Bullying perpetration: the role of attachment, emotion regulation and empathy

References

• Ainsworth, M. D. S. 1973. “The Development of Infant-Mother Attachment.” In Review of Child Development Research, edited by B. Cardwell and H. Ricciuti, 1–94. Vol. 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. P., K. B. McElhaney, G. P. Kuperminc, and K. M. Jodl. 2004. “Stability and Change in Attachment Security Across Adolescence.” Child Development 75 (6): 1792–1805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00817.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. 2012. AmosTM 21.0 user’s guide. Chicago: IBM Software Group.
   Google Scholar
• Armsden, G. C., and M. T. Greenberg. 1987. “The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual Differences and Their Relationship to Psychological Well-Being in Adolescence.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 16 (5): 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basharpoor, S., P. Molavi, S. Sheykhi, S. Khanjani, M. Rajabi, and S. A. Mosavi. 2013. “The Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Emotion Expression Styles with Bullying Behaviours in Adolescent Students.” Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences 13 (3): 264–275.
   Google Scholar
• Batanova, M. D., and A. Loukas. 2011. “Social Anxiety and Aggression in Early Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Roles of Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40 (11): 1534–1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9634-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., E. Bratslavsky, C. Finkenauer, and K. D. Vohs. 2001. “Bad is Stronger Than Good.” Review of General Psychology 5 (4): 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323.
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann, M. C., D. Baier, F. Rehbein, and T. Mößle 2017. “Jugendliche in Niedersachsen: Ergebnisse des Niedersachsensurveys 2013 und 2015 (KFN‐Forschungsberichte No. 131) [Young people in Lower Saxony. Results of the Lower Saxony survey 2013 and 2015.” (KFN research reports No. 131)], Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen eV (KFN). Accessed October 6, 2022. https://kfn.de/wp‐content/uploads/Forschungsberichte/FB_144.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Berlin, L. J., J. Cassidy, and K. Appleyard. 2008. “The Influence of Early Attachments on Other Relationship.” In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, edited by J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver, 333–347. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bolz, T. 2021. “Schüler*innen-Lehrer*innen-Beziehung aus bindungstheoretischer Perspektive im Förderschwerpunkt der emotionalen und sozialen Entwicklung. [Student-teacher relationship from an attachment theory perspective in the special focus of emotional and social development].” Dissertation, Universität Oldenburg. http://oops.uni-oldenburg.de/5176/.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. 1969. Attachment and Loss: Volume 1. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, K., and J. Cudeck. 1993. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.” In Testing Structural Equation Models, edited by K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long, 136–1 62. Vol. 154. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brumariu, L. E. 2015. “Parent–Child Attachment and Emotion Regulation.” In Attachment in Middle Childhood: Theoretical Advances and New Directions in an Emerging Field. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, edited by G. Bosmans and K. A. Kerns, 31–45. Vol. 148. San Francisco: Wiley Periodicals.
   Google Scholar
• Buist, K. L., M. Deković, W. Meeus, and M. A. Van Aken. 2002. “Developmental Patterns in Adolescent Attachment to Mother, Father and Sibling.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 31 (3): 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015074701280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camodeca, M., and G. Coppola. 2019. “Participant Roles in Preschool Bullying: The Impact of Emotion Regulation, Social Preference, and Quality of the Teacher–Child Relationship.” Social Development 28 (1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, L., D. Schwartz, K. A. Dodge, and C. McBride-Chang. 2003. “Harsh Parenting in Relation to Child Emotion Regulation and Aggression.” Journal of Family Psychology 17 (4): 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosma, A., L. Haiduc, R. Balazsi, and A. Baban. 2014. “Bullying Behaviour, Emotional Problems and Emotion Regulation Strategies in School Aged Children: A Longitudinal Approach.” The European Health Psychologist 16 (S): 428. https://doi.org/10.15309/15psd160106.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, S. L., M. Hoeve, G. J. J. Stams, and J. J. Asscher. 2016. “Adolescent-Parent Attachment and Externalizing Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Individual and Social Factors.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 44 (2): 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9999-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N. 2000. “Emotion, Regulation, and Moral Development.” Annual Review of Psychology 51 (1): 665–697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, Ν. 2005. “The Development of Empathy-Related Responding.” In Moral Motivation Through the Life Span, edited by G. Carlo and C. P. Edwards, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation series, no. 51, 73–117. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., and R. A. Fabes. 1995. “The Relation of Young Children’s Vicarious Emotional Responding to Social Competence, Regulation, and Emotionality.” Cognition & Emotion 9 (2–3): 203–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508409009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., C. L. Shea, G. Carlo, and G. P. Knight 2014. “Empathy-related responding and cognition: A ”chicken and the egg” dilemma.” In Handbook of moral behavior and development, edited by W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (pp. 85–110). New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Q. Zhou, and S. Koller. 2001. “Brazilian adolescents’ Prosocial Moral Judgment and Behaviour: Relations to Sympathy, Perspective Taking, Gender‐Role Orientation, and Demographic Characteristics.” Child Development 72 (2): 518–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, C. K., and D. L. Bandalos. 2001. “The Relative Performance of Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Missing Data in Structural Equation Models.” Structural Equation Modeling 8 (3): 430–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A. Buchner, and A.-G. Lang. 2009. “Statistical Power Analyses Using G*power 3.1: Tests for Correlation and Regression Analyses.” Behaviour Research Methods 41 (4): 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, R. P., M. J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. H. Van IJzendoorn, A. M. Lapsley, and G. I. Roisman. 2010. “The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children’s Externalizing Behaviour: A Meta‐Analytic Study.” Child Development 81 (2): 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney, H., D. P. Farrington, and M. M. Ttofi. 2019. “Examining the Effectiveness of School-Bullying Intervention Programs Globally: A Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Bullying Prevention 1 (1): 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-0007-4.
   Google Scholar
• Gaffney, H., M. M. Ttofi, and D. P. Farrington. 2021. “What Works in Anti-Bullying Programs? Analysis of Effective Intervention Components.” Journal of School Psychology 85:37–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaigordobil, M., and P. García de Galdeano. 2006. “Empathy in Children Aged 10 to 12 Years.” Psicothema 18 (2): 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1803_8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, P. W. 2003. “Child and Family Correlates of toddlers’ Emotional and Behavioural Responses to a Mishap.” Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of the World Association for Infant Mental Health 24 (6): 580–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrigan, B., A. Adlam, and P. Langdon. 2018. “Moral Decision-Making and Moral Development: Toward an Integrative Framework.” Developmental Review 49:80–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goagoses, N., T. Bolz, J. Eilts, N. Schipper, J. Schütz, A. Rademacher, C. Vesterling, and U. Koglin. 2022. “Parenting Dimensions/Styles and Emotion Dysregulation in Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Current Psychology 42 (22): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03037-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann, K. 2006. Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood: The Major Longitudinal Studies. Grossmann, K. E., & Waters, E. Eds. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, S. R., L. C. Robinson, C. S. Henry, and S. W. Plunkett. 2006. “Gender Differences in Adolescent Perceptions of Parent-Adolescent Openness in Communication and Adolescent Empathy.” Marriage & Family Review 40 (4): 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v40n04_06.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeve, M., G. J. J. Stams, C. E. Van der Put, J. S. Dubas, P. H. Van der Laan, and J. R. Gerris. 2012. “A Meta-Analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 40 (5): 771–785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9608-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. L. 1982. “Development of Prosocial Motivation: Empathy and Guilt.” In The Development of Prosocial Behaviour, N. Eisenberg, Eds. 281–313. NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hojat, M. 2006. “Development of Prosocial Behaviour and Empathy in the Hand That Rocks the Cradle.” In The Family in the New Millennium: World Voices Supporting the Natural clan: Vol. 3. Strengthening the Family, edited by A. S. Loveless and T. B. Holman, 98–106. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Inchley, J., D. Currie, T. Young, O. Samdal, T. Torsheim, L. Augustson, F. Mathison, et al. 2016. Growing Up Unequal: Gender and Socioeconomic Differences in Young People’s Health and Well-being. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study: International Report from the 2013/2014 Survey. WHO Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, J. D., R. C. Fraley, K. B. Ehrlich, J. A. Stern, C. W. Lejuez, P. R. Shaver, and J. Cassidy. 2018. “Stability of Attachment Style in Adolescence: An Empirical Test of Alternative Developmental Processes.” Child Development 89 (3): 871–880. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukiainen, A., C. Salmivalli, K. Lagerspetz, M. Tamminen, M. Vauras, H. Maki. 2002. “Learning Difficulties, Social Intelligence, and Self–Concept: Connections to Bully–Victim Problems.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 43 (3): 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestenbaum, R., E. A. Farber, and L. A. Sroufe. 1989. “Individual Differences in Empathy Among Preschoolers: Relation to Attachment History.” New Directions for Child Development 44 (44): 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219894405.
   Google Scholar
• Låftman, S. B., V. Östberg, and B. Modin. 2017. “School Climate and Exposure to Bullying: A Multilevel Study.” School Effectiveness and School Improvement 28 (1): 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2016.1253591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer, J. 2019. “ Bindung in der Schule: Psychologische Und Physiologische Mechanismen Bei der Transmission von Bindung [Attachment in School. Psychological and Physiological Mechanisms in the Transmission of Attachment]”. Bad Heilbrunn:Julius Klinkhardt.
   Google Scholar
• Lemerise, E. A., and W. F. Arsenio. 2000. “An Integrated Model of Emotion Processes and Cognition in Social Information Processing.” Child Development 71 (1): 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., G. Ran, and X. Chen. 2021. “Linking Attachment to Empathy in Childhood and Adolescence: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38 (11): 3350–3377. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211031006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., X. Yang, L. Zhou, L. Wang, and L. Su. 2012. “Relationship Between Attachment to Parents and Bullying, Victimization of 4-6 Graders.” Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 2:246–248.
   Google Scholar
• Lohaus, A., F. W. Nussbeck, and F. Petermann. 2016. FRKJ 8–16: Fragebogen Zu Ressourcen Im Kindes‐Und Jugendalter (FRKJ 8–16) [FRKJ 8-16: Questionnaire on Resources in Childhood and Adolescence] [Manual]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Merrell, K. W., M. P. Juskelis, O. K. Tran, and R. Buchanan. 2008. “Social and Emotional Learning in the Classroom: Evaluation of Strong Kids and Strong Teens on students’ Social-Emotional Knowledge and Symptoms.” Journal of Applied School Psychology 24 (2): 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377900802089981.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsopoulou, E., and T. Giovazolias. 2015. “Personality Traits, Empathy and Bullying Behaviour: A Meta-Analytic Approach.” Aggression & Violent Behaviour 21:61–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, T. P., and D. J. Laible. 2012. “Attachment Security and Child’s Empathy: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 58 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2012.0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, T. P., D. Laible, and M. Augustine. 2017. “The Influences of Parent and Peer Attachment on Bullying.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 26 (5): 1388–1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0663-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, J. R., and A. M. Duke. 2021. “The Influence of Parenting on Bullying Prevention: Parenting as a Moderator of adolescents’ Bullying Behaviours.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 30 (12): 2913–2924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02014-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. 2013. “School Bullying: Development and Some Important Challenges.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9 (1): 751–780. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paciello, M., Fida, R., Cerniglia, L., Tramontano, C, and Cole, E. (2013). High cost helping scenario: The role of empathy, prosocial reasoning and moral disengagement on helping behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla‐Walker, L. M., and K. J. Christensen. 2011. “Empathy and Self‐Regulation as Mediators Between Parenting and adolescents’ Prosocial Behaviour Toward Strangers, Friends, and Family.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21 (3): 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00695.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panfile, Tia M., Laible, D. J. 2012. Attachment Security and Child's Empathy: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 58 (1): 1–21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23098060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual‐Sanchez, A., A. Mateu, M. Martinez‐Herves, N. Hickey, T. Kramer, and D. Nicholls. 2022. “How are Parenting Practices Associated with Bullying in Adolescents? A Cross‐Sectional Study.” Child and Adolescent Mental Health 27 (3): 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, K. F. V., and M. J. Power. 2007. “A New Self‐Report Measure of Emotion Regulation in Adolescents: The Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire.” Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice 14 (2): 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poi, B. P. 2004. “From the Help Desk: Some Bootstrapping Techniques.” The Stata Journal 4 (3): 312–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, M. J., and T. Dalgleish. 1997. Cognition and Emotion: From Order to Disorder. Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raikes, H. A., and R. A. Thompson. 2008. “Attachment Security and Parenting Quality Predict Children’s Problem-Solving, Attributions, and Loneliness with Peers.” Attachment & Human Development 10 (3): 319–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802113620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja, S. N., R. McGee, and W. R. Stanton. 1992. “Perceived Attachments to Parents and Peers and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescence.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 21 (4): 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarni, C. 1999. The development of emotional competence. Guilford presss.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchis-Sanchis, A., M. Grau, A. Moliner, and C. Morales-Murillo. 2020. “Effects of Age and Gender in Emotion Regulation of Children and Adolescents.” Frontiers in Psychology 11:e946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipper, N., and U. Koglin. 2021a. “The Association Between Moral Identity and Moral Decisions in Adolescents.” New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 179 (179): 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20429.
   Google Scholar
• Schipper, N., and U. Koglin. 2021b. “Callous-Unemotional Traits, Moralische Identität Und Bullying Im Jugendalter [Callous-Unemotional Traits, Moral Identity, and Bullying in Adolescence].” KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 30 (2): 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403/a000334.
   Google Scholar
• Schipper, M., and F. Petermann. 2013. “Relating Empathy and Emotion Regulation: Do Deficits in Empathy Trigger Emotion Dysregulation?” Social Neuroscience 8 (1): 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2012.761650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonert-Reichl, K. A., V. Smith, A. Zaidman-Zait, and C. Hertzman. 2012. “Promoting Children’s Prosocial Behaviors in School: Impact of the “Roots of Empathy” Program on the Social and Emotional Competence of School-Aged Children.” School Mental Health 4 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-011-9064-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schütz, J., and U. Koglin. 2022. “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Associations Between Self-Regulation and Morality in Preschool and Elementary School Children.” Current Psychology 42 (26): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03226-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, J. L. D., W. A. D. Oliveira, F. C. M. D. Mello, L. S. D. Andrade, M. R. Bazon, and M. A. I. Silva. 2017. “Revisão sistemática da literatura sobre intervenções antibullying em escolas.” Ciencia & saude coletiva 22 (7): 2329–2340. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017227.16242015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sroufe, L. A. 2005. “Attachment and Development: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study from Birth to Adulthood.” Attachment & Human Development 7 (4): 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500365928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavrinides, P., S. Georgiou, and V. Theofanous. 2010. “Bullying and Empathy: A Short‐Term Longitudinal Investigation.” Educational Psychology 30 (7): 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2010.506004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavrinides, P., Georgiou, S, and Theofanous, V. (2010). Bullying and empathy: a short‐term longitudinal investigation. Educational Psychology, 30(7), 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2010.506004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, J. A., and J. Cassidy. 2018. “Empathy from Infancy to Adolescence: An Attachment Perspective on the Development of Individual Differences.” Developmental Review 47:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs Society Res Child, 59(2–3), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson, R. A. 2008. “Early Attachment and Later Development: Familiar Questions, New Answers.” In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, edited by J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver, 348–365, New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• van der Mark, I. L. V. D., M. H. V. IJzendoorn, and M. J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg. 2002. “Development of Empathy in Girls During the Second Year of Life: Associations with Parenting, Attachment, and Temperament.” Social Development 11 (4): 451–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Noorden, T. H., G. J. Haselager, A. H. Cillessen, and W. M. Bukowski. 2015. “Empathy and Involvement in Bullying in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44 (3): 637–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesterling, C., and U. Koglin. 2021. “Somatoform Complaints in Middle Childhood a Developmental Path-Analysis.” Current Psychology 42 (5): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01742-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walden, L. M., and T. N. Beran. 2010. “Attachment Quality and Bullying Behaviour in School-Aged Youth.” Canadian Journal of School Psychology 25 (1): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573509357046.
   Google Scholar
• You, S., J. Lee, Y. Lee, and A. Y. Kim. 2015. “Bullying Among Korean Adolescents: The Role of Empathy and Attachment.” Psychology in the Schools 52 (6): 594–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., N. Eisenberg, S. H. Losoya, R. A. Fabes, M. Reiser, I. K. Guthrie, B. C. Murphy, A. J. Cumberland, and S. A. Shepard. 2002. “The Relations of Parental Warmth and Positive Expressiveness to Children’s Empathy‐Related Responding and Social Functioning: A Longitudinal Study.” Child Development 73 (3): 893–915. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zych, I., D. P. Farrington, V. J. Llorent, and M. M. Ttofi. 2017. Protecting Children Against Bullying and Its Consequences. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53028-4.
   Google Scholar
• Zych, I., and V. Llorent. 2019. “Affective Empathy and Moral Disengagement Related to Late Adolescent Bullying Perpetration.” Ethics & Behaviour 29 (7): 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2018.1521282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zych, I., M. Ttofi, and D. Farrington. 2019. “Empathy and Callous–Unemotional Traits in Different Bullying Roles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 20 (1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar