An exploration of racial and ethnic differences in paraphilic interests and behaviours among a nonoffending sample

References

• Abel, G. G., Jordan, A., Rouleau, J. L., Emerick, R., Barboza-Whitehead, S., & Osborn, C. (2004). Use of visual reaction time to assess male adolescents who molest children. Sexual Abuse, 16(3), 25–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320401600306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman, A. R., & Sacks, M. (2018). Disproportionate minority presence on US sex offender registries. Justice Policy Journal, 16(2), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, D., McKillop, N., Smallbone, S., & McGrath, A. (2020). Developmental and sexual offense onset characteristics of Australian indigenous and non-indigenous male youth who sexually offend. Sexual Abuse, 32(8), 958–985. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063219871575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerman, G., & Beech, A. R. (2012). A systematic review of measures of deviant sexual interest and arousal. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19(1), 118–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2010.547161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, A., Allan, M. M., Marshall, P., & Kraszlan, K. (2002). Juvenile sexual offenders in western Australia: Demographic characteristics and offence histories. Psychiatry, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 9(2), 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1375/pplt.2002.9.2.200
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American psychological association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ayonrinde, O., & Bhugra, D. (2015). Paraphilias and culture. In D. Bhugra & G. S. Malhi (Eds.), Troublesome disguises: Managing challenging disorders in psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 199–2017). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118799574
   Google Scholar
• Babchishin, K., Hanson, R., & Hermann, C. (2011). The characteristics of online sex offenders: A meta-analysis. Sexual Abuse, 23(1), 92–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063210370708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Hillel, M. (1980). The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments. Acta Psychologica, 44(3), 211–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(80)90046-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bártová, K., Androvičová, R., Krejčová, L., Weiss, P., & Klapilová, K. (2021). The prevalence of paraphilic interests in the Czech population: Preference, arousal, the use of pornography, fantasy, and behavior. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1707468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhugra, D., Popelyuk, D., & McMullen, I. (2010). Paraphilias across cultures: Contexts and controversies. Journal of Sex Research, 47(2–3), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224491003699833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonczar, T. P. (2003). Prevalence of imprisonment in the U.S. population, 1974-2001 (NCJ No. 19976). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, D., & Meehan, W. (2007). A preliminary examination of racial differences in trauma and sexual aggression among adolescent sexual abusers. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 77(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1300/J497v77n01_06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, D. L., & Ginsburg, D. (2012). An exploration of racial differences in deviant sexual interests among male adolescent sex offenders. Journal of Forensic Social Work, 2(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/1936928X.2011.609766
   Google Scholar
• Chu, C. M., Ng, K., Fong, J., & Teoh, J. (2012). Assessing youth who sexually offended: The predictive validity of the ERASOR, J-SOAP-II, and YLS/CMI in a non-western context. Sexual Abuse, 24(2), 153–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063211404250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craun, S. W., & Kernsmith, P. D. (2006). Juvenile offenders and sex offender registries: Examining the data behind the debate. Federal Probation, 70(3), 45–49.
   Google Scholar
• DeHart, D., Dwyer, G., Seto, M. C., Moran, R., Letourneau, E., & Schwarz-Watts, D. (2016). Internet sexual solicitation of children: A proposed typology of offenders based on their chats, e-mails, and social network posts. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 23(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2016.1241309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez, S. F., Jeglic, E. L., Calkins, C., & Leguizamo, A. (2018). Are Latinos who commit sexual offenses different? A closer examination of characteristics and offense patterns. Sexual Abuse, 30(7), 846–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217710480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eher, R., Schilling, F., Hansmann, B., Pumberger, T., Nitschke, J., Habermeyer, E., & Mokros, A. (2016). Sadism and violent reoffending in sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse, 28(1), 46–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214566715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2018). Crime in the United States 2018: Arrests, Tables 43A-C. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.−2018/tables/table-43.
   Google Scholar
• Fix, R. L., Cyperski, M. A., & Burkhart, B. R. (2017). Disproportionate minority contact: Comparisons across juveniles adjudicated for sexual and non-sexual offenses. Sexual Abuse, 29(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063215601436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fix, R. L., Falligant, J. M., Alexander, A. A., & Burkhart, B. B. (2019). Race and victim age matter: Sexual behaviors and experiences among confined African American and European American youth with sexual and nonsexual offenses. Sexual Abuse, 31(1), 50–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217720926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Bussière, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1154–1163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes, S. W., Boccaccini, M. T., & Murrie, D. C. (2013). Psychopathy and the combination of psychopathy and sexual deviance as predictors of sexual recidivism: Meta-analytic findings using the psychopathy checklist–revised. Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman-Giddens, M. E. (2006). Recent data on puberty milestones in United States children: The secular trend toward earlier development. International Journal of Andrology, 29(1), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00575.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holvoet, L., Huys, W., Coppens, V., Seeuws, J., Goethals, K., & Morrens, M. (2017). Fifty shades of Belgian gray: The prevalence of BDSM-related fantasies and activities in the general population. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(9), 1152–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, J. J., & Chilton, L. (2010, June). The labor economics of paid crowdsourcing. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM conference on electronic commerce, 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1145/1807342.1807376
   Google Scholar
• Ikomi, P. A., Rodney, H. E., & McCoy, T. (2009). Male juveniles with sexual behavior problems: Are there differences among racial groups? Journal of Sexual Abuse, 18, 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710902743958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeglic, E., & Calkins, C. (Eds.). (2022). Handbook of issues in criminal justice reform in the United States. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Joyal, C. C. (2015). Defining “normophilic” and “paraphilic” sexual fantasies in a population-based sample: On the importance of considering subgroups. Sexual Medicine, 3(4), 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/sm2.96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyal, C. C., & Carpentier, J. (2017). The prevalence of paraphilic interests and behaviors in the general population: A provincial survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmus, E., & Beech, A. R. (2005). Forensic assessment of sexual interest: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(2), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston, D. A., Seto, M. C., Firestone, P., & Bradford, J. M. (2010). Comparing indicators of sexual sadism as predictors of recidivism among adult male sexual offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. C., & Hanson, R. K. (2017). Similar predictive accuracy of the Static-99R risk tool for White, Black, and Hispanic sex offenders in California. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(9), 1125–1140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854817711477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. C., Hanson, R. K., Calkins, C., & Jeglic, E. (2020). Paraphilia and antisociality: Motivations for sexual offending may differ for American Whites and Blacks. Sexual Abuse, 32(3), 335–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063219828779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leguizamo, A., Peltzman, B., Carrasco, N., Nosal, M., & Woods, L. (2010). Ethnic differences among incarcerated sex offenders. Feinstein College of Arts & Sciences Faculty Papers. www.researchgate.net/publication/43128868_Ethnic_Differences_Among_Incarcerated_Sex_Offenders.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, R. E., Hanson, R. K., & Thornton, D. (2010). Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: Some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors. Sexual Abuse, 22(2), 191–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063210366039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, R., Flores, J., & Rosenfeld, B. (2007). Validity of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol–II (J-SOAP-II) in a sample of urban minority youth. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(10), 1284–1295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854807301791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar, T., Allard, T., McKillop, N., & Rynne, J. (2022). Reliability and predictive validity of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II in an Australian context. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(10–11), 1051–1070. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X19900978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, W. D., DiLillo, D., Haynes, M. R., & Steere, E. (2001). An exploration of factors related to deviant sexual arousal among juvenile sex offenders. Sexual Abuse, 13(2), 65–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320101300203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ó Ciardha, C., Ildeniz, G., & Karoğlu, N. (2022). The prevalence of sexual interest in children and sexually harmful behavior self-reported by men recruited through an online crowdsourcing platform. Sexual Abuse, 34(2), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632211013811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olver, M. E., & Wong, S. C. P. (2006). Psychopathy, sexual deviance, and recidivism among sex offenders. Sexual Abuse, 18(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320601800105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palan, S., & Schitter, C. (2018). Prolific.ac – A subject pool for online experiments. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 17, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2017.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, S. L., & Schleifer, C. (2019). Race and trends in pornography viewership, 1973–2016: Examining the moderating roles of gender and religion. Journal of Sex Research, 56(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1404959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R. (2008). Disproportionate minority contact. The Future of Children, 18(2), 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf, S., Jeglic, E. L., Calkins, C., Raymaekers, L., & Leguizamo, A. (2019). Examining ethno-racial related differences in child molester typology: An MTC:CM3 approach. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(8), 1683–1702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516653550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C. (2019). The motivation-facilitation model of sexual offending. Sexual Abuse, 31(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217720919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., Augustyn, C., Roche, K. M., & Hilkes, G. (2023). Empirically-based dynamic risk and protective factors for sexual offending. Clinical Psychology Review, 106, 102355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Harris, G. T., & Chivers, M. L. (2012). The sexual responses of sexual sadists. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(3), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple, J. R., Paul, J. A., van den Berg, P., Le, V. D., McElhany, A., & Temple, B. W. (2012). Teen sexting and its association with sexual behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 166, 828–833. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2022.). Quick facts United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Labor. (2020). Minimum wage. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimumwage.
   Google Scholar
• Winters, G. M., Jeglic, E. L., & Johnson, B. N. (2022). An examination of the psychometric properties of the Paraphilic Interests and Disorders Scale. Manuscript Submitted for Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Winters, G. M., Jeglic, E. L., & Kaylor, L. E. (2023). The development, content validation, and pilot testing of the paraphilic interests and disorders scale. Sexual Abuse, 35(2), 131–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632221078297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.) https://icd.who.int/.
   Google Scholar
• Wurtele, S. K., Simons, D. A., & Moreno, T. (2013). Sexual interest in children among an online sample of men and women: Prevalence and correlates. Sexual Abuse, 26(6), 546–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063213503688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yung, C. R. (2013). Civil commitment for sex offenders. The Virtual Mentor: VM, 15(10), 873–877. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.10.pfor2-1310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar