919
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Necessity as a driver in bending agricultural gender norms in the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2247766 | Received 28 Apr 2022, Accepted 08 Aug 2023, Published online: 22 Aug 2023

References

  • Adams, E. A., Juran, L., & Ajibade, I. (2018). ‘Spaces of exclusion’ in community water governance: A feminist political ecology of gender and participation in Malawi’s urban water user associations. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 95, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.016
  • Agarwal, B. (2018). The challenge of gender inequality. Economia Politica, 35(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-018-0092-8
  • Baral, N., Paria, B., Behera, B., & Mishra, P. (2021). Household behaviour and nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices: Experiences of smallholder farmers in Northern West Bengal, India. World Development Perspectives, 21, 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100296
  • Bauer, N. M. (2016). The effects of counterstereotypic gender strategies on candidate evaluations. Political Psychology, 38(2), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12351
  • Bhupatiraju, S., Chen, D. L., Joshi, S., & Neis, P. (2021). Who Is in Justice? Caste, Religion and Gender in the Courts of Bihar over a Decade, World Bank eLibrary. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9555
  • Brown, B., Chaudhary, A., Sharma, A., Timsina, P., Karki, E., Rashid, M., Das, K., Ghosh, A., Rahman, W., & Jackson, T. (2023). How diverse are farming systems on the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia? A multi-metric and multi-country assessment. Farming System, 1(2), 100017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2023.100017
  • Brown, B., Llewellyn, R., & Nuberg, I. (2018). Global learnings to inform the local adaptation of conservation agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa. Global Food Security, 17, 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.10.002
  • Brown, B., Nuberg, I., & Llewellyn, R. (2017). Negative evaluation of conservation agriculture: Perspectives from African smallholder farmers. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 15(4), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2017.1336051
  • Brown, B., Paudel, G. P., & Krupnik, T. J. (2021a). Visualising adoption processes through a stepwise framework: A case study of mechanisation on the Nepal Terai. Agricultural Systems, 192, 103200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103200
  • Brown, B., Samaddar, A., Singh, K., Leipzig, A., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Singh, D. K., Malik, R., Craufurd, P., Kumar, V., & McDonald, A. (2021b). Understanding decision processes in becoming a fee-for-hire service provider: A case study on direct seeded rice in Bihar, India. Journal of Rural Studies, 87, 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.09.025
  • Chanamuto, N. J., & Hall, S. J. (2015). Gender equality, resilience to climate change, and the design of livestock projects for rural livelihoods. Gender & Development, 23(3), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1096041
  • Chaudhary, A., Timsina, P., Karki, E., Sharma, A., Suri, B., Sharma, R., & Brown, B. (2023). Contextual realities and poverty traps: Why South Asian smallholder farmers negatively evaluate conservation agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170523000066
  • Chaudhary, A., Timsina, P., Suri, B., Karki, E., Sharma, A., Sharma, R., & Brown, B. (2022). Experiences with conservation agriculture in the Eastern Gangetic Plains: Farmer benefits, challenges, and strategies that frame the next steps for wider adoption. Frontiers in Agronomy, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.787896
  • Devi, L., & Kaur, M. (2019, October). Purdah or Ghunghat, a powerful means to control women: A study of rural Muslim and non-Muslim women in Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 26(3), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521519861162
  • Esteve-Volart. (2004). Gender discrimination and growth: Theory and evidence from India (LSE STICERD Research Paper, DEDPS 42). Retrieved May 25, 2023, from http://eprints.uanl.mx/5481/1/1020149995.PDF
  • Farnworth, C. R., Baudron, F., Andersson, J. A., Misiko, M., Badstue, L., & Stirling, C. M. (2015). Gender and conservation agriculture in East and Southern Africa: Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 14(2), 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2015.1065602
  • Ferdous, J., & Mallick, D. (2019). Norms, practices, and gendered vulnerabilities in the lower Teesta basin, Bangladesh. Environmental Development, 31, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.10.003
  • Fernández-Sánchez, H., Salma, J., Márquez-Vargas, P. M., & Salami, B. (2020). Left-behind women in the context of international migration: A scoping review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 31(6), 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620935962
  • Gartaula, H. N., Niehof, A., & Visser, L. (2010). Feminisation of agriculture as an effect of male out-migration: Unexpected outcomes from Jhapa District, Eastern Nepal. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review, 5(2), 565–578. https://doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i02/51588
  • Gathala, M. K., Laing, A. M., Tiwari, T. P., Timsina, J., Rola-Rubzen, F., Islam, S., Maharjan, S., Brown, P. R., Das, K. K., Pradhan, K., Chowdhury, A. K., Kumar, R., Datt, R., Anwar, M., Hossain, S., Kumar, U., Adhikari, S., Magar, D. B., Sapkota, B. K., … Gerard, B. (2021). Improving smallholder farmers’ gross margins and labor-use efficiency across a range of cropping systems in the Eastern Gangetic Plains. World Development, 138, 105266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105266
  • Gathala, M. K., Timsina, J., Islam, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Hossain, M. I., Harun-Ar-Rashid, M., Ghosh, A. K., Krupnik, T. J., Tiwari, T. P., & McDonald, A. (2015). Conservation agriculture based tillage and crop establishment options can maintain farmers’ yields and increase profits in South Asia’s rice–maize systems: Evidence from Bangladesh. Field Crops Research, 172, 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.12.003
  • Ghose, B., Feng, D., Tang, S., Yaya, S., He, Z., Udenigwe, O., Ghosh, S., & Feng, Z. (2017). Women’s decision-making autonomy and utilisation of maternal healthcare services: Results from the Bangladesh demographic and health survey. BMJ Open, 7(9), e017142. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017142
  • Giuliano, P. (2017). Gender: An historical perspective. https://doi.org/10.3386/w23635
  • Gordon, T. (2019). Inside and outside families. Unresolved Dilemmas, 169–185. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432323-10
  • Holmelin, N. B. (2019). Competing gender norms and social practice in Himalayan farm management. World Development, 122, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.018
  • Huyer, S., & Partey, S. (2019). Weathering the storm or storming the norms? Moving gender equality forward in climate-resilient agriculture. Climatic Change, 158(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02612-5
  • Ickes, W. (1993). Traditional gender roles: Do they make, and then break, our relationships? Journal of Social Issues, 49(3), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01169.x
  • Iradukunda, F., Bullock, R., Rietveld, A., & van Schagen, B. (2019). Understanding gender roles and practices in the household and on the farm: Implications for banana disease management innovation processes in Burundi. Outlook on Agriculture, 48(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727019831704
  • Kabeer, N. (2020). Women’s empowerment and economic development: A feminist critique of storytelling practices in “Randomista” economics. Feminist Economics, 26(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1743338
  • Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., & Derpsch, R. (2018). Global spread of conservation agriculture. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 76(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927
  • Lahiri-Dutt, K., & Adhikari, M. (2016). From sharecropping to crop-rent: Women farmers changing agricultural production relations in rural South Asia. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(4), 997–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9666-z
  • Lee, J. N., Mahmud, M., Morduch, J., Ravindran, S., & Shonchoy, A. S. (2021). Migration, externalities, and the diffusion of COVID-19 in South Asia. Journal of Public Economics, 193, 104312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104312
  • Maity, K. (2018). Male out-migration and its impact on women empowerment in West Bengal. Economic Affairs, 63(2), https://doi.org/10.30954/0424-2513.2.2018.23
  • McGowan, C. (2011). Women in agriculture. In D. Pannell & F. Vanclay (Eds.), Changing land management – Adoption of new practices by rural landholders. CSIRO. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643101739
  • Mudege, N. N., Mdege, N., Abidin, P. E., & Bhatasara, S. (2017). The role of gender norms in access to agricultural training in Chikwawa and Phalombe, Malawi. Gender, Place & Culture, 24(12), 1689–1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1383363
  • Najafizadeh, M., & Lindsey, L. (Eds.). (2018). Women of Asia: Globalization, development, and gender equity. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Women-of-Asia-Globalization-Development-and-Gender-Equity/Najafizadeh-Lindsey/p/book/9781138208780
  • Neog, B. J., & Sahoo, B. K. (2020). Rural non-farm diversification, agricultural feminisation and women’s autonomy in the farm: Evidence from India. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 64(3), 940–959. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12374
  • Nyanga, P. H. (2012). Factors influencing adoption and area under conservation agriculture: A mixed methods approach. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 1(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n2p27
  • Parks, C. M. E., & Bagares, I. (2014). Gender and conservation agriculture: Constraints and opportunities in the Philippines. GeoJournal, 80(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-014-9523-4
  • Pattnaik, I., Lahiri-Dutt, K., Lockie, S., & Pritchard, B. (2017). The feminization of agriculture or the feminization of agrarian distress? Tracking the trajectory of women in agriculture in India. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 23(1), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2017.1394569
  • Paudel, G. P., Gartaula, H., Rahut, D. B., & Craufurd, P. (2020). Gender differentiated small-scale farm mechanization in Nepal hills: An application of exogenous switching treatment regression. Technology in Society, 61, 101250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101250
  • Priyadarshini, A. (2018). Tempering patriarchy and reinventing gender: Impact of male outfow on women in rural Bihar. Journal of Migration Affairs, 1(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.36931/jma.2018.1.1.111-121
  • Quisumbing, A. R., Rubin, D., Manfre, C., Waithanji, E., van den Bold, M., Olney, D., Johnson, N., & Meinzen-Dick, R. (2015). Gender, assets, and market-oriented agriculture: Learning from high-value crop and livestock projects in Africa and Asia. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(4), 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9587-x
  • Rao, N. (2020). The achievement of food and nutrition security in South Asia is deeply gendered. Nature Food, 1(4), 206–209. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0059-0
  • Richardson, R. A., Nandi, A., Jaswal, S., & Harper, S. (2017). Are work demands associated with mental distress? Evidence from women in rural India. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(12), 1501–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1448-z
  • Roomi, M. A., & Parrott, G. (2008). Barriers to development and progression of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570701700105
  • Routray, P., Torondel, B., Clasen, T., & Schmidt, W. P. (2017). Women’s role in sanitation decision making in rural coastal Odisha, India. PLoS One, 12(5), e0178042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178042
  • Satyavathi, C. T., Bharadwaj, C., & Brahmanand, P. (2010). Role of farm women in agriculture. Gender, Technology and Development, 14(3), 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/097185241001400308
  • Shattuck, D., Wasti, S. P., Limbu, N., Chipanta, N. S., & Riley, C. (2019). Men on the move and the wives left behind: The impact of migration on family planning in Nepal. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 27(1), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2019.1647398
  • Sugden, F., Maskey, N., Clement, F., Ramesh, V., Philip, A., & Rai, A. (2014). Agrarian stress and climate change in the Eastern Gangetic Plains: Gendered vulnerability in a stratified social formation. Global Environmental Change, 29, 258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.008
  • Suvedi, M., Ghimire, R., & Kaplowitz, M. (2017). Farmers’ participation in extension programs and technology adoption in rural Nepal: A logistic regression analysis. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 23(4), 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2017.1323653
  • Tamkeen, Q., & Bose, D. K. (2019). Constraints faced by rural working and non-working women in home activities in Patna District of Bihar State. Progressive Agriculture, 19(2), 209. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4615.2019.00043.7
  • Tonny, T. A., & Ahmed, J. (2020). Civil society’s contribution to women empowerment: Bangladesh perspective. Building Sustainable Communities, 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2393-9_14
  • Vemireddy, V., & Pingali, P. L. (2021). Seasonal time trade-offs and nutrition outcomes for women in agriculture: Evidence from rural India. Food Policy, 101, 102074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102074
  • Vepa, S. S. (2005). Feminisation of agriculture and marginalisation of their economic stake. Economic and Political Weekly. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4416785