Assessing the effectiveness of cover crops on ecosystem services: a review of the benefits, challenges, and trade-offs

References

• https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications
   Google Scholar
• Abalos, D., Recous, S., Butterbach–Bahl, K., De Notaris, C., Rittl, T. F., Topp, C. F., Petersen, S. O., Hansen, S., Bleken, M. A., Rees, R. M. and Olesen, J. E. (2022). A review and meta-analysis of mitigation measures for nitrous oxide emissions from crop residues. Science of the Total Environment, 828, 154388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalla, M., Hastings, A., Cheng, K., Yue, Q., Chadwick, D., Espenberg, M., Truu, J., Rees, R. M. and Smith, P. (2019). A critical review of the impacts of cover crops on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balance and crop productivity. Global Change Biology, 25(8), 2530–2543. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, R., Steinbach, H. S., & De Paepe, J. L. (2017). Cover crop effects on soils and subsequent crops in the pampas: A meta-analysis. Soil and Tillage Research, 170, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basche, A., & DeLonge, M. (2017). The impact of continuous living cover on soil hydrologic properties: A meta-analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 81(5), 1179–1190. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.03.0077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basche, A. D., & DeLonge, M. S. (2019). Comparing infiltration rates in soils managed with conventional and alternative farming methods: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 14(9), e0215702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavougian, C. M., Sarno, E., Knezevic, S., & Shapiro, C. A. (2019). Cover crop species and termination method effects on organic maize and soybean. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 35(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2018.1455607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawa, A., MacDowell, R., Bansal, S., McMaine, J., Sexton, P., & Kumar, S. (2021). Responses of leached nitrogen concentrations and soil health to winter rye cover crop under no-till corn–soybean rotation in the northern Great Plains. Journal of Environmental Quality, 52(3), 422–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, M. (2001). Potential and limitations of green manure technology in lowland rice. Journal of Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics, 102(2), 91–108.
   Google Scholar
• Benevenute, P. A., de Morais, E. G., Souza, A. A., Vasques, I. C., Cardoso, D. P., Sales, F. R., Severiano, E. C., Homem, B. G., Casagrande, D. R. and Silva, B. M. (2020). Penetration resistance: An effective indicator for monitoring soil compaction in pastures. Ecological Indicators, 117, 106647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, V., Westbrook, A. S., Bellinder, R. R., & DiTommaso, A. (2021). Integrated management of living mulches for weed control: A review. Weed Technology, 35, 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2021.52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Canqui, H. (2018). Cover crops and water quality. Agronomy Journal, 110(5), 1633–1647. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.02.0077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Canqui, H., Mikha, M. M., Presley, D. R., & Claassen, M. M. (2011). Addition of cover crops enhances no-till potential for improving soil physical properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75(4), 1471–1482. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Canqui, H., & Ruis, S. J. (2020). Cover crop impacts on soil physical properties: A review. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 84(5), 1527–1576. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Canqui, H., Ruis, S. J., Holman, J. D., Creech, C. F., & Obour, A. K. (2022). Can cover crops improve soil ecosystem services in water-limited environments? A review. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 86(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Canqui, H., Shaver, T. M., Lindquist, J. L., Shapiro, C. A., Elmore, R. W., Francis, C. A., & Hergert, G. W. (2015). Cover crops and ecosystem services: Insights from studies in temperate soils. Agronomy Journal, 107(6), 2449–2474. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj15.0086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles, T. M., Jackson, L. E., Loeher, M., & Cavagnaro, T. R. (2017). Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: A meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54(6), 1785–1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, E. B., & Smith, R. F. (2005). Winter cover crop growth and weed suppression on the central coast of California. Weed Technology, 19(4), 1017–1024. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-04-246R1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressler, A., Plumhoff, M., Hoey, L., & Blesh, J. (2021). Cover crop champions: Linking strategic communication approaches with farmer networks to support cover crop adoption. Society & Natural Resources, 34(12), 1602–1619. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2021.1980165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr-Hersey, J. E., Mooney, S. J., Bengough, A. G., Mairhofer, S., & Ritz, K. (2017). Developmental morphology of cover crop species exhibit contrasting behaviour to changes in soil bulk density, revealed by X-ray computed tomography. PLoS One, 12(7), e0181872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campiglia, E., Radicetti, E., Brunetti, P., & Mancinelli, R. (2014). Do cover crop species and residue management play a leading role in pepper productivity? Scientia Horticulturae, 166, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.12.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, J. C., Gallagher, R. S., Kaye, J. P., Lynch, J., & Bradley, B. (2010). Optimizing vetch nitrogen production and corn nitrogen accumulation under no-till management. Agronomy Journal, 102(5), 1491–1499. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius, C. D., & Bradley, K. W. (2017). Influence of various cover crop species on winter and summer annual weed emergence in soybean. Weed Technology, 31(4), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couëdel, A., Kirkegaard, J., Alletto, L., & Justes, E. (2019). Crucifer-legume cover crop mixtures for biocontrol: Toward a new multi-service paradigm. Advances in Agronomy, 157, 55–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crystal-Ornelas, R., Thapa, R., & Tully, K. L. (2021). Soil organic carbon is affected by organic amendments, conservation tillage, and cover cropping in organic farming systems: A meta- analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 312, 107356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darvishi, A., Yousefi, M., Marull, J., & Dinan, N. M. (2022). Modelling ecological scarcity considering the long-term interaction between human and nature in dry agricultural landscapes. Application in Qazvin (Iran). Ecological Modelling, 472, 110106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darvishi, A., Yousefi, M., & Mobargae, D. N. (2021). Evaluating the correlation between pollination ecosystem service and landscape pattern metrics (Case study: Qazvin province).
   Google Scholar
• Darvishi, A., Yousefi, M., Schirrmann, M., & Ewert, F. (2024). Exploring biodiversity patterns at the landscape scale by linking landscape energy and land use/land cover heterogeneity. Science of The Total Environment, 916, 170163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, H. N., Currie, R. S., French, B. W., & Buschman, L. L. (2009). Impact of land management practices on carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and other arthropods on the western high plains of North America. Southwestern Entomologist, 34(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.034.0104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doltra, J., & Olesen, J. E. (2013). The role of catch crops in the ecological intensification of spring cereals in organic farming under Nordic climate. European Journal of Agronomy, 44, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar, M. W., Gassmann, A. J., & O’Neal, M. E. (2017). Limited impact of a fall-seeded, spring-terminated rye cover crop on beneficial arthropods. Environmental Entomology, 46(2), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvw177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekwunife, K. C., Madramootoo, C. A., & Abbasi, N. A. (2021). Assessing the impacts of tillage, cover crops, nitrification, and urease inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions over winter and early spring. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 58(3), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-021-01605-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C., & Bailey, B. A. (2005). Role of cover crops in improving soil and row crop productivity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(19–20), 2733–2757. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620500303939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, F., van Der Werf, W., Makowski, D., Lamichhane, J. R., Huang, W., Li, C., Zhang, C., Cong, W. F. and Zhang, F. (2021). Cover crops promote primary crop yield in China: A meta-regression of factors affecting yield gain. Field Crops Research, 271, 108237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fikre, L., & Mulatu, W. (2014). Mechanisms of ecological weed management by cover cropping: A review. Journal of Biological Sciences, 14(7), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2014.452.459
   Google Scholar
• Gerhards, R., & Schappert, A. (2020). Advancing cover cropping in temperate integrated weed management. Pest Management Science, 76(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groff, S. (2015). The past, present, and future of the cover crop industry. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 70(6), 130A–133A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.70.6.130A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallama, M., Pekrun, C., Lambers, H., & Kandeler, E. (2019). Hidden miners–the roles of cover crops and soil microorganisms in phosphorus cycling through agroecosystems. Plant and Soil, 434(1), 7–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3810-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haruna, S. I., Anderson, S. H., Udawatta, R. P., Gantzer, C. J., Phillips, N. C., Cui, S., & Gao, Y. (2020). Improving soil physical properties through the use of cover crops: A review. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, 3(1), e20105. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20105
   Google Scholar
• Helliwell, J. R., Sturrock, C. J., Miller, A. J., Whalley, W. R., & Mooney, S. J. (2019). The role of plant species and soil condition in the structural development of the rhizosphere. Plant, Cell & Environment, 42(6), 1974–1986. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, J. D., Arnet, K., Dille, J., Maxwell, S., Obour, A., Roberts, T., Roozeboom, K., & Schlegel, A. (2018). Can cover or forage crops replace fallow in the semiarid central Great Plains? Crop Science, 58(2), 932–944. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.05.0324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopmans, J. W. (2019). Soil physical properties, processes, and associated root-soil interactions. Dryland Ecohydrology, 49–69. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007978-3-030-23269-6_3.
   Google Scholar
• Inveninato Carmona, G., Delserone, L. M., Nogueira Duarte Campos, J., Ferreira de Almeida, T., Vieira Branco Ozório, D., David Betancurt Cardona, J., Wright, R. and McMechan, A. J. (2021). Does cover crop management affect arthropods in the subsequent corn and soybean crops in the United States? A systematic review. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 114(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saaa049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacometti, M. A., Wratten, S. D., & Walter, M. (2007). Enhancing ecosystem services in vineyards: Using cover crops to decrease botrytis bunch rot severity. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 5(4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2007.9684830
   Google Scholar
• Jian, J., Du, X., Reiter, M. S., & Stewart, R. D. (2020). A meta-analysis of global cropland soil carbon changes due to cover cropping. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 143, 107735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanatas, P. (2020). Potential role of Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp. allelochemicals in weed management. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 80(3), 452–458. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392020000300452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karuku, G. N., Gachene, C. K. K., Karanja, N., Cornelis, W., & Verplacke, H. (2014). Effect of different cover crop residue management practices on soil moisture content under a tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum). Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 17(3), 509–523.
   Google Scholar
• Kaye, J., Finney, D., White, C., Bradley, B., Schipanski, M., Alonso-Ayuso, M., Hunter, M., Burgess, M. and Mejia, C. (2019). Managing nitrogen through cover crop species selection in the US mid-Atlantic. PLoS One, 14(4), e0215448. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, N., Zabaloy, M. C., Guan, K., & Villamil, M. B. (2020). Do cover crops benefit soil microbiome? A meta-analysis of current research. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 142, 107701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, R. L., Sezen, Z., Porter, P. M., Ragsdale, D. W., Wyckhuys, K. A., & Heimpel, G. E. (2015). On-farm evaluation of a fall-seeded rye cover crop for suppression of soybean aphid (H emiptera: A phididae) on soybean. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 17(3), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koudahe, K., Allen, S. C., & Djaman, K. (2022). Critical review of the impact of cover crops on soil properties. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 10(3), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2022.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremen, C., Iles, A., & Bacon, C. (2012). Diversified farming systems: An agroecological, systems- based alternative to modern industrial agriculture. Ecology and Society, 17(4), 44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, S., & Sainju, U. M. (1998). Nitrogen mineralization and availability of mixed leguminous and non-leguminous cover crop residues in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 26(4), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrada, R., Caseley, J. C., & Parker, C. (Eds.). (1994). Weed management for developing countries (Vol. 120). Food & Agriculture Org.
   Google Scholar
• Lavergne, S., Vanasse, A., Thivierge, M. N., & Halde, C. (2021). Using fall-seeded cover crop mixtures to enhance agroecosystem services: A review. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, 4(2), e20161. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20161
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Y. C., Watkins, K. B., Teasdale, J. R., & Abdul-Baki, A. A. (2000). Cover crops in sustainable food production. Food Reviews International, 16(2), 121–157. https://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-100100285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, D., Yin, L., Ju, W., Li, X., Liu, X., Deng, X., & Wang, S. (2021). Meta-analysis of green manure effects on soil properties and crop yield in northern China. Field Crops Research, 266, 108146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcillo, G. S., & Miguez, F. E. (2017). Corn yield response to winter cover crops: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 72(3), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.72.3.226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mario Zuffo, A., Felippe Ratke, R., Steiner, F., Matias de Oliveira, A., González Aguilera, J., & Eloy Lima, R. (2022). Silicon mitigates the effects of moderate drought stress in cover crops. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 208(6), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland, S. C., Paustian, K., & Schipanski, M. E. (2021). Management of cover crops in temperate climates influences soil organic carbon stocks: A meta-analysis. Ecological Applications, 31(3), e02278. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, R. W., Simpson, Z. P., Ausseil, A. G., Etheridge, Z., & Law, R. (2021). The implications of lag times between nitrate leaching losses and riverine loads for water quality policy. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95302-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennan, H., Jabran, K., Zandstra, B. H., & Pala, F. (2020). Non-chemical weed management in vegetables by using cover crops: A review. Agronomy, 10(2), 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020257
   Google Scholar
• Miller, M. H., Beauchamp, E. G., & Lauzon, J. D. (1994). Leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from the biomass of three cover crop species (Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 267–272). American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300020007x.
   Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group*. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales, M. E., Iocoli, G. A., Villamil, M. B., & Zabaloy, M. C. (2021). Effect of winter cover crops on the soil microbiome: A systematic literature review. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 54(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2021.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad, I., Sainju, U. M., Zhao, F., Khan, A., Ghimire, R., Fu, X., & Wang, J. (2019). Regulation of soil CO2 and N2O emissions by cover crops: A meta-analysis. Soil and Tillage Research, 192, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.04.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad, I., Wang, J., Khan, A., Ahmad, S., Yang, L., Ali, I., Zeeshan, M., Ullah, S., Fahad, S., Ali, S. and Zhou, X. B. (2021a). Impact of the mixture verses solo residue management and climatic conditions on soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio: A systematic review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(45), 64241–64252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15579-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad, I., Wang, J., Sainju, U. M., Zhang, S., Zhao, F., & Khan, A. (2021b). Cover cropping enhances soil microbial biomass and affects microbial community structure: A meta- analysis. Geoderma, 381, 114696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrell, E. G., Ray, S., Lemmon, M. E., Luthe, D. S., & Kaye, J. P. (2020). Cover crop species affect mycorrhizae-mediated nutrient uptake and pest resistance in maize. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 35(5), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170519000061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negassa, W., Price, R. F., Basir, A., Snapp, S. S., & Kravchenko, A. (2015). Cover crop and tillage systems effect on soil CO2 and N2O fluxes in contrasting topographic positions. Soil and Tillage Research, 154, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.06.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, V., Martinez-Feria, R., Weisberger, D., Carlson, S., Basso, B., & Basche, A. (2020). Cover crops and weed suppression in the US Midwest: A meta-analysis and modeling study. Agricultural & Environmental Letters, 5(1), e20022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.20022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, C. E., & Congreves, K. A. (2018). Alternative management practices improve soil health indices in intensive vegetable cropping systems: A review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, 50. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obour, A. K., Simon, L. M., Holman, J. D., Carr, P. M., Schipanski, M., Fonte, S., Ghimire, R., Nleya, T. and Blanco-Canqui, H. (2021). Cover crops to improve soil health in the North American Great Plains. Agronomy Journal, 113(6), 4590–4604. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dea, R. E., Lagisz, M., Jennions, M. D., Koricheva, J., Noble, D. W., Parker, T. H., Gurevitch, J., Page, M. J., Stewart, G., Moher, D. and Nakagawa, S. (2021). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in ecology and evolutionary biology: A PRISMA extension. Biological Reviews, 96(5), 1695–1722. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osipitan, O. A., Dille, J. A., Assefa, Y., Radicetti, E., Ayeni, A., & Knezevic, S. Z. (2019). Impact of cover crop management on level of weed suppression: A meta-analysis. Crop Science, 59(3), 833–842. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.09.0589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peixoto, D. S., da Silva, L. D. C. M., de Melo, L. B. B., Azevedo, R. P., Araújo, B. C. L., de Carvalho, T. S., Moreira, S. G., Curi, N. and Silva, B. M. (2020). Occasional tillage in no-tillage systems: A global meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 745, 140887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quemada, M., Baranski, M., Nobel-de Lange, M. N. J., Vallejo, A., & Cooper, J. M. (2013). Meta- analysis of strategies to control nitrate leaching in irrigated agricultural systems and their effects on crop yield. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 174, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, P. H., & Wagner, D. L. (2021). Agricultural intensification and climate change are rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2), e2002548117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002548117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed-Jones, N. L., Marine, S. C., Everts, K. L., & Micallef, S. A. (2016). Effects of cover crop species and season on population dynamics of escherichia coli and listeria innocua in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82(6), 1767–1777. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03712-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa-Schleich, J., Loos, J., Mußhoff, O., & Tscharntke, T. (2019). Ecological-economic trade-offs of diversified farming systems–a review. Ecological Economics, 160, 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruis, S. J., Blanco-Canqui, H., Creech, C. F., Koehler-Cole, K., Elmore, R. W., & Francis, C. A. (2019). Cover crop biomass production in temperate agroecozones. Agronomy Journal, 111(4), 1535–1551. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.08.0535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjad, M. R., Rafique, R., Bibi, R., Umair, A., Arslan Afzal, A. A., & Rafique, T. (2019). 3. Performance of green manuring for soil health and crop yield improvement. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 8(2), 1543–1553.
   Google Scholar
• Salmerón, M., Isla, R., & Cavero, J. (2011). Effect of winter cover crop species and planting methods on maize yield and N availability under irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research, 123(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scavo, A., Fontanazza, S., Restuccia, A., Pesce, G. R., Abbate, C., & Mauromicale, G. (2022). The role of cover crops in improving soil fertility and plant nutritional status in temperate climates. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 42(5), 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00825-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjønning, P., de Jonge, L. W., Munkholm, L. J., Moldrup, P., Christensen, B. T., & Olesen, J. E. (2012). Drivers for dispersibility and soil friability—test of the clay carbon saturation concept. Vadose Zone Journal, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2011.0067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutter, M., Sandeno, J., & Dick, R. (2001). Seasonal, soil type, and alternative management influences on microbial communities of vegetable cropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 34(6), 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-001-0423-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selzer, T., & Schubert, S. (2023). Water dynamics of cover crops: No evidence for relevant water input through occult precipitation. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 209, 422–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackelford, G. E., Kelsey, R., & Dicks, L. V. (2019). Effects of cover crops on multiple ecosystem services: Ten meta-analyses of data from arable farmland in California and the Mediterranean. Land Use Policy, 88, 104204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekoofa, A., Safikhan, S., Raper, T. B., & Butler, S. A. (2020). Allelopathic impacts of cover crop species and termination timing on cotton germination and seedling growth. Agronomy, 10(5), 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050638
   Google Scholar
• Sileshi, G. W., Nhamo, N., Mafongoya, P. L., & Tanimu, J. (2017). Stoichiometry of animal manure and implications for nutrient cycling and agriculture in sub-saharan Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 107(1), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9817-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Six, J., Frey, S. D., Thiet, R. K., & Batten, K. M. (2006). Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(2), 555–569. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa, R., Mirsky, S. B., & Tully, K. L. (2018). Cover crops reduce nitrate leaching in agroecosystems: A global meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Quality, 47(6), 1400–1411. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.03.0107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman, D. (1999). Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(11), 5995–6000. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.5995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toler, H. D., Augé, R. M., Benelli, V., Allen, F. L., & Ashworth, A. J. (2019). Global meta-analysis of cotton yield and weed suppression from cover crops. Crop Science, 59(3), 1248–1261. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.10.0603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonitto, C., David, M. B., & Drinkwater, L. E. (2006). Replacing bare fallows with cover crop in fertilizer-intensive cropping systems: A meta-analysis of crop yield and N dynamics. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubiello, F. N., Salvatore, M., Rossi, S., Ferrara, A., Fitton, N., & Smith, P. (2013). The FAOSTAT database of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 015009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkama, E., Lemola, R., Känkänen, H., & Turtola, E. (2015). Meta-analysis of the effects of undersown catch crops on nitrogen leaching loss and grain yields in the nordic countries. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 203, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagger, M. G. (1989). Cover crop management and nitrogen rate in relation to growth and yield of no-till corn. Agronomy Journal, 81(3), 533–538. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100030028x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallander, S., Smith, D., Bowman, M., & Claassen, R. (2021). Cover crop trends, programs, and practices in the United States. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.309562.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Zhang, S., Sainju, U. M., Ghimire, R., & Zhao, F. (2021). A meta-analysis on cover crop impact on soil water storage, succeeding crop yield, and water-use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management, 256, 107085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, J., Harrison, R., & Ellis, S. (2000). Nitrogen fluxes in three arable soils in the UK. European Journal of Agronomy, 13(2-3), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00075-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousefi, M., Darvishi, A., Padró, R., Barghjelveh, S., Dinan, N. M., & Marull, J. (2020). An energy-landscape integrated analysis to evaluate agroecological scarcity. Science of the Total Environment, 739, 139998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J., & Liu, W. (2020). A tale of two databases: The use of Web of Science and Scopus in academic papers. Scientometrics, 123(1), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03387-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar