1,724
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Farmers’ profiles and attitudes towards the implementation of rainwater harvesting systems in intensive agriculture

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2189402 | Received 20 Apr 2022, Accepted 06 Mar 2023, Published online: 22 Mar 2023

References

  • Abdulai, A., & Huffman, W. (2014). The adoption and impact of soil and water conservation technology: An endogenous switching regression application. Land Economics, 90(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.90.1.26
  • Adamsone-Fiskovica, A., & Grivins, M. (2022). Knowledge production and communication in on-farm demonstrations: Putting farmer participatory research and extension into practice. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 28(4), 479–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2021.1953551
  • Arunrat, N., Wang, C., Pumijumnong, N., Sereenonchai, S., & Cai, W. (2017). Farmers’ intention and decision to adapt to climate change: A case study in the Yom and Nan basins, Phichit province of Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 672–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.058
  • Aubert, B. A., Schroeder, A., & Grimaudo, J. (2012). IT as enabler of sustainable farming: An empirical analysis of farmers’ adoption decision of precision agriculture technology. Decision Support Systems, 54(1), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.07.002
  • Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Belmonte-Ureña, L. J., Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., & Valera, D. L. (2019). Aquifer sustainability and the use of desalinated seawater for greenhouse irrigation in the Campo de Níjar, Southeast Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050898
  • Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Belmonte-Ureña, L. J., Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., & Valera, D. L. (2021). Farmers’ profiles and behaviours toward desalinated seawater for irrigation: Insights from South-east Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 296, 126568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126568
  • Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Galdeano-Gómez, E., & Pérez-Mesa, J. C. (2011). Intensive horticulture in Almería (Spain): A counterpoint to current European rural policy strategies. Journal of Agrarian Change, 11(2), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00301.x
  • Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., & Sánchez-Picón, A. (2010). Innovation and district around a “miracle”: Configuration of the local productive system in intensive agriculture in Almeria. Revista de Historia Industrial, 19(42), 157–193. https://doi.org/10.1344/RHI.V19I42.20502
  • Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., López-Felices, B., & del Moral-Torres, F. (2020). Barriers and facilitators for adopting sustainable soil management practices in Mediterranean Olive Groves. Agronomy, 10(4), 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040506
  • Bafdal, N., Dwiratna, S., Kendarto, D. R., & Suryadi, E. (2017). Rainwater harvesting As a technological innovation to supplying crop nutrition through fertigation, International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 7(5), 1970–1975. https://doi.org/10.18517/IJASEIT.7.5.3262
  • Bogdan, A. M., & Kulshreshtha, S. N. (2021). Canadian horticultural growers’ perceptions of beneficial management practices for improved on-farm water management. Journal of Rural Studies, 87, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.08.020
  • Bonachela, S., Fernández, M. D., Cabrera-Corral, F. J., & Granados, M. R. (2022). Salt and irrigation management of soil-grown Mediterranean greenhouse tomato crops drip-irrigated with moderately saline water. Agricultural Water Management, 262, 107433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107433
  • Bonachela, S., Juan, M., Casas, J. J., Fuentes-Rodríguez, F., Gallego, I., & Elorrieta, M. A. (2013). Pond management and water quality for drip irrigation in Mediterranean intensive horticultural systems. Irrigation Science, 31(4), 769–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-012-0361-1
  • BOP. (2017). BOP de Almería no 148, del 3 de agosto de 2017, Ordenanza de Invernaderos y su Entorno del Ayuntamiento de El Ejido. https://app.dipalme.org/bop/publico.zul
  • Boyaci, S., & Kartal, S. (2020). Rainwater harvesting on greenhouse roof and use in irrigation. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 7(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i2.2019.1011
  • Burek, P., Satoh, Y., Fischer, G., Kahil, M. T., Scherzer, A., Tramberend, S., Nava, L. F., Wada, Y., Eisner, S., Flörke, M., Hanasaki, N., Magnuszewski, P., Cosgrove, B., & Wiberg, D. (2016). Water futures and solution. Fast Track Initiative – Final Report ADA Project Number 2725-00/2014. Water Futures and Solution, 1–113.
  • Caparrós-Martínez, J. L., Rueda-Lópe, N., Milán-García, J., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2020). Public policies for sustainability and water security: The case of Almeria (Spain). Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, e01037. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GECCO.2020.E01037
  • Cardinal, R. N., & Aitken, M. R. F. (2013). ANOVA for the behavioral sciences researcher. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203763933
  • Carvajal, F., Agüera, F., & Sánchez-Hermosilla, J. (2014). Water balance in artificial on-farm agricultural water reservoirs for the irrigation of intensive greenhouse crops. Agricultural Water Management, 131, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.09.006
  • Casas, J. J., Bonachela, S., Moyano, F. J., Fenoy, E., & Hernández, J. (2015). Agricultural practices in the Mediterranean: A case study in southern Spain. In V. R. Preedy & R. R. Watson (Eds.), The Mediterranean diet: An evidence-based approach (pp. 23–36). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407849-9.00003-8
  • Castro, A. J., López-Rodríguez, M. D., Giagnocavo, C., Gimenez, M., Céspedes, L., La Calle, A., Gallardo, M., Pumares, P., Cabello, J., Rodríguez, E., Uclés, D., Parra, S., Casas, J. J., Rodríguez, F., Fernandez-Prados, J. S., Alba-Patiño, D., Expósito-Granados, M., Murillo-López, B. E., Vasquez, L. M., & Valera, D. L. (2019). Six collective challenges for sustainability of Almería greenhouse horticulture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214097
  • Demeke, G. G., Andualem, T. G., & Kassa, M. (2021). Evaluation of the sustainability of existing rainwater harvesting ponds: A case study of lay Gayint District, South Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 7(7), e07647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07647
  • Dessart, F. J., Barreiro-Hurlé, J., & Van Bavel, R. (2019). Behavioural factors affecting the adoption of sustainable farming practices: A policy-oriented review. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 46(3), 417–471. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbz019
  • Di Vita, G., Zanchini, R., Falcone, G., D’Amico, M., Brun, F., & Gulisano, G. (2021). Local, organic or protected? Detecting the role of different quality signals among Italian olive oil consumers through a hierarchical cluster analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 290, 125795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125795
  • Eslamian, S., & Eslamian, F. (2021a). Handbook of water harvesting and conservation: Basic concepts and fundamentals (Vol. 1). Wiley.
  • Eslamian, S., & Eslamian, F. (2021b). Handbook of water harvesting and conservation: Case studies and application examples (Vol. 2). Wiley.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2018). The future of food and agriculutre. Alternative pathways to 2050. https://www.fao.org/3/I8429EN/i8429en.pdf
  • Gachango, F. G., Andersen, L. M., & Pedersen, S. M. (2015). Adoption of voluntary water-pollution reduction technologies and water quality perception among Danish farmers. Agricultural Water Management, 158, 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.04.014
  • Gadanakis, Y., Bennett, R., Park, J., & Areal, F. J. (2015). Improving productivity and water use efficiency: A case study of farms in England. Agricultural Water Management, 160, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.020
  • García-García, M. C., Céspedes-López, A. J., Pérez-Parra, J. J., & Lorenzo-Mínguez, P. (2016). El Sistema de Producción Hortícola de la Provincia de Almería. IFAPA. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa/servifapa/registro-servifapa/05ca752a-b1ff-4e6a-8c77-d706f90f20bc
  • Garcia-Caparros, P., Contreras, J. I., Baeza, R., Segura, M. L., & Lao, M. T. (2017). Integral management of irrigation water in intensive horticultural systems of Almería. Sustainability, 9(12), 2271. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122271
  • Greve, P., Kahil, T., Mochizuki, J., Schinko, T., Satoh, Y., Burek, P., Fischer, G., Tramberend, S., Burtscher, R., Langan, S., & Wada, Y. (2018). Global assessment of water challenges under uncertainty in water scarcity projections. Nature Sustainability, 1(9), 486–494. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0134-9
  • Hanjra, M. A., & Qureshi, M. E. (2010). Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change. Food Policy, 35(5), 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006
  • Hennig, C., Meila, M., Murtagh, F., & Rocci, R. (2015). Handbook of cluster analysis. CRC Press.
  • Hussain, F., Hussain, R., Wu, R. S., & Abbas, T. (2019). Rainwater harvesting potential and utilization for artificial recharge of groundwater using recharge wells. Processes, 7(9), 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090623
  • Islam, S., Lefsrud, M., Adamowski, J., Bissonnette, B., & Busgang, A. (2013). Design, construction, and operation of a demonstration rainwater harvesting system for greenhouse irrigation at McGill University, Canada. HortTechnology, 23(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.23.2.220
  • Jewell, L. P. (2016). Increasing adoption of on-farm water recycling technology in culturally and linguistically diverse communities in a peri-urban context - Key challenges and lessons. Acta Horticulturae, (1112), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1112.5
  • Junta de Andalucía. (2015). Caracterización explotaciones invernadero de Andalucía: Campo de Dalías (Almería). Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/observatorio/servlet/FrontController?action=RecordContent&table=12030&element=1586149
  • Junta de Andalucía. (2020). Cartografía de invernaderos en Almería, Granada y Málaga. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/producto_estadistica/19/06/Cartografia_inv_AL_GR_MA_v201127.pdf
  • Karasmanaki, E., Dimopoulou, P., Vryzas, Z., Karipidis, P., & Tsantopoulos, G. (2021). Is the environmental behavior of farmers affecting their pesticide practices? A case study from Greece Sustainability, 13(3), 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13031452
  • Karasmanaki, E., & Tsantopoulos, G. (2019). Exploring future scientists’ awareness about and attitudes towards renewable energy sources. Energy Policy, 131, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.04.032
  • Kebede, Y., Baudron, F., Bianchi, F. J. J. A., & Tittonell, P. (2019). Drivers, farmers’ responses and landscape consequences of smallholder farming systems changes in southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 17(6), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1679000
  • Knox, J. W., Kay, M. G., & Weatherhead, E. K. (2012). Water regulation, crop production, and agricultural water management—Understanding farmer perspectives on irrigation efficiency. Agricultural Water Management, 108, 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.06.007
  • Kumar, S., Ramilan, T., Ramarao, C. A., Rao, C. S., & Whitbread, A. (2016). Farm level rainwater harvesting across different agro climatic regions of India: Assessing performance and its determinants. Agricultural Water Management, 176, 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.05.013
  • Lanza-Castillo, G. M., Engler, A., & Wollni, M. (2021). Planned behavior and social capital: Understanding farmers’ behavior toward pressurized irrigation technologies. Agricultural Water Management, 243, 106524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106524
  • Lee, K. E., Mokhtar, M., Mohd Hanafiah, M., Abdul Halim, A., & Badusah, J. (2016). Rainwater harvesting as an alternative water resource in Malaysia: Potential, policies and development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 126, 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.060
  • Lekouch, I., Mileta, M., Muselli, M., Milimouk-Melnytchouk, I., Šojat, V., Kabbachi, B., & Beysens, D. (2010). Comparative chemical analysis of dew and rain water. Atmospheric Research, 95(2-3), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.10.002
  • Liang, X., & van Dijk, M. P. (2011a). Economic and financial analysis on rainwater harvesting for agricultural irrigation in the rural areas of Beijing. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(11), 1100–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.06.009
  • Liang, X., & van Dijk, M. P. (2011b). Optimal level of groundwater charge to promote rainwater usage for irrigation in rural Beijing. Water, 3(4), 1077–1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3041077
  • Liang, X., & van Dijk, M. P. (2016). Identification of decisive factors determining the continued use of rainwater harvesting systems for agriculture irrigation in Beijing. Water, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8010007
  • Liu, T., Bruins, R. J. F., & Heberling, M. T. (2018). Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of best management practices: A review and synthesis. Sustainability, 10(2), 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020432
  • Long, T. B., Blok, V., & Coninx, I. (2016). Barriers to the adoption and diffusion of technological innovations for climate-smart agriculture in Europe: Evidence from The Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.044
  • López-Felices, B., Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., & Mesa-Vázquez, E. (2022). Installation of hedgerows around greenhouses to encourage biological pest control: Farmers’ perspectives from southeast Spain. Journal of Environmental Management, 323, 116210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116210
  • Lye, D. J. (2009). Rooftop runoff as a source of contamination: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 407(21), 5429–5434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.011
  • Mango, N., Makate, C., Tamene, L., Mponela, P., & Ndengu, G. (2017). Awareness and adoption of land, soil and water conservation practices in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(2), 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.04.003
  • Martín, J. R., Mora García, M., de Pablo Dávila, F., & Soriano, L. R. (2014). Regimes of intense precipitation in the Spanish Mediterranean area. Atmospheric Research, 137, 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.010
  • Mendoza-Fernández, A. J., Peña-Fernández, A., Molina, L., & Aguilera, P. A. (2021). The role of technology in greenhouse agriculture: Towards a sustainable intensification in Campo de Dalías (Almería, Spain). Agronomy, 11(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010101
  • Milhorance, C., Le Coq, J. F., Sabourin, E., Andrieu, N., Mesquita, P., Cavalcante, L., & Nogueira, D. (2022). A policy mix approach for assessing rural household resilience to climate shocks: Insights from Northeast Brazil. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 20(4), 675–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1968683
  • Molina-Sánchez, L., Sánchez-Martos, F., Daniele, L., Vallejos, A., & Pulido-Bosch, A. (2015). Interaction of aquifer–wetland in a zone of intensive agriculture: The case of Campo de Dalías (Almería, SE Spain). Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(6), 2869–2880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3260-3
  • Muriu-Ng’ang’a, F. W., Mucheru-Muna, M., Waswa, F., & Mairura, F. S. (2017). Socio-economic factors influencing utilisation of rain water harvesting and saving technologies in Tharaka South, Eastern Kenya. Agricultural Water Management, 194, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.09.005
  • Murtagh, F., & Contreras, P. (2017). Algorithms for hierarchical clustering: An overview, II. WIRES Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 7(6), e1219. https://doi.org/10.1002/WIDM.1219
  • Musova, Z., Musa, H., & Matiova, V. (2021). Environmentally responsible behaviour of consumers: Evidence from Slovakia. Economics & Sociology, 14(1), 178–198. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-1/12
  • Nyberg, Y., Wetterlind, J., Jonsson, M., & Öborn, I. (2021). Factors affecting smallholder adoption of adaptation and coping measures to deal with rainfall variability. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 19(2), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1895574
  • Nyumba, T. O., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12860
  • Ochoa-Noriega, C., Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., & López-Felices, B. (2022). Analysis of the Acceptance of Sustainable Practices in Water Management for the Intensive Agriculture of the Costa de Hermosillo (Mexico). Agronomy, 12(1), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010154
  • Ourimbah, V. B., Brunton, V., & Ourimbah, V. B. (2011). Irrigation water quality. Department of Primary Industries, pp. 1–3. https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/433643/Irrigation-water-quality.pdf
  • Oweis, T., & Hachum, A. (2006). Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in west Asia and north Africa. Agricultural Water Management, 80(1–3), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.004
  • Paço, A., & Lavrador, T. (2017). Environmental knowledge and attitudes and behaviours towards energy consumption. Journal of Environmental Management, 197, 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.100
  • Panagea, I. S., Daliakopoulos, I. N., Tsanis, I. K., & Schwilch, G. (2016). Evaluation of promising technologies for soil salinity amelioration in Timpaki (Crete): A participatory approach. Solid Earth, 7(1), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-177-2016
  • Petkou, D., Andrea, V., & Anthrakopoulou, K. (2021). Τhe impact of training environmental educators: Environmental perceptions and attitudes of pre-primary and primary school teachers in Greece. Education Sciences, 11(6), 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11060274
  • Phogat, V., Mallants, D., Cox, J. W., Šimůnek, J., Oliver, D. P., & Awad, J. (2020). Management of soil salinity associated with irrigation of protected crops. Agricultural Water Management, 227, 105845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105845
  • Piedra-Muñoz, L., Godoy-Durán, Á., & Giagnocavo, C. (2017). How to improve water usage efficiency? Characterization of family farms in a semi-arid area. Water, 9(10), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100785
  • Prokopy, L. S., Floress, K., Arbuckle, J. G., Church, S. P., Eanes, F. R., Gao, Y., Gramig, B. M., Ranjan, P., & Singh, A. S. (2019). Adoption of agricultural conservation practices in the United States: Evidence from 35 years of quantitative literature. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 74(5), 520–534. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.74.5.520
  • Rahaman, M. F., Jahan, C. S., & Mazumder, Q. H. (2019). Rainwater harvesting: Practiced potential for integrated water resource management in drought-prone Barind Tract, Bangladesh. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 9, 100267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100267
  • Rameshwaran, P., Tepe, A., Yazar, A., & Ragab, R. (2016). Effects of drip-irrigation regimes with saline water on pepper productivity and soil salinity under greenhouse conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 199, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.007
  • Recha, C. W., Mukopi, M. N., & Otieno, J. O. (2015). Socio-economic determinants of adoption of rainwater harvesting and conservation techniques in semi-arid tharaka sub-county, Kenya. Land Degradation & Development, 26(7), 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2326
  • Redwood, M., Bouraoui, M., & Houmane, B. (2014). Rainwater and greywater harvesting for urban food security in La Soukra, Tunisia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 30(2), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2013.837367
  • Reiff, M., Ivanicova, Z., & Surmanova, K. (2018). Cluster analysis of selected world development indicators in the fields of agriculture and the food industry in European Union countries. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika), 64(5), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.17221/198/2016-AGRICECON
  • Richey, A. S., Thomas, B. F., Lo, M. H., Reager, J. T., Famiglietti, J. S., Voss, K., Swenson, S., & Rodell, M. (2015). Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE. Water Resources Research, 51(7), 5217–5238. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017349
  • Rozaki, Z., Senge, M., Yoshiyama, K., & Komariah, X. (2017). Feasibility and adoption of rainwater harvesting by farmers. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 5(0), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.5.56
  • Shadeed, S., Judeh, T., & Riksen, M. (2020). Rainwater harvesting for sustainable agriculture in high water-poor areas in the West Bank, Palestine. Water, 12(2), 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020380
  • Shamsudduha, M., & Taylor, R. G. (2020). Groundwater storage dynamics in the world’s large aquifer systems from GRACE: Uncertainty and role of extreme precipitation. Earth System Dynamics, 11(3), 755–774. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-755-2020
  • Shapiro-Garza, E., King, D., Rivera-Aguirre, A., Wang, S., & Finley-Lezcano, J. (2020). A participatory framework for feasibility assessments of climate change resilience strategies for smallholders: Lessons from coffee cooperatives in Latin America. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 18(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1658841
  • Siebert, S., Burke, J., Faures, J. M., Frenken, K., Hoogeveen, J., Döll, P., & Portmann, F. T. (2010). Groundwater use for irrigation - A global inventory. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(10), 1863–1880. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010
  • Singh, A. S., & Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling techniques and determination of sample size in applied statistics research: An overview. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 2(11), 1–22.
  • Singh, K. G., Sharda, R., & Singh, A. (2019). Harvesting rainwater from greenhouse rooftop for crop production. Agricultural Research Journal, 56(3), 493–502. https://doi.org/10.5958/2395-146X.2019.00077.2
  • Singh, R., Singh, P., Srivastava, P., Upadhyay, S., & Raghubanshi, A. S. (2017). Human overpopulation and food security: Challenges for the agriculture sustainability. In Environmental issues surrounding human overpopulation (pp. 12–39). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1683-5.ch002
  • Soni, P., Dashora, Y., Maheshwari, B., Dillon, P., Singh, P., & Kumar, A. (2020). Managed aquifer recharge at a farm level: Evaluating the performance of direct well recharge structures. Water, 12(4), 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041069
  • Subedi, A., Kalauni, D., Khadka, R., & Kattel, R. R. (2020). Assessment of role of water harvesting technology in vegetable-based income diversification in palpa district, Nepal. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1758374. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1758374
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA. Thomson/Brooks/Cole.
  • Telles, T. S., Righetto, A. J., da Costa, G. V., Volsi, B., & de Oliveira, J. F. (2019). Conservation agriculture practices adopted in southern Brazil. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 17(5), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1655863
  • Tessema, Y. A., Joerin, J., & Patt, A. (2018). Factors affecting smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change through non-technological adjustments. Environmental Development, 25, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2017.11.001
  • Tiwari, M., & Misra, B. (2011). Application of cluster analysis in agriculture – A review article. International Journal of Computer Applications, 36(4), 43–47.
  • Tortajada, C., & González-Gómez, F. (2022). Economic development and groundwater sustainability. In Oxford research encyclopedia of environmental science. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780199389414.013.789
  • UNICEF. (2021). Water security for all. Water Well Journal, 56(3). https://www.unicef.org/media/95241/file/water-security-for-all.pdf
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). (2019). World population prospects 2019 - Highlights. United Nations.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). (2021). World social report 2021 - Reconsidering rural development (World Social Report). United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/9789216040628
  • United Nations (UN). (2012). Resilient people resilient planet: A future worth choosing. https://en.unesco.org/system/files/GSP_Report_web_final.pdf
  • United Nations (UN), & UNESCO. (2021). The united nations world water development report 2021: Valuing water. In Water politics. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000375724
  • Valera, D. L., Belmonte, L. J., Molina, F. D., & López, A. (2016). Greenhouse agriculture in Almería. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis. Cajamar Caja Rural.
  • Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Batlles-delaFuente, A., & Fidelibus, M. D. (2019). Rainwater harvesting for agricultural irrigation: An analysis of global research. Water, 11(7), 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071320
  • Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., López-Felices, B., & Balacco, G. (2022). Adopting sustainable water management practices in agriculture based on stakeholder preferences. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika), 68(9), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.17221/203/2022-AGRICECON
  • Willy, D. K., & Kuhn, A. (2016). Technology adoption under variable weather conditions — The case of rain water harvesting in Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya. Water Economics and Policy, 02((02|2)), 1650001. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X16500016
  • Yaghoubi Farani, A., Mohammadi, Y., & Ghahremani, F. (2019). Modeling farmers’ responsible environmental attitude and behaviour: A case from Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(27), 28146–28161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06040-x
  • Zaman, M., Shahid, S. A., & Heng, L. (2018). Irrigation Water Quality. In Guideline for salinity assessment, mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques (pp. 113–131). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_5
  • Zdeb, M., Zamorska, J., Papciak, D., & Słyś, D. (2020). The quality of rainwater collected from roofs and the possibility of its economic use. Resources, 9(2), 12. doi:10.3390/resources9020012