Loughlin, S. E., & Leslie, F. M. (2015). Nicotine and the adolescent brain. The Journal of Physiology, 593(16), 3397–3412. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270492

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.