54
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Longitudinal associations between critical consciousness, school racial climate, and belonging in school

References

  • Agarwal, S., & Sen, A. (2022). Antiracist curriculum and digital platforms: Evidence from Black Lives Matter. Management Science, 68(4), 2932–2948. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4281
  • Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018). What schools need to know about fostering school belonging: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9389-8
  • Allen, K.-A., & Kern, M. L. (2017). School belonging in adolescents: Theory, research and practice. Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5996-4
  • Alvarez, B. (2021). Teaching with an anti-racist lens. National Education Association. https://www.nea.org/advocating-for-change/new-from-nea/teaching-anti-racist-lens.
  • Arslan, G. (2018). Understanding the association between school belonging and emotional health in adolescents. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 7(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2018.3117
  • Asher, S. R., & Weeks, M. S. (2014). Loneliness and belongingness in the College Years. In R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude (pp. 283–301). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118427378.ch16
  • Bañales, J., Aldana, A., Richards-Schuster, K., Flanagan, C. A., Diemer, M. A., & Rowley, S. J. (2019). Youth anti-racism action: Contributions of youth perceptions of school racial messages and critical consciousness. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(8), 3079–3100. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22266
  • Bañales, J., Aldana, A., Richards-Schuster, K., & Merritt, A. (2023). Something you can see, hear, and feel: A descriptive, exploratory mixed-methods analysis of youths’ articulations about racism. Journal of Adolescent Research, 38(3), 493–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584211062117
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • Byrd, C. M. (2015). The associations of intergroup interactions and school racial socialization with academic motivation. The Journal of Educational Research, 108(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.831803
  • Byrd, C. M. (2017). The complexity of school racial climate: Reliability and validity of a new measure for secondary students. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(4), 700–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12179
  • Byrd, C. M. (2023). Cycles of development in learning about identities, diversity, and equity. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 29(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000389
  • Byrd, C. M., & Ahn, L. H. (2020). Profiles of ethnic-racial socialization from family, school, neighborhood, and the Internet: Relations to adolescent outcomes. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(6), 1942–1963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22393
  • Cerda-Smith, J., Joy, A., Mathews, C., Knox, J., & Mulvey, K. L. (2023). STEM-related outcomes for adolescents with differing perceptions of school racial climate: A latent class analysis. Science Education, 107(3), 651–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21784
  • Cerda-Smith, J., Yust, P. K. S., Weeks, M. S., Asher, S. R., & Mulvey, K. L. (2024). A novel approach for evaluating a schoolwide antiracist curriculum intervention. AERA Open, 10, 23328584231223476. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584231223476
  • Clark, S., & Seider, S. (2017). Developing critical curiosity in adolescents. Equity & Excellence in Education, 50(2), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2017.1301835
  • Clark, S., & Seider, S. (2020). The role of curiosity in the sociopolitical development of Black and Latinx adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(1), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12511
  • Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.558
  • Debnam, K. J., Johnson, S. L., Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2014). Equity, connection, and engagement in the school context to promote positive youth development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(3), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12083
  • Diemer, M. A., Rapa, L. J., Park, C. J., & Perry, J. C. (2017). Development and validation of the Critical Consciousness Scale. Youth & Society, 49(4), 461–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X14538289
  • Dull, B. D., Hoyt, L. T., & Chaku, N. (2022). White adolescents' racial contexts: Associations with critical action. Child Development, 93(6), 1698–1712. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13812 35713325
  • Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2011). Schools as developmental contexts during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00725.x
  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Seabury Press.
  • Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Thirtieth anniversary edition. Continuum, [2000] ©2000. https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999895194802121.
  • Garcia Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131600
  • Golden, A. R., & Byrd, C. M. (2022). Examining critical reflection as a mediator between school racial climate experiences and anti-racist action. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(3), 1109–1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12778
  • Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 79–90.(199301)30:1 < 79::AID-PITS2310300113 > 3.0.CO;2-X https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807
  • Gover, A. R., Harper, S. B., & Langton, L. (2020). Anti-Asian hate crime during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the reproduction of inequality. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), 647–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09545-1
  • Gravlee, C. C. (2020). Systemic racism, chronic health inequities, and COVID-19: A syndemic in the making? American Journal of Human Biology, 32(5), e23482. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23482
  • Gray, D. L., Hope, E. C., & Byrd, C. M. (2020). Why Black adolescents are vulnerable at school and how schools can provide opportunities to belong to fix it. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732219868744
  • Gray, D. L., Hope, E. C., & Matthews, J. S. (2018). Black and belonging at school: A case for interpersonal, instructional, and institutional opportunity structures. Educational Psychologist, 53(2), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2017.1421466
  • Hairston, H. L. (2021). Belonging behind the screen. An exploration of ways that sense of belonging impacts adolescent Black girls during virtual learning. Dissertations Available from ProQuest. https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI28652571.
  • Heberle, A. E., Rapa, L. J., & Farago, F. (2020). Critical consciousness in children and adolescents: A systematic review, critical assessment, and recommendations for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 146(6), 525–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000230
  • Hope, E. C., & Bañales, J. (2018). Black early adolescent critical reflection of inequitable sociopolitical conditions: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 34(2), 167–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558418756360
  • Hope, E. C., Smith, C. D., Griffin, C. B., & Briggs, A. S. (2021). Centering antiracism in schools to support belonging for Black students. In B. S. Faircloth, Gonzalez, L. M., Ramos, K. (Ed.), Resisting barriers to belonging: Conceptual critique and critical applications (pp. 45–62). Lexington Books.
  • Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
  • Jemal, A. (2017). Critical Consciousness: A Critique and Critical Analysis of the Literature. The Urban Review, 49(4), 602–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-017-0411-3
  • Jones, J. M. (2021). The dual pandemics of COVID-19 and systemic racism: Navigating our path forward. School Psychology, 36(5), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000472
  • Kendi, I. X. (2016). Stamped from the beginning: The definitive history of racist ideas in America. Nation Books.
  • Lewis, N. (2022). What happens when American children learn about racism. FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-happens-when-american-children-learn-about-racism/.
  • Lynch, I., Swartz, S., & Isaacs, D. (2017). Anti-racist moral education: A review of approaches, impact and theoretical underpinnings from 2000 to 2015. Journal of Moral Education, 46(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2016.1273825
  • Mackinnon, S. P., Curtis, R., & O’Connor, R. (2022). A tutorial in longitudinal measurement invariance and cross-lagged panel models using Lavaan. Meta-Psychology, 6, 234. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tkzrb
  • Maker Castro, E., Wray-Lake, L., & Cohen, A. K. (2022). Critical consciousness and wellbeing in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 7(4), 499–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00188-3
  • Mathews, C., Medina, M., Bañales, J., Pinetta, B., Marchand, A., Agi, A., Miller, S., Hoffman, A., Diemer, M., & Rivas‐Drake, D. (2019). Mapping the intersections of adolescents’ ethnic-racial identity and critical consciousness. Adolescent Research Review, 5(4), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-019-00122-0
  • Monchinski, T. (2008). Critical pedagogy and the everyday classroom (Vol. 3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8463-8_4
  • Moore, J. T., Ricaldi, J. N., Rose, C. E., Fuld, J., Parise, M., Kang, G. J., Driscoll, A. K., Norris, T., Wilson, N., Rainisch, G., Valverde, E., Beresovsky, V., Agnew Brune, C., Oussayef, N. L., Rose, D. A., Adams, L. E., Awel, S., Villanueva, J., Meaney-Delman, D., & Honein, M. A. (2020). Disparities in incidence of COVID-19 among underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in counties identified as hotspots during June 5–18, 2020–22 States, February–June 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(33), 1122–1126. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6933e1
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. (2017). Mplus user’s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables, user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén.
  • Myers, V. (2021). Anti-racist education benefits all of us. American Federation of Teachers. https://www.aft.org/news/anti-racist-education-benefits-all-us.
  • Nelsen, M. D. (2020). Educating for empowerment: Race, socialization, and reimagining civic education [unpublished dissertation]. Northwestern University.
  • Nelsen, M. D. (2021). Cultivating youth engagement: Race & the behavioral effects of critical pedagogy. Political Behavior, 43(2), 751–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09573-6
  • Patterson, M. M., Fite, P. J., Zucker, J. K., & Abel, M. R. (2021). Critical consciousness among rural adolescents: The roles of school connection and positive relationships with teachers. Social Psychology of Education, 24(2), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09613-2
  • Perry, S. P., Skinner-Dorkenoo, A. L., Wages, J. E., & Abaied, J. L. (2021). Systemic considerations in child development and the pursuit of racial equality in the United States. Psychological Inquiry, 32(3), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2021.1971453
  • Pinedo, A., Vossoughi, N., & Lewis, N. A. (2021). Critical pedagogy and children’s beneficial development. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(2), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322211033000
  • Rapa, L. J., Bolding, C. W., & Jamil, F. M. (2020). Development and initial validation of the short critical consciousness scale (CCS-S). Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 70, 101164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101164
  • Rapa, L. J., Bolding, C. W., & Jamil, F. M. (2022). (Re)examining the effects of open classroom climate on the critical consciousness of preadolescent and adolescent youth. Applied Developmental Science, 26(3), 471–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2020.1861946
  • Reynolds, J., & Kendi, I. X. (2020). Stamped: Racism, antiracism, and you. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Sawchuk, S. (2021). What is Critical Race Theory, and why is it under attack?. EducationWeek. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/what-is-critical-race-theory-and-why-is-it-under-attack/2021/05.
  • Seider, S., Clark, S., Graves, D., Kelly, L. L., Soutter, M., El-Amin, A., & Jennett, P. (2019). Black and Latinx adolescents’ developing beliefs about poverty and associations with their awareness of racism. Developmental Psychology, 55(3), 509–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000585
  • Seider, S., & Graves, D. (2020). Schooling for critical consciousness: Engaging Black and Latinx youth in analyzing, navigating, and challenging racial injustice. Harvard Education Press.
  • Seymour, K., Skattebol, J., & Pook, B. (2020). Compounding education disengagement: COVID-19 lockdown, the digital divide and wrap-around services. Journal of Children’s Services, 15(4), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCS-08-2020-0049
  • Steenkamp, J. x., Benedict, E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(1), 78–107. https://doi.org/10.1086/209528
  • Stout, C., Wilburn, T. (2022). CRT Map: Efforts to restrict teaching racism and bias have multiplied across the U.S. Chalkbeat. Retrieved April 12, from https://www.chalkbeat.org/22525983/map-critical-race-theory-legislation-teaching-racism.
  • Thomann, C. R. B., & Suyemoto, K. L. (2018). Developing an antiracist stance: How White youth understand structural racism. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(6), 745–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431617692443
  • Torres, C. (2020). All students need anti-racism education. Learning for Justice. https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/all-students-need-antiracism-education.
  • Tyler, C. P., Geldhof, G. J., Black, K. L., & Bowers, E. P. (2020). Critical reflection and positive youth development among White and Black adolescents: Is understanding inequality connected to thriving? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(4), 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01092-1
  • Vaz, S., Falkmer, M., Parsons, R., Passmore, A. E., Parkin, T., & Falkmer, T. (2014). School belongingness and mental health functioning across the primary-secondary transition in a mainstream sample: Multi-group cross-lagged analyses. PLoS One, 9(6), e99576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099576
  • Watts, R. J., Diemer, M. A., & Voight, A. M. (2011). Critical consciousness: Current status and future directions. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2011(134), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.310
  • Watts, R. J., Griffith, D. M., & Abdul-Adil, J. (1999). Sociopolitical development as an antidote for oppression – Theory and action. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(2), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022839818873
  • Woolverton, G. A., & Marks, A. K. (2022). An integrative model for the development of anti-racist behavior in white adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2020, 074355842210914. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584221091492
  • Wray-Lake, L., Alvis, L., Plummer, J. A., Shubert, J., & Syvertsen, A. K. (2023). Adolescents’ developing awareness of inequality: Racial and ethnic differences in trajectories. Child Development, 94(2), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13870

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.