Publication Cover
Bilingual Research Journal
The Journal of the National Association for Bilingual Education
Volume 47, 2024 - Issue 1
123
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Refracting historical contradictions in U.S. bilingual education: Reflections on the Asian American and Pacific Islander teacher shortage in the post-pandemic world

References

  • AAPI Data and the NCAPA. (2022). Asian Americans, native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPI) data equity report. https://aapidata.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/AANHPI-DataEquityReport-May-2022.pdf
  • Adhikari-Sacré, H. P., Cawayu, A., & Clemente‐Martínez, C. K. (2022). Adoptees relearning their heritage languages: A postcolonial reading of language and dialogue in transnational adoption. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 66(4), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1275
  • Alcantar, C. M., Kim, V., Hafoka, I., & Teranishi, R. T. (2022). Space and place at Asian American and Pacific Islander–serving community colleges: The geography of campus student support for Asian American and Pacific Islander students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 15(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000281
  • Alcantar, C. M., Pazich, L. B., & Teranishi, R. T. (2019). Meaning-making about becoming a minority serving institution: A case study of Asian-American serving community colleges. The Review of Higher Education, 42(5), 309–335. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0054
  • Blunden, A. (2022). Hegel, Marx and Vygotsky: Essays on social philosophy. Brill.
  • Boden Albala, B., Ding, X., Ryan, N., Goodman, S., Wing, J. J., Runnerstrom, M. G., Gutierrez, D., Gibbs, B., Robb, J., & Drum, E. (2023). Anti-Asian racism related stigma, racial discrimination, and protective factors against stigma: A repeated cross-sectional survey among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.958932
  • California Department of Education. (2019). Global California 2030. https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/el/er/documents/globalca2030.pdf
  • California Department of Education. (2022). Other teacher supply: Bilingual authorizations. https://www.ctc.ca.gov/commission/reports/data/other-teacher-supply-bilingual-authorizations
  • Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Addressing California’s growing teacher shortage: 2017 update. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/addressing-californias-growing-teacher-shortage-2017-update-report
  • Chang, B. (2017). Asian Americans and education. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.102
  • Chin, D., & Chin, K. H. (2022). “Kung flu”: A history of hostility and violence against Asian Americans. Fordham Law Review, 90(5), 1889. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol90/iss5/2
  • Cooc, N., & Kim, G. M. (2022). Revisiting the “decline” in Asian American and Pacific Islander teachers. Educational Policy, 36(7), 1759–1790. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959048211012509
  • de Brey, C., Musu, L., McFarland, J., Wilkinson-Flicker, S., Diliberti, M., Zhang, A., Branstetter, C., & Wang, X. (2019). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2018 (NCES 2019-038). U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019038.pdf
  • Endo, R. (2013). Realities, rewards, and risks of heritage-language education: Perspectives from Japanese immigrant parents in a Midwestern community. Bilingual Research Journal, 36(3), 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2013.845117
  • Fránquiz, M. E., Ortiz, A. A., & Lara, G. P. (2023). Agents for change: Elevating teacher talents in a post pandemic era. Bilingual Research Journal, 45(3–4), 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2022.2200128
  • Fromm, E. (2021). The fear of freedom (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003171317
  • Garcia, A. (2017). Educating California’s English learners: Westminster brings students’ home languages into the mainstream. New America. https://d1y8sb8igg2f8e.cloudfront.net/documents/Westminster-SD.pdf
  • Goodwin, A. L. (2023). Enduring problems, rethinking process, fulfilling promises: Reflections on the continuing shortage of teachers of color. Journal of Teacher Education, 74(2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871231160372
  • Gross, J. (2018). Can immigrant professionals help reduce teacher shortages in the U.S.?. World Education Services. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED592605
  • Han, S., Riddell, J. R., & Piquero, A. R. (2023). Anti-Asian American hate crimes spike during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3–4), 3513–3533. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221107056
  • Hartlep, N. D. (2021). The model minority stereotype: Demystifying Asian American success (2nd ed.). Information Age Publishing.
  • Højholt, C., & Kousholt, D. (2020). Contradictions and conflicts: Researching school as conflictual social practice. Theory & Psychology, 30(1), 36–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354319884129
  • Hsieh, B., & Kim, J. (2020). Challenging the invisibility of Asian Americans in education. Review of Education, Pedagogy, & Cultural Studies, 42(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2020.1760643
  • Hune, S., & Nomura, G. M. (Eds.). (2020). Our voices, our histories: Asian American and Pacific Islander women. NYU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1jk0hhp
  • Irby, B., Lara-Alecio, R., Abdelrahman, N., Tong, F., & Schiller, P. (2020). There is no monster outside: It’s a virus!. Center for Research & Development in Dual Language & Literacy Acquisition at Texas A&M University. https://crdlla.tamu.edu/theres-no-monster-outside-its-a-virus/
  • Jacobs, J. (2019). To bring back bilingual ed, California needs teachers: Districts offer bonuses of up to $10,000 to woo scarce instructional talent. Education Next, 19(3), 18–26.
  • Jeon, M. (2001). Avoiding FOBs: An account of a journey. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 17(1–2), 82–106.
  • Keisling, M. D. (2019). A minoritized art teacher’s perspective on teacher leadership: Teacher leadership through community leadership and collaborative efforts. International Journal of Teacher Leadership, 10(2), 4–15.
  • Kim, E. (2007). Our adoptee, our alien: Transnational adoptees as specters of foreignness and family in South Korea. Anthropological Quarterly, 80(2), 497–531. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2007.0027
  • Kim, J. (2022). “Never anything about the Asian experience”: An AsianCrit analysis of Asian American teachers in the midwest. Multicultural Perspectives, 24(2), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2022.2067857
  • Kim, G. M., & Cooc, N. (2020). Teaching for social justice: A research synthesis on Asian American and Pacific Islander teachers in U.S. schools. Teaching & Teacher Education, 94, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103104
  • Kim, G. M., & Cooc, N. (2021). Recruiting and retaining Asian American and Pacific Islander teachers. The Urban Review, 53(2), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-020-00571-1
  • Lin, S., Wu, M.-H., & Leung, G. (2023). “What if I was not adopted”: Transnational Chinese adoptee English teachers negotiating identities in Taiwan. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 26(2), 216–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2022.2112649
  • Lo, R. F., Padgett, J. K., Cila, J., Sasaki, J. Y., & Lalonde, R. N. (2022). The reemergence of yellow peril: Beliefs in the Asian health hazard stereotype predict lower psychological well-being. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 13(4), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000291
  • Louie, V. (2004). Compelled to excel: Immigration, education, and opportunity among Chinese Americans. Stanford University Press.
  • Louie, V. (2008). The “model minority” struggling in college: Voices of working-class Chinese Americans. In G. Li & L. Wang (Eds.), Model minority myth revisited: An interdisciplinary approach to demystifying Asian American educational experiences (pp. 43–64). Information Age Publishing.
  • Luong, A. (2022). The racial reckoning of a Chinese American teacher during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ Theses and Dissertations]. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9583
  • May, S. (2023). Linguistic racism: Origins and implications. Ethnicities, 23(5), 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968231193072
  • Min, P. G., & Kim, R. (2000). Formation of ethnic and racial identities: Narratives by young Asian-American professionals. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(4), 735–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870050033702
  • Museus, S. D., Mac, J., Wang, A. C., Sarreal, A. D., Wright-Mair, R., & Manlove, J. (2021). How Asian American and native American Pacific Islander-serving institution (AANAPISI) initiatives respond to institutional racism. The Journal of Higher Education, 93(3), 452–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2021.1996168
  • National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), (2022, December 6). Forty-five percent of public schools operating without a full teaching staff in October, new NCES data show. https://nces.ed.gov/whatsnew/press_releases/12_6_2022.asp
  • Ng, J., Lee, S. S., & Pak, Y. K. (2007). Chapter 4 contesting the model minority and perpetual foreigner stereotypes: A critical Review of literature on Asian Americans in education. Review of Research in Education, 31(1), 95–130. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732x07300046095
  • Ogbu, J. U., & Simons, H. D. (1998). Voluntary and involuntary minorities: A cultural-ecological theory of school performance with some implications for education. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 29(2), 155–188. https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155
  • Pang, V. O., Alvarado, J. L., Preciado, J. I. S., & Schleicher, A. R. (2021). Culturally relevant education: Think local within a holistic orientation. Multicultural Perspectives, 23(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2021.1877546
  • Park, M., Zong, J., & Batalova, J. (2018). Growing superdiversity among young U.S. dual language learners and its implications. Migration Policy Institute.
  • Pew Research Center. (2021a). America’s public school teachers are far less racially and ethnically diverse than their students. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/12/10/americas-public-school-teachers-are-far-less-racially-and-ethnically-diverse-than-their-students/
  • Pew Research Center. (2021b). Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/
  • Phingbodhipakkiya, A. (2020). I still believe in our city. https://www.alonglastname.com/public-art-campaigns
  • Player, G. D. (2022). “People get mistaken”: Asian American girls using multiple literacies to defy dominant imaginings of Asian American girlhood. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(2), 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.412
  • Poolokasingham, G., Spanierman, L. B., Kleiman, S., & Houshmand, S. (2014). “Fresh off the boat?” racial microaggressions that target South Asian Canadian students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 7(3), 194–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037285
  • The Postsecondary National Policy Institute. (2020). The Asian American and native American pacific islander serving institutions. https://pnpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PNPI_AsianAmericanAndNativeAmericaPacificIslandServingInstitutions-1.pdf
  • Quan, T., Bracho, C. A., Wilkerson, M., & Clark, M. (2019). Empowerment and transformation: Integrating teacher identity, activism, and criticality across three teacher education programs. Review of Education, Pedagogy, & Cultural Studies, 41(4–5), 218–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2019.1684162
  • Rong, X. L., Sun, W., & Yuan, D. (2022). The shortage of Asian American teachers in K–12 schools: The trends, patterns, causes and recommendations. In C. D. Gist & T. J. Bristol (Eds.), Handbook of research on teachers of color and indigenous teachers (pp. 319–334). American Educational Research Association.
  • Rosa, J., & Flores, N. (2023). Rethinking language barriers & social justice from a raciolinguistic perspective. Daedalus, 152(3), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_02020
  • Stop AAPI Hate. (2022). Two years and thousands of voices: What community-generated data tells us about anti-AAPI hate. https://stopaapihate.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Stop-AAPI-Hate-Year-2-Report.pdf
  • Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Sun, L. (2020). Children of “A dream come true”: A critical content analysis of the representations of transracial Chinese adoption in picture books. Children’s Literature in Education, 52(2), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10583-020-09412-x
  • Sung, K. K. (2021). KUNG FLU FIGHTING: Pandemic life and schooling amid the specter of yellow peril. American Educational History Journal, 223–232.
  • Sutcher, L., Darling-Hammond, L., & Carver-Thomas, D. (2016). A coming crisis in teaching? Teacher supply, demand, and shortages in the U.S. Learning Policy Institute.
  • Teranishi, R., Gutierrez, R., Kurland, W., Trinh, M., & Wang, S. (2023). Asian American, native Hawaiian, & Pacific Islander English learners: A focus on California. From the Institute for Immigration, Globalization, and Education (IGE) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). https://apiascholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/AANHPI_EL_CA_2023_Final.pdf
  • Teranishi, R. T., Nguyen, B. M. D., & Alcantar, C. M. (2016). The data quality movement for the Asian American and Pacific Islander community: An unresolved civil rights issue. In P. Noguera, J. Pierce, & R. Ahram (Eds.), Race, equity, and education (pp. 139–154). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23772-5_7
  • Tian, Z. (2021). Translanguaging design in a third grade Chinese language arts class. Applied Linguistics Review, 13(3), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2021-0024
  • Torre Gibney, D., Kelly, H., Rutherford-Quach, S., Ballen Riccards, J., & Parker, C. (2021). Addressing the bilingual teacher shortage. CCNetwork.
  • Tsui, A. (2021, March 27). We are golden speech made at the stand against hate rally in Chinatown, NYC. https://alicetsui.com/2021/03/27/we-are-golden/
  • Tsui, A. (2022). We are golden. F-Flat books. https://alicetsui.com/publications/
  • Turner, M., & Lin, A. M. (2020). Translanguaging and named languages: Productive tension and desire. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(4), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1360243
  • University of Minnesota. (n.d.). Southeast Asian refugee stories. Immigration History Research Center, College of Liberal Arts. https://cla.umn.edu/ihrc/immigrant-stories/story-collections/southeast-asian-refugee-stories
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (2022). Special report: Raising awareness of hate crimes and hate incidents during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/addressing-hate-crimes-against-AAPI
  • van Dijk, T. A. (1989). Communicating racism: Ethnic prejudice in thought and talk. Sage.
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1993). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: The fundamentals of defectology (abnormal psychology and learning disabilities), Vol. 2 (J. E. Knox & C. B. Stevens, Trans.). Plenum Press.
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1998). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Child psychology, Vol. 5 (M. J. Hall, Trans.). Plenum Press.
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1999). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Scientific legacy, Vol. 6 (M. J. Hall, Trans.). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Walker, D., & Daniel Anders, A. (2022). “China virus” and “Kung-flu”: A critical race case study of Asian American journalists’ experiences during COVID-19. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 22(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/15327086211055157
  • Wong, V. (2021). Teacher preparation must attend to equity. Kappan, Special Report, 18–19. https://kappanonline.org/teacher-preparation-equity-wong
  • Wright, W. E. (2004). What English-only really means: A study of the implementation of California language policy with Cambodian-American students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 7(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050408667798
  • Wu, A. (2023). Asian American educators and microaggressions: More than just work(ers). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wu, E. (2014). The color of success: Asian Americans and the origins of the model minority. Princeton University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.