60
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Mexican Psychology Students

, , , , &
Received 04 Oct 2023, Accepted 18 Mar 2024, Published online: 17 Apr 2024

References

  • Abdel-Wahed, W. Y., & Hassan, S. K. (2017). Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among medical Fayoum University students. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 53(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2016.01.005
  • Acharya, L., Jin, L., & Collins, W. (2018). College life is stressful today–emerging stressors and depressive symptoms in college students. Journal of American College Health, 66(7), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1451869
  • Afifi, T. O., Taillieu, T., Salmon, S., Davila, I. G., Stewart-Tufescu, A., Fortier, J., Struck, S., Asmundson, G., Sareen, J., & MacMillan, H. L. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), peer victimization, and substance use among adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 106, 104504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104504
  • Ahmad, B., Latif, S., Bilal, A. R., & Hai, M. (2019). The mediating role of career resilience on the relationship between career competency and career success: An empirical investigation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 11(3), 209–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-04-2019-0079
  • Ang, W. H. D., Shorey, S., Zheng, Z. J., Ng, W. H. D., Chen, E. C.-W., Shah, L. B. I., Chew, H. S. J., & Lau, Y. (2022). Resilience for undergraduate students: Development and evaluation of a theory-driven, evidence-based and learner centered digital resilience skills enhancement (RISE) program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912729
  • Arratia, N. I. G., Medina, J. L. V., & García, J. M. S. (2003). Autoestima en jóvenes universitarios. CIENCIA ergo-sum, 10(2), 173–179. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10410206
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II. Beck depression inventory second edition. Manual. The Psychological Corporation.
  • Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Ford, K., Rodriguez, G. R., Sethi, D., & Passmore, J. (2019). Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 4(10), e517–e528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30145-8
  • Benson, J. B. (2020). Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development. Elsevier.
  • Blum, R. W., Li, M., & Naranjo-Rivera, G. (2019). Measuring adverse child experiences among young adolescents globally: Relationships with depressive symptoms and violence perpetration. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(1), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.020
  • Cameron, J. L., Eagleson, K. L., Fox, N. A., Hensch, T. K., & Levitt, P. (2017). Social origins of developmental risk for mental and physical illness. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 37(45), 10783–10791. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1822-17.2017
  • Chandavarkar, U., Azzam, A., & Mathews, C. A. (2007). Anxiety symptoms and perceived performance in medical students. Depression and Anxiety, 24(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20185
  • Charlton, A. C., & Wofford, L. G. (2022). Maladaptive coping behaviors in pre-licensure nursing students: An integrative review. Journal of Professional Nursing, 39, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.01.011
  • Chi, X., Becker, B., Yu, Q., Willeit, P., Jiao, C., Huang, L., Hossain, M. M., Grabovac, I., Yeung, A., Lin, J., Veronese, N., Wang, J., Zhou, X., Doig, S. R., Liu, X., Carvalho, A. F., Yang, L., Xiao, T., Zou, L., and Solmi, M. (2020). Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of mental health outcomes among Chinese college students during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00803
  • Cicchetti, D. (2010). Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: A multilevel perspective. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 9(3), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00297.x
  • Crouch, E., Radcliff, E., Strompolis, M., & Srivastav, A. (2019). Safe, stable, and nurtured: Protective factors against poor physical and mental health outcomes following exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 12(2), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0217-9
  • de Salud, S. (1987). Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en material de Investigación para la Salud. México. http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/compi/rlgsmis.html
  • de Salud, S. (2018). Trastornos mentales afectan a 15 millones de mexicanos. https://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/421-trastornos-mentales-afectan-a-15-millones-de-mexicanos
  • Díaz-Guerrero, R., & Spielberger, C. D. (1975). Inventario de ansiedad: rasgo estado. El Manual Moderno.
  • Diffley, D. M., & Duddle, M. (2022). Fostering resilience in nursing students in the Academic Setting: A systematic review. Journal of Nursing Education, 61(5), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20220303-03
  • Emons, W. H., Habibović, M., & Pedersen, S. S. (2019). Prevalence of anxiety in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Measurement equivalence of the HADS-A and the STAI-S. Quality of Life Research, 28(11), 3107–3116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02237-2
  • Ercan, I., Hafizoglu, S., Ozkaya, G., Kirli, S., Yalcintas, E., & Akaya, C. (2015). Examining Cut-Off Values for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory/Examinando los puntajes de corte para el inventario de ansiedad estado-rasgo. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 24(II), 143. https://www.proquest.com/openview/487a94c44230c278cf3d342bbfa5087a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4380457
  • Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
  • Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26(1), 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
  • Ferrer, S. (2022). Impacto en la Conducta de las Experiencias adversas en la infancia. Pediatría Integral, 7(39), 66–70. https://www.pediatriaintegral.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Pediatria-Integral-XXVI-1_WEB.pdf#page=66
  • Gao, W., Ping, S., & Liu, X. (2020). Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: A longitudinal study from China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.121
  • Gardner, M. J., Thomas, H. J., & Erskine, H. E. (2019). The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082
  • Goldsmith, R. E., Freyd, J. J., & dePrince, A. P. (2009). To add insight to injury: Childhood abuse, abuse perceptions, and the emotional and physical health of young adults. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18(4), 350–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770902901527
  • González, R. M. T., Landero, H. R., & García-Campayo, J. (2009). Relación entre la depresión, la ansiedad y los síntomas psicosomáticos en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios del norte de México. Revista Panamericana de Salud pública [Pan American Journal of Public Health], 25(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000200007
  • González, D. A., Reséndiz Rodríguez, A., & Reyes-Lagunes, I. (2015). Adaptation of the BDI-II in Mexico. Salud mental, 38(4), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2015.033
  • Hanson, J. L., Hariri, A. R., & Williamson, D. E. (2015). Blunted ventral striatum development in adolescence reflects emotional neglect and predicts depressive symptoms. Biological psychiatry, 78(9), 598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.010
  • Hatton-Bowers, H., Lombardi, C. M., Kemp, B., Decker, K. B., Virmani, E. A., Brophy-Herb, H. E., & Vallotton, C. D. (2021). Risks and resources for college students’ mental health: ACEs, attachment, and mindfulness. Journal of American College Health, 71(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1942007
  • Häuser, W., Schmutzer, G., Brähler, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2011). Maltreatment in childhood and adolescence: Results from a survey of a representative sample of the German population. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 108(17), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2011.0287
  • Hedrick, J., Bennett, V., Carpenter, J., Dercher, L., Grandstaff, D., Gosch, K., Grier, L., Meek, V., Poskin, M., Shotton, E., & Waterman, J. (2021). A descriptive study of adverse childhood experiences and depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Professional Nursing: Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 37(2), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.01.007
  • Heilemann, M. V., Lee, K., & Kury, F. S. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 11(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1891/jnum.11.1.61.52067
  • Ho, G. W. K., Bressington, D., Karatzias, T., Chien, W. T., Inoue, S., Yang, P. J., Chan, A. C. Y., & Hyland, P. (2020). Patterns of exposure to adverse childhood experiences and their associations with mental health: A survey of 1346 university students in East Asia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(3), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01768-w
  • Houston, J. B., First, J., Spialek, M. L., Sorenson, M. E., Mills-Sandoval, T., Lockett, M., First, N. L., Nitiéma, P., Allen, S. F., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of the resilience and coping intervention (RCI) with undergraduate university students. Journal of American College Health, 65(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1227826
  • Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30118-4
  • Karaman, M. A., Lerma, E., Vela, J. C., & Watson, J. C. (2019). Predictors of academic stress among college students. Journal of College Counseling, 22(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12113
  • Karatekin, C. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), stress and mental health in college students. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 34(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2761
  • Kelifa, M. O., Yang, Y., Carly, H., Bo, W., & Wang, P. (2021). How adverse childhood experiences relate to subjective wellbeing in college students: The role of resilience and depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(5), 2103–2123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00308-7
  • Kelifa, M. O., Yang, Y., Herbert, C., He, Q., & Wang, P. (2020). Psychological resilience and current stressful events as potential mediators between adverse childhood experiences and depression among college students in Eritrea. Child Abuse & Neglect, 106, 104480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104480
  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(7), 768. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.768
  • Khrapatina, I., & Berman, P. (2017). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health in college students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 10(3), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-016-0093-0
  • Kim, E. H. (2018). Relationship of anxiety, empathy, ego-resilience and clinical competency in nursing students. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 18(8), 326–337. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2018.18.08.326
  • Kim, Y. H. (2017). Associations of adverse childhood experiences with depression and alcohol abuse among Korean college students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.009
  • Kim, Y., Park, A., & Murphy, J. (2022). Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and mental health: Evidence from college students in Korea. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8862605221102487. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221102487
  • Kirsch, D. E., Tretyak, V., Radpour, S., Weber, W. A., Nemeroff, C. B., Fromme, K., Strakowski, S. M., & Lippard, E. T. C. (2021). Childhood maltreatment, prefrontal-paralimbic gray matter volume, and substance use in young adults and interactions with risk for bipolar disorder. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80407-w
  • Laverdière, O., Kealy, D., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Morin, A. J. S. (2018). Psychological health profiles of Canadian psychotherapists: A wake up call on psychotherapists’ mental health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 59(4), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000159
  • Lawal, O. T., & Abdulmalik, J. O. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and psychosocial wellbeing among preclinical medical students of the University of Ibadan. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 23(SE1), 47–52. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajbr/article/view/202226/190680
  • Li, Y., Cao, F., Cao, D., & Liu, J. (2015). Nursing students’ post‐traumatic growth, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(5), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12192
  • Lipsky, R. K., McDonald, C. C., Souders, M. C., Carpio, C. C., & Teitelman, A. M. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences, the serotonergic system, and depressive and anxiety disorders in adulthood: A systematic literature review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 134(104495), 104495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.018
  • Lopez, V., Yobas, P., Chow, Y. L., & Shorey, S. (2018). Does building resilience in undergraduate nursing students happen through clinical placements? A qualitative study. Nurse Education Today, 67, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.04.020
  • Maunder, R. G., Peladeau, N., Savage, D., & Lancee, W. J. (2010). The prevalence of childhood adversity among healthcare workers and its relationship to adult life events, distress and impairment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(2), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.04.008
  • Mbagaya, C., Oburu, P., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2013). Child physical abuse and neglect in Kenya, Zambia and the Netherlands: A cross-cultural comparison of prevalence, psychopathological sequelae and mediation by PTSS. International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychology, 48(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.691975
  • McKinley, C. E., Boel-Studt, S., Renner, L. M., & Figley, C. R. (2021). Risk and protective factors for symptoms of depression and anxiety among American Indians: Understanding the roles of resilience and trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 13(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000950
  • Melipillán-Araneda, R., Cova Solar, F., Rincón González, P., & Valdivia Peralta, M. (2008). Pro-piedades Psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II en Adolescentes Chilenos. Terapia Psicológica, 26(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082008000100005
  • Métais, C., Burel, N., Gillham, J. E., Tarquinio, C., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2022). Integrative review of the recent literature on human resilience: from concepts, theories, and discussions towards a complex understanding. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 18(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2251
  • Mikocka-Walus, A., Stokes, M., Evans, S., Olive, L., & Westrupp, E. (2021). Finding the power within and without: How can we strengthen resilience against symptoms of stress, anxiety, and de-pression in Australian parents during the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 145, 110433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110433
  • Moore, K. A., & Ramirez, N. A. (2016). Adverse childhood experience and adolescent well-being: Do protective factors matter? Child Indicators Research, 9(2), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9324-4
  • Narayan, A. J., Lieberman, A. F., & Masten, A. S. (2021). Intergenerational transmission and prevention of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Clinical Psychology Review, 85(101997), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101997
  • Negriff, S. (2020). Aces are not equal: Examining the relative impact of household dysfunction versus childhood maltreatment on mental health in adolescence. Social Science & Medicine, 245, 112696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112696
  • Otowa, T., York, T. P., Gardner, C. O., Kendler, K. S., & Hettema, J. M. (2014). The impact of childhood parental loss on risk for mood, anxiety and substance use disorders in a population-based sample of male twins. Psychiatry Research, 220(1–2), 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.053
  • Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 64, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.012
  • Ports, K. A., Ford, D. C., Merrick, M. T., & Guinn, A. S. (2020). Aces: Definitions, measurement, and prevalence. Adverse Childhood Experiences, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816065-7.00002-1
  • Raby, K. L., Labella, M. H., Martin, J., Carlson, E. A., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Childhood abuse and neglect and insecure attachment states of mind in adulthood: Prospective, longitudinal evidence from a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 29(2), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000037
  • Ramón-Arbués, E., Gea-Caballero, V., Granada-López, J. M., Juárez-Vela, R., Pellicer-García, B., & Antón-Solanas, I. (2020). The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their associated factors in college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7001. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197001
  • Schlesselman, L. S., Cain, J., & DiVall, M. (2020). Improving and restoring the well-being and resilience of pharmacy students during a pandemic. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(6), ajpe8144. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8144
  • Seon, J., Cho, H., Choi, G. Y., Son, E., Allen, J., Nelson, A., & Kwon, I. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences, intimate partner violence victimization, and self-perceived health and depression among college students. Journal of Family Violence, 37(4), 691–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00286-1
  • Sheffler, J. L., Stanley, I., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. (2020). Aces and mental health outcomes. In G. J. G. Asmundson, & T. O. Afifi (eds.), Adverse childhood experiences (pp. 47–69). Elsevier.
  • Smith, C. K., Peterson, D. F., Degenhardt, B. F., & Johnson, J. C. (2007). Depression, anxiety, and perceived hassles among entering medical students. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 12(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500500429387
  • Soleimanpour, S., Geierstanger, S., & Brindis, C. D. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and resilience: Addressing the unique needs of adolescents. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7), S108–S114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.01.008
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.-J., Ford, J. D., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., Briggs, E. C., Stolbach, B., & Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 6(Suppl 1), S18–S28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037766
  • Splett, J. W., Fowler, J., Weist, M. D., Mcdaniel, H., & Dvorsky, M. (2013). The critical role of school psychology in the school mental health movement: School psychology in school mental health. Psychology in the Schools, 50(3), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21677
  • Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
  • Strathearn, L. (2011). Maternal neglect: Oxytocin, dopamine and the neurobiology of attachment. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23(11), 1054–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02228.x
  • Tao, J., He, K., & Xu, J. (2021). The mediating effect of self-compassion on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 291, 288–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.019
  • Téllez, A., Almaraz-Castruita, D. A., Valdez, A., Juárez-García, D. M., Sánchez-Jáuregui, T., Hinojosa Fernández, R., López Calderón, S. F., & Garcia Balvaneda, H. (2023). Validating the Spanish adverse childhood experiences international questionnaire (ACE-IQ): A Mexican analysis. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 32(6), 918–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2144788
  • Thomas, J. T. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences among MSW students. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 36(3), 235–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2016.1182609
  • Trinidad, J. E. (2021). Social consequences and contexts of adverse childhood experiences. Social Science & Medicine, 277, 113897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113897
  • Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L., Price, L. H., Ross, N. S., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology: Effects of loss characteristics and contextual factors. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 38(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.2190/PM.38.3.h
  • United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (2009). Panorama estadístico de la violencia contra niñas, niños y adolescentes en México. https://www.unicef.org/mexico/media/1731/file/UNICEF%20PanoramaEstadistico.pdf
  • von Cheong, E., Sinnott, C., Dahly, D., & Kearney, P. M. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and later-life depression: Perceived social support as a potential protective factor. BMJ Open, 7(9), e013228. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013228
  • Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–17847.
  • Watt, T., Kim, S., Ceballos, N., & Norton, C. (2022). People who need people: The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and mental health among college students. Journal of American College Health, 70(4), 1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1791882
  • Windle, M., Haardörfer, R., Getachew, B., Shah, J., Payne, J., Pillai, D., & Berg, C. J. (2018). A multivariate analysis of adverse childhood experiences and health behaviors and outcomes among college students. Journal of American College Health: Journal of ACH, 66(4), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1431892
  • Witt, A., Brown, R. C., Plener, P. L., Brähler, E., & Fegert, J. M. (2017). Child maltreatment in Germany: Prevalence rates in the general population. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0185-0
  • Wood, D., Crapnell, T., Lau, L., Bennett, A., Lotstein, D., Ferris, M., & Kuo, A. (2018). Emerging adulthood as a critical stage in the life course. In In N. Halfon (Ed.), Handbook of life course health development (pp. 123–143). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_7.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences international questionnaire (ACE-IQ). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/adverse-childhood-experiences-international-questionnaire-(ace-iq)
  • World Health Organization. (2022a). Mental disorders. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
  • World Health Organization. (2022b). Mental health. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
  • Wright, M. O. D., Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Resilience processes in development: Four waves of research on positive adaptation in the context of adversity. In S. Goldstein, & R. B. Brooks (eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 15–37). Springer US.
  • Yusoff, M. S. B., Abdul Rahim, A. F., Baba, A. A., Ismail, S. B., Mat Pa, M. N., & Esa, A. R. (2013). Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(2), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012
  • Yu, Z., Wang, L., Chen, W., Perrin, N., & Gross, D. (2021). Childhood adversity and mental health among Chinese young adults: The protective role of resilience. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(12), 4793–4804. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15070

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.