158
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Revisiting the childcare–attachment question: under what conditions is childcare participation associated with mother–child attachment security?

, , , &
Pages 95-115 | Received 02 Jun 2023, Accepted 14 Apr 2024, Published online: 23 Apr 2024

References

  • Ahnert, L., Gunnar, M. R., Lamb, M. E., & Barthel, M. (2004). Transition to child care: Associations with infant-mother attachment, infant negative emotion, and cortisol elevations. Child Development, 75(3), 639–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00698.x
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1971). Individual differences in strange situation behavior in one year olds. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), The origins of human social relations. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700048674.
  • Aviezer, O., & Sagi, A. (2008). Attachment and non-maternal care: Towards contextualizing the quantity versus quality debate. Attachment & Human Development, 10(3), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802366699
  • Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal child care, maternal labor supply, and family well‐being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709–745. https://doi.org/10.1086/591908
  • Barglow, P., Vaughn, B. E., & Molitor, N. (1987). Effects of maternal absence due to employment on the quality of infant–mother attachment in a low-risk sample. Child Development, 58(4), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130535
  • Belsky, J. (1986). Infant day care: A cause for concern? Zero to Three, 7(1), 1–7.
  • Belsky, J. (2001). Emanuel miller lecture developmental risks (still) associated with early child care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(7), 845–859. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00782
  • Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. J. (1988). Nonmaternal care in the first year of life and the security of infant-parent attachment. Child Development, 59(1), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130397
  • Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Deschênes, M., & Matte-Gagné, C. (2012). Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: A closer look at the caregiving environment. Developmental Science, 15(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01093.x
  • Bernier, A., Matte-Gagné, C., Bélanger, M.-È., & Whipple, N. (2014). Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: Broadening the assessment of maternal behavior. Child Development, 85(5), 1852–1865. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12236
  • Bigras, N., Bouchard, C., Cantin, G., Brunson, L., Coutu, S., Lemay, L., Tremblay, M., Japel, C., & Charron, A. (2010). A comparative study of structural and process quality in center-based and family-based child care services. Child & Youth Care Forum, 39(3), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-009-9088-4
  • Bordeleau, S., Bernier, A., & Carrier, J. (2012). Maternal sensitivity and children’s behavior problems: Examining the moderating role of infant sleep duration. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(4), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.686101
  • Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., Lansford, J. E., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Zelli, A., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., DiGiunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., & Oburu, P. (2015). Mother and father socially desirable responding in nine countries: Two kinds of agreement and relations to parenting self-reports. International Journal of Psychology, 50(3), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12084
  • Browne, D. T., Meunier, J. C., O’Connor, T. G., & Jenkins, J. M. (2012). The role of parental personality traits in differential parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028515
  • Burchinal, M. (2018). Measuring early care and education quality. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12260
  • Cadman, T., Diamond, P. R., & Fearon, P. (2018). Reassessing the validity of the attachment Q-sort: An updated meta-analysis. Infant and Child Development, 27(1), e2034. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2034
  • Caldera, Y. M., & Hart, S. (2004). Exposure to child care, parenting style and attachment security. Infant and Child Development, 13(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.329
  • Cárcamo, R. A., Vermeer, H. J., van der Veer, R., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Early full-time day care, mother–child attachment, and quality of the home environment in chile: Preliminary findings. Early Education and Development, 27(4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1091971
  • Cascio, E. U., Haider, S. J., & Nielsen, H. S. (2015). The effectiveness of policies that promote labor force participation of women with children: A collection of national studies. Labour Economics, 36, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.08.002
  • Cimon-Paquet, C., Bernier, A., Matte-Gagné, C., & Mageau, G. (2020). Early maternal autonomy support and mathematical achievement trajectories during elementary school. Learning and Individual Differences, 79, 101855. article 101855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101855
  • Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1989). Infant day care: Maligned or malignant? American Psychologist, 44(2), 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.266
  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  • Deneault, A.-A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Groh, A. M., Fearon, P. R. M., & Madigan, S. (2021). Child-father attachment in early childhood and behavior problems: A meta-analysis. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2021(180), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20434
  • Dujardin, C., Fonder, M., & Lejeune, B. (2018). Does formal child care availability for 0–3 year olds boost mothers’ employment rate? Panel data based evidence from Belgium. Annals of Economics and Statistics, 129(129), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.15609/annaeconstat2009.129.0103
  • Eckstein-Madry, T., Piskernik, B., & Ahnert, L. (2021). Attachment and stress regulation in socioeconomically disadvantaged children: Can public child care compensate? Infant Mental Health Journal, 42(6), 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21878
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
  • Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81(2), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x
  • Friedman, S. L., & Boyle, D. E. (2008). Attachment in US children experiencing nonmaternal care in the early 1990s. Attachment & Human Development, 10(3), 225–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802113570
  • Government of Quebec. (2004). Enquête québécoise sur la qualité des services de garde éducatifs 2003. 2003 Quebec survey on the quality of educational childcare. https://statistique.quebec.ca/fr/document/enquete-quebecoise-sur-la-qualite-des-services-de-garde-educatifs-2003
  • Government of Quebec. (2015). Enquête québécoise sur la qualité des services de garde éducatifs 2014 2014 Quebec survey on the quality of educational childcare. https://statistique.quebec.ca/en/enquetes/realisees/quebec-survey-on-the-quality-of-educational-childcare-grandir-en-qualite
  • Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: A meta-analytic study. Attachment & Human Development, 16(2), 103–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.883636
  • Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children’s internalizing symptoms: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 83(2), 591–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x
  • Harrison, L., & Ungerer, J. A. (1997). Child care predictors of infant‐mother attachment security at age 12 months. Early Child Development and Care, 137(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443971370103
  • Herba, C. M., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., Liu, X., Mongeau, C., Séguin, J. R., & Côté, S. M. (2013). Maternal depressive symptoms and children’s emotional problems: Can early child care help children of depressed mothers? JAMA Psychiatry, 70(8), 830–838. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1361
  • Japel, C., Tremblay, R., & Côté, S. (2005). Quality counts! Assessing the quality of daycare services based on the Quebec longitudinal study of child development. IRPP Choices, 11(5). https://irpp.org/research-studies/quality-counts/#:~:text=The%20results%20of%20the%20evaluation,percent%20were%20of%20inadequate%20quality
  • Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Landry, R. (2005). A longitudinal study of the relationship of maternal autonomy support to children’s adjustment and achievement in school. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1215–1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00347.x
  • Kelly, K. R. (2018). Maternal autonomy support and dyadic verbal synchrony during narrative coconstruction: Links with child attachment representations and independent narrative competence. Infant and Child Development, 27(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2074
  • Larose, M.-P., Côté, S. M., Ouellet-Morin, I., Maughan, B., & Barker, E. D. (2021). Promoting better functioning among children exposed to high levels of family adversity: The protective role of childcare attendance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(6), 762–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13313
  • Love, J. M., Harrison, L., Sagi-Schwartz, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Ross, C., Ungerer, J. A., Raikes, H., Brady-Smith, C., Boller, K., Brooks-Gunn, J., Constantine, J., Kisker, E. E., Paulsell, D., & Chazan-Cohen, R. (2003). Child care quality matters: How conclusions may vary with context. Child Development, 74(4), 1021–1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00584
  • McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., Booth, C. L., Clarke-Stewart, A., & Vandell, D. L. (2004). Testing a maternal attachment model of behavior problems in early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 765–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00270.x
  • NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant-mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD study of early child care NICHD early child care research network. Child Development, 68(5), 860–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01967.x
  • NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1999). Child care and mother-child interaction in the first three years of life. Developmental Psychology, 35(6), 1399–1413. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1399
  • NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Child-care and family predictors of preschool attachment and stability from infancy. Developmental Psychology, 37(6), 847–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.6.847
  • NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2006). Child care effect sizes for the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. American Psychologist, 61(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.2.99
  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Demaris, A. (2013). Nonmaternal care’s association with mother’s parenting sensitivity: A case of self-selection bias? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 75(3), 760–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12022
  • Owen, M. T., & Frosch, C. A. (2021). Attachment and child care. In R. A. Thompson (Ed.), Attachment: The fundamental questions (pp. 341–349). Guilford.
  • Pederson, D. R., & Moran, G. (1995). A categorical description of infant-mother relationships in the home and its relation to Q-sort measures of infant-mother interaction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2–3), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1995.tb00207.x
  • Regueiro, S., Matte-Gagné, C., & Bernier, A. (2020). Patterns of growth in executive functioning during school years: Contributions of early mother‒child attachment security and maternal autonomy support. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 200, 104934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104934
  • Richters, J. E., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1988). The infant day care controversy: Current status and future directions. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 3(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(88)90007-5
  • Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Grolnick, W. S., & La Guardia, J. G. (2015). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed. Vol. 1, pp. 795–949). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939383.ch20.
  • Sagi, A., Koren-Karie, N., Gini, M., Ziv, Y., & Joels, T. (2002). Shedding further light on the effects of various types and quality of early child care on infant–mother attachment relationship: The Haifa study of early child care. Child Development, 73(4), 1166–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00465
  • Singer, E., & Wong, S. (2021). Emotional security and daycare for babies and toddlers in social-political contexts: Reflections of early years pioneers since the 1970s. Early Child Development and Care, 191(3), 461–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1622539
  • Sirois, M.-S., & Bernier, A. (2018). Mother–child relationships and children’s psychosocial functioning: The specific roles of attachment security and maternal behavior. Parenting: Science and Practice, 18(3), 172–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2018.1465305
  • Sirois, M.-S., Bernier, A., Matte-Gagné, C., & Mageau, G. A. (2022). Early maternal autonomy support as a predictor of child internalizing and externalizing behavior trajectories across early childhood. Social Development, 31(3), 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12575
  • Tarabulsy, G. M., Bernier, A., Provost, M. A., Maranda, J., Larose, S., Moss, E., Larose, M., & Tessier, R. (2005). Another look inside the gap: Ecological contributions to the transmission of attachment in a sample of adolescent mother-infant dyads. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.212
  • Thompson, R. A. (2008). Measure twice, cut once: Attachment theory and the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. Attachment & Human Development, 10(3), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802113604
  • Tran, H., & Weinraub, M. (2006). Child care effects in context: Quality, stability, and multiplicity in nonmaternal child care arrangements during the first 15 months of life. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.566
  • Umemura, T., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (2014). Nonmaternal care hours and temperament predict infants’ proximity-seeking behavior and attachment subgroups. Infant Behavior and Development, 37(3), 352–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.05.007
  • Vandell, D. L., Belsky, J., Burchinal, M., Steinberg, L., Vandergrift, N., & the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2010). Do effects of early child care extend to age 15 years? Results from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. Child Development, 81(3), 737–756.
  • Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M. J. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Marianne Riksen-Walraven, J. (2004). Assessing attachment security with the attachment Q-sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development, 75(4), 1188–1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00733.x
  • Vaughn, B. E., Gove, F. L., & Egeland, B. (1980). The relationship between out-of-home care and the quality of infant-mother attachment in an economically disadvantaged population. Child Development, 51(4), 1203–1214. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129562
  • Vermeer, H. J., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2008). Attachment to mother and nonmaternal care: Bridging the gap. Attachment & Human Development, 10(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802113588
  • Waters, E. (1995). Appendix A: The attachment Q-set (version 3.0). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2–3), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1995.tb00214.x
  • Waters, T. E. A., Magro, S. W., Alhajeri, J., Yang, R., Groh, A., Haltigan, J. D., Holland, A. A., Steele, R. D., Bost, K. K., Owen, M. T., Vaughn, B. E., Booth LaForce, C., & Roisman, G. I. (2021). Early child care experiences and attachment representations at age 18 years: Evidence from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. Developmental Psychology, 57(4), 548–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001165
  • Whipple, N., Bernier, A., & Mageau, G. A. (2011). A dimensional approach to maternal attachment state of mind: Relations to maternal sensitivity and maternal autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021310
  • Zachrisson, H. D., Dearing, E., Lekhal, R., & Toppelberg, C. O. (2013). Little evidence that time in child care causes externalizing problems during early childhood in Norway. Child Development, 84(4), 1152–1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12040
  • Zachrisson, H. D., Owen, M. T., Nordahl, K. B., Ribeiro, L., & Dearing, E. (2021). Too early for early education? Effects on parenting for mothers and fathers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 83(3), 683–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12701
  • Zeegers, M. A. J., Colonnesi, C., Stams, G. J. M., & Meins, E. (2017). Mind matters: A meta-analysis on parental mentalization and sensitivity as predictors of infant-parent attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1245–1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000114

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.