The Muslim genome: postcolonial nation-building through genomics in Pakistan

References

• Ahmed, Feroz. 1998. Ethnicity and Politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alavi, Hamza. 1971. “The Crisis of Nationalities and the State in Pakistan.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 1 (3): 42–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472337185390031
   Google Scholar
• Alavi, Hamza. 1983. “Class and State.” In Pakistan: The Roots of a Dictatorship. The Political Economy of a Praetorian State, edited by Hassan Gardezi and Jamil Rashid, 40–93. London: Zed Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alavi, Hamza. 1988. “Pakistan and Islam: Ethnicity and Ideology.” In State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan, edited by Fred Halliday and Hamza Alavi, 64–111. London: MacMillan Education Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Azim, Muhammad Kamran, Chuanchun Yang, Zhixiang Yan, Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary, Asifullah Khan, Xiao Sun, Ran Li, Huma Asif, Sana Sharif, and Yong Zhang. 2013. “Complete Genome Sequencing and Variant Analysis of a Pakistani Individual.” Journal of Human Genetics 58 (9): 622–626. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2013.72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz, Khursheed Kamal. 1993. The Murder of History: A Critique of History Textbooks Used in Pakistan. Lahore: Vanguard Books.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, Ruha. 2009. “A Lab of Their Own : Genomic Sovereignty as Postcolonial Science Policy.” Policy and Society 28 (4): 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.09.007.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, Elise. 2021. Genetic Crossroads: The Middle East and the Science of Human Heredity. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dadi, Iftikhar. 2012. “Nuclearization and Pakistani Popular Culture Since 1998.” In In South Asian Cultures of the Bomb: Atomic Publics and the State in India and Pakistan, edited by Itty Abraham, 173–194. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Egorova, Yulia. 2009. “De/Geneticizing Caste: Population Genetic Research in South Asia.” Science as Culture 18 (4): 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505430902806975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egorova, Yulia. 2010. “Castes of Genes? Representing Human Genetic Diversity in India.” Genomics, Society and Policy 6 (3): 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-5354-6-3-32.
   Google Scholar
• Egorova, Yulia. 2013. “The Substance That Empowers? DNA in South Asia.” Contemporary South Asia 21 (3): 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2013.826627.
   Google Scholar
• Express. 2011. “Milestone: Scientists Map Genome of First Pakistani Man.” The Express Tribune, 28 June 2011. https://tribune.com.pk/story/197783/milestone-scientists-map-genome-of-first-pakistani-man.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, Billie-Jo, Béatrice Séguin, Raj Ramesar, Peter A. Singer, and Abdallah S. Daar. 2008. “South Africa: From Species Cradle to Genomic Applications.” Nature Reviews Genetics 9 (S1): S19–S23. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2441.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardy, Billie-Jo, Béatrice Séguin, Peter A. Singer, Mitali Mukerji, Samir K. Brahmachari, and Abdallah S. Daar. 2008. “From Diversity to Delivery: The Case of the Indian Genome Variation Initiative.” Nature Reviews Genetics 9 (S1): S9–S14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoodbhoy, Pervez. 2021. Exempt from Accountability? DAWN. 17 April 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, Jane. 1997. A History of the Peoples of Pakistan: Towards Independence. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• ICCBS. n.d. “International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences.” Accessed April 5, 2023. iccs.edu.
   Google Scholar
• Inpaper Magazine (DAWN). 2011. “Interview: Revealing the Secrets of Life.” https://www.dawn.com/news/642943/interview-revealing-the-secrets-of-life.
   Google Scholar
• Jalal, Ayesha. 1995. “Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 27 (1): 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800061596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang. 2011. “Pakistan Mein Bohat Jald Genome Institute Ka Qayam Amal Mein Laya Jayega” [A Genome Institute Will Soon Be Established in Pakistan]. Roznama Jang [The Daily Jang], July 1, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Feroz. 2012. Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kitzman, Jacob O., Alexandra P. MacKenzie, Andrew Adey, Joseph B. Hiatt, Rupali P. Patwardhan, Peter H. Sudmant, Sarah B. Ng, et al. 2011. “Haplotype-Resolved Genome Sequencing of a Gujarati Indian Individual.” Nature Biotechnology 29 (1): 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick, Ayyaz. 2021. “Pakistan: The Immediacy of Frantz Fanon.” In Fanon Today: Reason and Revolt of the Wretched of the Earth, edited by Nigel C. Gibson, 193–226. Montreal: Daraja Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mattson, Greggor. 2014. “Nation-State Science: Lappology and Sweden's Ethnoracial Purity.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 56 (2): 320–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0010417514000061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memon, Rizwan Tahir, and Ashraf Memon. 2017. “Ghar Mein Bhi Har Waqt Kaam Karta Rehta Hoon, Daaktar Atta-Ur-Rahman” [I’m Always Working at Home Too, Dr. Atta-Ur-Rahman]. Express News. https://www.express.pk/story/907960/.
   Google Scholar
• Mian, Zia. 2012. “Fevered with Dreams of the Future: The Coming of the Atomic Age to Pakistan.” In South Asian Cultures of the Bomb: Atomic Publics and the State in India and Pakistan, edited by Itty Abraham, 20–40. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, Robert, and Catherine Waldby. 2010. “National Biobanks: Clinical Labor, Risk Production, and the Creation of Biovalue.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 35 (3): 330–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243909340267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudur, G. S. 2008. “Stamp on Tagore’s India: Genetic Map Blurs Lines.” The Telegraph India, 25 April 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Nadeem, Faryal Ahmad. 2022. “A Journal Full of Lies and Deception: The Shaky Foundations of Bentham Science’s Phenomenal Success.” Lok Sujag. https://loksujag.com/story/bentham-science-publishers-scam
   Google Scholar
• Narang, Ankita, Rishi Das Roy, Amit Chaurasia, Arijit Mukhopadhyay, Mitali Mukerji, Indian Genome Variation Consortium, and Debasis Dash. 2010. “IGVBrowser-a Genomic Variation Resource from Diverse Indian populations.” Database 2010 (September): baq022. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baq022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nayyar, Abdul Hameed, and Ahmad Salim. 2005. The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, Aihwa. 2010. “Introduction: An Analytics of Biotechnology and Ethics at Multiple Scales.” In Asian Biotech: Ethics and Communities of Fate, edited by Aihwa Ong and Nancy N. Chen, 1–52. 1st ed. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11313md.4.
   Google Scholar
• Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Atta Ur Rahman'. 2015. “Web Archive: Pakistan Academy of Sciences.” https://web.archive.org/web/20150121105405/http://www.paspk.org/detail.php?id=16&id1=86.
   Google Scholar
• PakistanToday. 2022. “IHC Expects PM Will Stop His Aide Dr Attaur Rehman from Interfering in HEC Affairs.” Pakistan Today, March 16, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Patowary, Ashok, Ramya Purkanti, Meghna Singh, Rajendra Kumar Chauhan, Deeksha Bhartiya, Om Prakash Dwivedi, Ganesh Chauhan, Dwaipayan Bharadwaj, Sridhar Sivasubbu, and Vinod Scaria. 2012. “Systematic Analysis and Functional Annotation of Variations in the Genome of an Indian Individual.” Human Mutation 33 (7): 1133–1140. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.22091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ppi. 2011. “Former HEC Chairman Becomes First Pakistani for Genome Mapping.” The Express Tribune, July 1, 2011. https://tribune.com.pk/story/199644/dr-atta-ur-rehman-first-pakistani-to-have-genome-mapped.
   Google Scholar
• Qasmi, Ali Usman. 2019. “A Master Narrative for the History of Pakistan: Tracing the Origins of an Ideological Agenda.” Modern Asian Studies 53 (04): 1066–1105. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X17000427.
   Google Scholar
• Qasmi, Ali Usman. 2010. “God's Kingdom on Earth? Politics of Islam in Pakistan, 1947–1969.” Modern Asian Studies 44 (6): 1197–1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X09000134.
   Google Scholar
• Rabbani, Muhammad Ikram, and Monawwar Ali Sayyid. 1992. An Introduction to Pakistan Studies. Lahore: Caravan Book House.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, Atta-Ur-. n.d. “Atta-Ur-Rahman Official Website.” Accessed April 5, 2023. https://atta-ur-rahman.com/?page=home.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto, and Alberto Arellano-Méndez. 2012. “The Law of Genomic Sovereignty and the Protection of 'Mexican Genetic Patrimony'.” Medicine and Law 31 (2): 283–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto, and Eduardo Restrepo. 2013. “Biocoloniality, Governance, and the Protection of ‘Genetic Identities’ in Mexico and Colombia.” Sociology 47 (5): 993–1010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513494506.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto, and Irma Silva-Zolezzi. 2010. “'The Map of the Mexican’s Genome': Overlapping National Identity, and Population Genomics.” Identity in the Information Society 3 (3): 489–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7.
   Google Scholar
• Séguin, Béatrice, Billie-Jo Hardy, Peter A. Singer, and Abdallah S. Daar. 2008a. “Genomics, Public Health and Developing Countries: The Case of the Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN).” Nature Reviews Genetics 9 (S1): S5–S9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Séguin, Béatrice, Billie-Jo Hardy, Peter A Singer, and Abdallah S Daar. 2008b. “Genomic Medicine and Developing Countries: Creating a Room of Their Own.” Nature Reviews Genetics 9 (6): 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, Bob. 2000. “Imagined Genetic Communities: Ethnicity and Essentialism in the Twenty-First Century.” Anthropology Today 16 (3): 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.00023.
   Google Scholar
• Subramaniam, Banu. 2019. Holy Science: The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sunder Rajan, Kaushik. 2006. Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sunder Rajan, Kaushik. 2010. “The Experimental Machinery of Global Clinical Trials.” In Asian Biotech, 55–80. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822393207-002.
   Google Scholar
• Tariq, Farooq. 2022. “Academia Ki Farah Gogi: Atta Ur Rahman Kay Nakaam Mansoobay, Arbon Zaya” [The Farah Gogi of Academia: The Failed Projects of Atta-Ur-Rahman, Millions Wasted]. Jeddojehad.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor-Alexander, Samuel, and Ernesto Schwartz-Marín. 2013. “Bioprophecy and the Politics of the Present: Notes on the Establishment of Mexico’s National Genomics Institute (INMEGEN).” New Genetics and Society 32 (4): 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2013.845076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toor, Saadia. 2011. The State of Islam: Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan. 1st ed. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tupasela, Aaro. 2017. “Populations as Brands in Medical Research: Placing Genes on the Global Genetic Atlas.” BioSocieties 12 (1): 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-016-0029-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf, Suhail. 2011. “Genome Mapping of First Pakistani.” DAWN. July 1, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. 2018. Islam in Pakistan: A History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar