Financial barriers and inequity in medical education in India: challenges to training a diverse and representative healthcare workforce

References

• Banerjee S. Determinants of rural-urban differential in healthcare utilization among the elderly population in India. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1–17. PMID: 34001026. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10773-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Physicians (per 1,000 people) - India, United Kingdom. World Health Organization’s Global Health Workforce Statistics, OECD, supplemented by country data. [cited 2023 Jan 31]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307055138/. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=IN-GB
   Google Scholar
• Business Standard. Rs 3 per day: That’s how much India spends for each Indian’s health. 2018 June 23 [cited 2022 Sep 3]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307055816/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rs-3-per-day-that-s-how-much-india-spends-for-each-indian-s-health-118062100103_1.html
   Google Scholar
• Business Standard. Health insurance coverage up in India but not robust yet, says NFHS. 2022 May 13 [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20230513052840/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/health-insurance-coverage-up-in-india-but-not-robust-yet-says-nfhs-122051301517_1.html
   Google Scholar
• The Commonwealth Fund. India | international health care system profiles. 2020 June 5 [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20230513053132/https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/india
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Poverty and equity brief. South Asia, India; 2020 Apr [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307060727/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_IND.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Madhok D India’s billionaires got richer while coronavirus pushed millions of vulnerable people into poverty. CNN Business. 2021 July 06 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230131201246/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/05/economy/ambani-adani-india-covid-billionaires-intl-hnk/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. Healthcare expenditure, UK Health Accounts; 2020 [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230121212550/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/bulletins/ukhealthaccounts/2020
   Google Scholar
• Das J, Daniels B, Ashok M, et al. Two Indias: the structure of primary health care markets in rural Indian villages with implications for policy. Soc Sci Med. 2022;301:112799. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das J, Hammer J. Money for nothing: the dire straits of medical practice in Delhi, India. J Dev Econ. 2007 May 1;83(1):1–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloschuk W, Tarrant M. Do students from rural backgrounds engage in rural family practice more than their urban-raised peers? Med Educ. 2004 Mar;38(3):259–61. PMID: 14996334. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2004.01764.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahmapurkar KP, Zodpey SP, Sabde YD, et al. The need to focus on medical education in rural districts of India. Natl Med J India. 2018 May-Jun;31(3):164–168. PMID: 31044766. doi: 10.4103/0970-258X.255761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipman SA, Wendling A, Jones KC, et al. The decline in rural medical students: a growing gap in geographic diversity threatens the rural Physician workforce. Health Aff. 2019 Dec;38(12):2011–2018. PMID: 31794312. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supe A, Burdick WP. Challenges and issues in medical education in India. Acad Med. 2006 Dec;81(12):1076–80. PMID: 17122473. doi: 10.1097/01.ACM.0000246699.94234.ab
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin Z, Burdick WP, Supe A, et al. Relevance of the flexner report to contemporary medical education in south Asia. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2010;85(2):333–339. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c874cb
   Google Scholar
• Sahai A. Medical education in India: introspection, challenges and reforms–A vision. J Anat Soc India. 2016 Dec 1;65(2):167–74. doi: 10.1016/j.jasi.2017.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood R. Medical education in India. Med Teach. 2008;30(6):585–91. doi: 10.1080/01421590802139823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand AC. Medical education in India: moments of pensive introspection. Trop Gastroenterol. 2009 Jan-Mar;30(1):54–8. PMID: 19624093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Careers 360. MBBS admission in India- courses, colleges, fee, seats, duration, eligibility. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220126194112/https://medicine.careers360.com/articles/mbbs-admission-in-india
   Google Scholar
• National Medical Commission. P.G. Medical Education Regulations. 2000 [cited 2023 Jan 1]. https://web.archive.org/web/20221009164723/https://www.nmc.org.in/rules-regulations/p-g-medical-education-regulations-2000/
   Google Scholar
• Singh T, Gupta P, Dhir SK. Medical education scenario in India over the years. Indian Pediatr. 2023;60(4):308–312. doi: 10.1007/s13312-023-2864-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Division of health sciences policy. Medical education and societal needs: a planning report for the health professions. Washington (D.C.): National Academies Press (U.S.); 1983 [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Chapter 7, MEDICAL SCHOOL ADMISSIONS. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20210507011744/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217679/
   Google Scholar
• Medical Schools Council. Entry requirements for U.K. medical schools. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220725211544/https://www.medschools.ac.uk/media/2877/entry-requirements-document-2022-digital.pdf
   Google Scholar
• The Times of India. Over 20 lakh applicants for NEET UG 2023. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230426191059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/over-20-lakh-applicants-for-neet-ug-2023/articleshow/99621365.cms
   Google Scholar
• National Medical Commission. List of colleges teaching MBBS. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231121001604/https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/
   Google Scholar
• The Medic Portal. UCAS application stats for 2023 entry medicine. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230323200550/https://www.themedicportal.com/blog/ucas-application-stats-for-2023-entry-medicine/
   Google Scholar
• NRMP. Results and Data. Main residency match. National Resident Matching Program. 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220421054620/https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/MM_Results_and-Data_2020-rev.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GMC. Recent pass rates for PLAB 1 and PLAB 2. General Medical Council [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20180714082502/https://www.gmc-uk.org/registration-and-licensing/join-the-register/plab/recent-pass-rates-for-plab-1-and-plab-2
   Google Scholar
• Shiksha Internal Authors. NEET PG result 2020: statistics released by N.B.E. suggest 89,549 qualified the exam. 2020 Jan 31 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220515173235/https://www.shiksha.com/medicine-health-sciences/articles/neet-pg-result-2020-statistics-released-by-nbe-suggest-89-549-qualified-the-exam-blogId-29943
   Google Scholar
• Ozair A, Bhat V, Detchou DKE. The US residency selection process after the United States medical licensing examination step 1 Pass/Fail change: overview for applicants and educators. JMIR Med Educ. 2023 Jan 6;9:e37069. doi: 10.2196/37069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Atlantic. Where pseudoscience is spreading. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230603182446/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/08/amitabh-bachchan-india-coronavirus/615310/
   Google Scholar
• Statista. Gini coefficient for India in selected years from 1983 to 2019. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available form: https://web.archive.org/web/20231122173600/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1273096/india-gini-index/
   Google Scholar
• Gao H, Liu W, Nie NJ. Who, what and where (WWW) problems in scientific communities. Sci Eng Ethics. 2018;24(1):327–330. doi: 10.1007/s11948-016-9843-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiriveedhi S, Myla A, Priya CV, et al. A study on the assessment of anxiety and its effects on students taking the national eligibility cum entrance test for undergraduates (NEET-UG) 2020. Cureus. 2023 Aug 28;15(8):e44240. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collegedunia. College Predictor For NEET 2023. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064307/https://collegedunia.com/neet-college-predictor
   Google Scholar
• Bal AM. Medicine, merit, money and caste: the complexity of medical education in India. Indian J Med Ethics. 2010;7(1):25–28. doi: 10.20529/IJME.2010.009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qadeer I. The real crisis in medical education. Indian J Med Ethics. 2006 Jul;3(3):95–96. doi: 10.20529/IJME.2006.036
   Google Scholar
• Brazeau CM, Schroeder R, Rovi S, et al. Relationship between medical student service and empathy. Acad Med. 2011 Oct;86(10 Suppl):S42–5. PMID: 21955767. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31822a6ae0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojat M. Assessments of empathy in medical school admissions: what additional evidence is needed? Int J Med Educ. 2014 Jan 11;5:7–10. PMID: 25341204; PMCID: PMC4207176. DOI:10.5116/ijme.52b7.5294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholson S. The benefits of aptitude testing for selecting medical students. BMJ. 2005 Sep 10;331(7516):559–60. PMID: 16150767; PMCID: PMC1200592. doi: 10.1136/bmj.331.7516.559
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiksha Internal Authors. National Education Boards in India – CBSE, CISCE, NIOS. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230227222719/https://www.shiksha.com/education-boards-in-india-chp
   Google Scholar
• Allen. Pre-Nurture & Career Foundation [PNCF]: courses. Kota: Allen Career Institute; [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220410065333/https://www.allen.ac.in/pncf/kota/2020-21/pre-nurture-career-foundation-coaching/courses-for-pncf-2020-21.asp
   Google Scholar
• Allen. NEET(U.G.) 2019. Allen Career Institute. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220410065440/allen.ac.in/results/neet-ug-2019-result-all-india-toppers.asp
   Google Scholar
• Allen. AIIMS 2019 Result. Allen Career Institute. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20221004044826/https://www.allen.ac.in/apps/selection-results/yesteryears/default.asp?e=AIIMS&y=2019&c=
   Google Scholar
• Collegedunia. Dummy school vs regular school vs integrated school - which one to choose? [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064508/https://collegedunia.com/social/356-dummy-school-vs-regular-school-vs-integrated-school-which-one-to-choose
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed IS Data on medical admissions proves NEET is anti-poor, say judges. The Hindu. 2019 Nov 05 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web/20230307064832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/data-on-medical-admissions-proves-neet-is-anti-poor-say-judges/article29882825.ece
   Google Scholar
• NITI Aayog. Education change in rankings. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064954/https://social.niti.gov.in/edu-new-ranking%20
   Google Scholar
• Allen. Pre-Medical NEET (U.G.), AIIMS: Courses. AIPMT (NEET-UG) & AIIMS Courses & Fee Structure For Session 2023-24. Allen Career Institute: Kota; [cited 2023 Mar 7]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20221204023416/https://www.allen.ac.in/kota/neet-ug-aiims-coaching.asp
   Google Scholar
• Business standard. India’s per capita income remains below pre-Covid level in 2021-22. 2022 Jun 1 [cited 2022 Sep 3]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095531/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-s-per-capita-income-remains-below-pre-covid-level-in-2021-22-122053101435_1.html
   Google Scholar
• Allen. Courses for pre-medical NEET (UG). [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231103182659/https://www.allen.ac.in/kochi/2023-24/neet-ug-aiims-coaching/courses-for-neet-ug-aiims-2023-24.asp
   Google Scholar
• Careers 360. Best NEET coaching institutes in India with fees structure -coachings, tutorials. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230320125435/https://medicine.careers360.com/articles/best-neet-coaching-institutes-in-india-with-fees-structure
   Google Scholar
• Physics Wallah. Physics wallah fee structure, courses fee for all offline and online classes. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231103183924/https://www.pw.live/exams/vidyapeeth/physics-wallah-fee-structure/
   Google Scholar
• Allen. Classroom courses for PRE-MEDICAL NEET (UG). [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231103185152/https://www.allen.ac.in/ujjain/2023-24/neet-ug-aiims-coaching/courses-for-neet-ug-aiims-2023-24.asp?course=enth-off
   Google Scholar
• Byju’s. Aakash BYJU’S live online classroom program. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Availble from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230406183037/https://shop.byjus.com/collections/byjus-online-classroom-program
   Google Scholar
• Unacademy. NEET UG subscription. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052609/https://unacademy.com/goal/neet-ug/YOTUH/subscribe?plan_type=iconic
   Google Scholar
• Resonance. Samarth. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230609143617/https://www.resonance.ac.in/courses/Samarth.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Resonance. Resonance FEE Structure For NEET Courses (2024-25). [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231104031336/https://www.resonance.ac.in/courses/fee-structure-neet.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Margshree. NEET Coaching Fees Structure in Delhi NCR. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121221/https://margshree.com/neet-course/neet-course-fee/
   Google Scholar
• Kini SB. A serious compromise in the quality of medical education in India by some Recently established private medical colleges. Online J Health Allied Scs. 2022;21(4):12. Available from: https://www.ojhas.org/issue84/2022-4-12.html
   Google Scholar
• Mahal A, Mohanan M. Growth of private medical education in India. Med Educ. 2006 Oct;40(10):1009–11. PMID: 16987192. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02560.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabde Y, Diwan V, De Costa A, et al. Mapping the rapid expansion of India’s medical education sector: planning for the future. BMC Med Educ. 2014 Dec 17;14:266. PMID: 25515419; PMCID: PMC4302536. 10.1186/s12909-014-0266-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu TA, Joseph NM, Sharmila V. Academic dishonesty among undergraduates from private medical schools in India. Are we on the right track? Med Teach. 2011;33(9):759–61. Epub 2011 May 19. PMID: 21592022. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2011.576717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Counselling Committee. Institute’s Information. [cited 2022 Sep 3]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20221018070436/https://mcc.nic.in/UGCounselling/Home/GetInstituteProfile
   Google Scholar
• The Print. MBBS seats rose 110% in 10 yrs, number of medical aspirants up by over 14 lakh, govt tells LS. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230807200033/https://theprint.in/india/education/mbbs-seats-rose-110-in-10-yrs-number-of-medical-aspirants-up-by-over-14-lakh-govt-tells-ls/1703978/
   Google Scholar
• The Indian Express. The prohibitive cost of private medical education in India. 2022 Mar 3 [cited 2022 Sep 03]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220308195048/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2022/mar/03/the-prohibitive-cost-of-private-medical-education-in-india-2425697.html
   Google Scholar
• Bansal RK. Private medical education takes off in India. Lancet. 2003 May 17;361(9370):1748–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh T. Commercialisation of medical education–a review of capitation fee colleges. J Indian Med Assoc. 1994 Sep;92(9):301–303. PMID: 7814906.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joy SRR, Vijayan S, Ugargol A. Mushrooming of private medical schools in india, the present student profile and cost of medical education and its impact On equity, health care accessibility, cost and perceived quality of health care(2007) IHEA 2007 6th world congress: explorations in health economics paper. Available at SSRN: or 10.2139/ssrn.992143http://ssrn.com/abstract=992143
   Google Scholar
• The Times of India. Fee in govt medical colleges goes op by up to 400%. 2018 Jul 29 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. https://web.archive.org/web/20220913040955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/fee-in-govt-medical-colleges-goes-up-by-up-to-400/articleshow/65181424.cms
   Google Scholar
• Medical Dialogues. Punjab Govt criticised for 75% MBBS fee hike in GMCs. 2022 Sep 10 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. https://web.archive.org/web/20220410065820/https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/punjab/punjab-govt-criticised-for-75-percent-mbbs-fee-hike-at-gmcs-69417
   Google Scholar
• The Times of India. Haryana government hikes MBBS fee to rs 40 lakh. 2022 Nov 09 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220410065906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hry-govt-hikes-mbbs-fee-to-rs-40l/articleshow/79118518.cms
   Google Scholar
• Harrison’s Principles Of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2). Amazon [cited 2022 Apr 6]. https://web.archive.org/web/20220410070025/https://www.amazon.in/Harrisons-Principles-Internal-Medicine-Twentieth/dp/1259644030
   Google Scholar
• Collegedunia. NEET PG 2022 exam pattern, marking scheme, & distribution of questions. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220410070127/https://collegedunia.com/exams/neet-pg/exam-pattern.
   Google Scholar
• INI-CET. Institute of national ImportanceCombined entrance test (INI-CET)for PG courses. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231122184928/https://docs.aiimsexams.ac.in/sites/1_PROSPECTUS%20PART-A%20INI-CET%20JANUARY%202024%20SESSION-FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shiksha. NEET PG Seats in India: Check State-wise List Here!. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230131084539/https://www.shiksha.com/medicine-health-sciences/articles/neet-pg-seats-in-india-blogId-62867
   Google Scholar
• Medical Dialogues. Around 1.8 lakh candidates appeared for NEET-PG 2022. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220628091430/https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/around-18-lakh-candidates-appeared-for-neet-pg-2022-93387
   Google Scholar
• Arvind A, Amit T, Ashish G. Review of postgraduate medical entrance examination. 9th ed. Vol. 2. In: Pathology. Gorakhpur: Pulse Publications; 2013. p. 350–355.
   Google Scholar
• Delhi Academy of Medical Sciences. Achievement MD/MS courses. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20221202065506/https://www.damsdelhi.com/topper-zone
   Google Scholar
• Collegedunia. DR. Bhatia medical coaching institute (NEET-PG, AIMS-PG). [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231103191720/https://collegedunia.com/institute/108-dr-bhatia-medical-coaching-institute-neet-pg-aims-pg-new-delhi
   Google Scholar
• Egurukul. Select your package & plan. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307093630/https://www.egurukulapp.com/package/packagePlan
   Google Scholar
• Prepladder. Dream Pack 4.0. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20221209094008/https://www.prepladder.com/courses/medical-pg/plan
   Google Scholar
• Marrow. The gold standard for NEET PG - NEXT. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307094628/https://www.marrow.com/pro?source=google
   Google Scholar
• Unacademy. NEET PG: select a subscription that suits you. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231122191311/https://unacademy.com/goal/neet-pg-live/SDDOC/subscribe?plan_type=iconic
   Google Scholar
• Speed Institute. NEXT PG Courses. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231103193215/https://www.speedmedicalcentre.com/neet-pg-coaching/pg-preparation-courses/
   Google Scholar
• Belur R RGUHS plans coaching for P.G. medical entrance from next year. Deccan Herald. D.H. News Service; 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220410071542/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-districts/rguhs-plans-coaching-for-pg-medical-entrance-from-next-year-809898.html
   Google Scholar
• Shiksha Internal Authors. 687 MD colleges in India. [cites 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230131081453/https://www.shiksha.com/medicine-health-sciences/colleges/md-colleges-india
   Google Scholar
• The New Indian Express. Act against private colleges not paying PG students: medicos tell NMC; [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230829053723/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/aug/29/act-against-private-colleges-not-paying-pg-students-medicos-tell-nmc-2609669.html
   Google Scholar
• The New Indian Express. Red tape? T.N. govt P.G. doctors’ salary gets delayed. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. https://web.archive.org/web/20221027203232/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/oct/17/red-tape-tn-govt-pg-doctors-salary-gets-delayed–2508943.html
   Google Scholar
• Wikipedia. Internship (Medicine). [cited 2023 Jan 1]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230224235640/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internship_(medicine)
   Google Scholar
• Wikipedia. Medical education in India. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230130155248/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_education_in_India
   Google Scholar
• National Medical Commission. Public Notice. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230604045541/https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/Public%20Notice%20-%20NExT%20Regulations.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Medical Commission. Public Notice. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230112054933/https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/Public%20Notice%20-%20NExT%20Regulations.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ozair A, Bhat V, Detchou DKE. The U.S. Residency selection process after the United States medical licensing examination step 1 pass/fail change: overview for applicants and educators. JMIR Med Educ. 2023;9:e37069. PMID: 36607718. doi: 10.2196/37069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burk-Rafel J, Santen SA, Purkiss J. Study behaviors and USMLE step 1 performance: implications of a student self-directed parallel curriculum. Acad Med. 2017;92(11S):S67–S74. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001916
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• USMLE. Change to pass/fail score reporting for step 1. [cited 2022 Mar 20]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162507/https://www.usmle.org/usmle-step-1-transition-passfail-only-score-reporting
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan. Clinical skills prep: realistic practice, real results. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230307100430/https://www.kaptest.com/usmle-step-2cs
   Google Scholar
• Samson Clinical Courses. Welcome to PLAB 2 section. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151952/https://samsoncourses.com/plab-2/
   Google Scholar
• Youngclaus J, Roskovensky L. An updated look at the economic diversity of U.S. Medical students. AAMC Analysis In Brief. 2018;18(5):1–3 [cited 2022 April 6]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/system/files/reports/1/october2018anupdatedlookattheeconomicdiversityofu.s.medicalstud.pdf:https://web.archive.org/web/20220805231754/
   Google Scholar
• Pisaniello MS, Asahina AT, Bacchi S, et al. Effect of medical student debt on mental health, academic performance and specialty choice: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):e029980. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. Income and poverty in the United States: 2020. 2021 Sep 14 [cited 2022 Sep 3]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230226154717/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.html
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen M, Desai MM, Fancher TL, et al. Temporal trends in childhood household income among applicants and matriculants to Medical School and the likelihood of acceptance by income, 2014-2019. JAMA. 2023 May 11;329(21): 1882. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37166785. 10.1001/jama.2023.5654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guevara JP, Wade R, Aysola J. Racial and ethnic diversity at medical schools - why Aren’t we there yet? N Engl J Med. 2021;385(19):1732–1734. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2105578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karan A, Negandhi H, Hussain S, et al. Size, composition and distribution of health workforce in India: why, and where to invest? Hum Resour Health. 2021 Mar 22;19(1):39. PMID: 33752675; PMCID: PMC7983088. doi: 10.1186/s12960-021-00575-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma DC. India still struggles with rural doctor shortages. Lancet. 2015 Dec 12;386(10011):2381–2. PMID: 26700521. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01231-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel S, Angeli F, Dhirar N, et al. Factors affecting medical students’ interests in working in rural areas in north india-A qualitative inquiry.PloS One. 2019 Jan 10;14(1):e0210251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadiaghdam N, Doshmangir L, Babaie J, et al. Determining factors in the retention of physicians in rural and underdeveloped areas: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2020 Oct 23;21(1):216. PMID: 33097002; PMCID: PMC7585284. doi: 10.1186/s12875-020-01279-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao M, Rao KD, Kumar AK, et al. Human resources for health in India. Lancet. 2011 Feb 12;377(9765):587–598. Epub 2011 Jan 10. PMID: 21227499. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61888-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudhinaraset M, Ingram M, Lofthouse HK, et al. What is the role of informal healthcare providers in developing countries? A systematic review. PloS One. 2013;8(2):e54978. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautham M, Shyamprasad KM, Singh R, et al. Informal rural healthcare providers in North and South India. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(suppl 1):i20–i29. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czt050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanjilal B, Mondal S, Samanta T, et al. “A parallel health care market: Rural medical practitioners in West Bengal, India” (Future Health Systems Research Brief No. 2). Institute of Health Management Research, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Das J, Chowdhury A, Hussam R, et al. The impact of training informal health care providers in India: a randomized controlled trial. Science.2016 Oct 7;354(6308):aaf7384. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf7384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varghese J. The new rural doctor: qualified quack or appropriate healthcare provider? Indian J Med Ethics. 2010;7(2):70–72. doi: 10.20529/IJME.2010.028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Launcher A. State-wise medical pg bond details for neet pg 2021-22. [cited 2022 Sept 3]. https://web.archive.org/web/20221001010528/https://www.admissionlauncher.com/medical-pg-bond-in-different-state/
   Google Scholar
• Mohan P, Kumar R. Strengthening primary care in rural India: lessons from Indian and global evidence and experience. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Jul;8(7):2169–2172. PMID: 31463225; PMCID: PMC6691438. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_426_19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The World Bank. Current health expenditure (% of G.D.P.). 2022 January 30 [cited 2022 Aug 6]. https://web.archive.org/web/20230302070941/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS
   Google Scholar
• Leaune E, Rey-Cadilhac V, Oufker S, et al. Medical students attitudes toward and intention to work with the underserved: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Feb 24;21(1):129. PMID: 33627102; PMCID: PMC7905612. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02517-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris CG, Johnson B, Kim S, et al. Training family physicians in community health centers: a health workforce solution. Fam Med. 2008 Apr;40(4):271–6. PMID: 18382840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington I, Shrestha S, Reich NG, et al. Career intentions of medical students in the setting of Nepal’s rapidly expanding private medical education system. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(5):417–428. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czr052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wibulpolprasert S, Pengpaibon P. Integrated strategies to tackle the inequitable distribution of doctors in Thailand: four decades of experience. Hum Resour Health. 2003 Nov 25;1(1):12. PMID: 14641940; PMCID: PMC317381. doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-1-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The New York Times. Surprise gift: free tuition for all N.Y.U. Medical students. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230726162632/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/nyregion/nyu-free-tuition-medical-school.html
   Google Scholar
• NYU Langone Health. Affordability & financial aid for MD students. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231029095043/https://med.nyu.edu/education/md-degree/affordability-financial-aid
   Google Scholar
• CBSNews. How the NYU School of Medicine is going tuition-free. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230128040300/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tuition-free-medical-school-how-the-nyu-school-of-medicine-is-going-tuition-free-60-minutes-2019-12-29/
   Google Scholar
• SMSIMSR. In rural for rural. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230326153747/https://smsimsr.org/
   Google Scholar
• Business Standard. SMSIMSR focuses on rural medical education, increased enrollment for girls. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230429074146/https://www.business-standard.com/education/news/simsr-outs-focus-on-rural-medical-education-increased-enrollment-for-girls-123033000947_1.html
   Google Scholar
• The Hindu. All free medical education seats at SMSIMSR college filled up. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20231010023508/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/all-free-medical-education-seats-at-smsimsr-college-filled-up/article67369610.ece
   Google Scholar
• Igumbor EU, Del Río A, Buso DL. Training medical students in the community - memoirs and reflections of the University of Transkei medical School. Med Educ Online. 2006 Dec;11(1):4605. PMID: 28253780. doi: 10.3402/meo.v11i.4605
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Report on the WHO/PEPFAR planning meeting on scaling up nursing and medical education. Geneva: WHO. 2009 [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/images/WHO.PEPFAR_ScalingUpPlanningRept.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Takeshita J, Wang S, Loren AW, et al. Association of racial/ethnic and gender concordance between patients and physicians with patient experience ratings. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(11):e2024583. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole KG Jr. ‘I want a doctor who looks like me’: the dilemma of race-based requests. Ccjm. 2020 May;87(5):268–270. PMID: 32357980. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.19110
   Google Scholar
• Gomez LE, Bernet P. Diversity improves performance and outcomes. J Natl Med Assoc. 2019 Aug;111(4):383–392. Epub 2019 Feb 11. PMID: 30765101. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2019.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diwan V, Minj C, Chhari N, et al. Indian medical students in public and private sector medical schools: are motivations and career aspirations different? – studies from Madhya Pradesh, India.BMC Med Educ. 2013 Sep 15;13(1):127. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-13-127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozair A, Singh KK. Delivering high-quality, Equitable Care in India: an ethically-resilient framework for healthcare innovation after COVID-19. Front Public Health. 2021 Feb 18;9: 640598. PMID: 33681137; PMCID: PMC7935506. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.640598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar