78
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Predicting Psychopathology in Jewish Ultra-Orthodox IPV Survivors: A Machine Learning Approach

, ORCID Icon &
Received 20 May 2023, Accepted 13 Oct 2023, Published online: 08 Jan 2024

References

  • Abu-Raiya, H., Sasson, T., Pargament, K. I., & Rosmarin, D. H. (2020). Religious coping and health and well-being among Jews and Muslims in Israel. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 30(3), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1727692
  • Aghtaie, N., Mulvihill, N., Abrahams, H., & Hester, M. (2020). Defining and enabling ‘justice’ for victims/survivors of domestic violence and abuse: The views of practitioners working within Muslim, Jewish and Catholic Faiths. Religion and Gender, 10(2), 155–181. https://doi.org/10.1163/18785417-20200001
  • Anderson, K. M., Renner, L. M., & Danis, F. S. (2012). Recovery: Resilience and growth in the aftermath of domestic violence. Violence against Women, 18(11), 1279–1299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212470543
  • Anderson, K. M. (2018). Post-traumatic growth and resilience despite experiencing trauma and oppression. Journal of Family Social Work, 21(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2017.1402540
  • Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Kamsteeg, C., Bate, J., & Aafjes, M. (2021). A scoping review of machine learning in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 31(1), 92–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1808729
  • Asay, S. M., DeFrain, J., Metzger, M., & Moyer, B. (2016). Implementing a strengths-based approach to intimate partner violence worldwide. Journal of Family Violence, 31(3), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9770-2
  • Azur, M. J., Stuart, E. A., Frangakis, C., & Leaf, P. J. (2011). Multiple imputatio by chained equations: What is it and how does it work? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.329
  • Band-Winterstein, T., & Tuito, I. (2018). The meaning of choosing a spouse among ultra-orthodox Jewish women who found themselves in a violent relationship. Violence against Women, 24(6), 727–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217722236
  • Beck, J. G., McNiff, J., Clapp, J. D., Olsen, S. A., Avery, M. L., & Hagewood, J. H. (2011). Exploring negative emotion in women experiencing intimate partner violence: Shame, guilt, and PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 740–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.001
  • Birkley, E. L., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2015). Anger, hostility, internalizing negative emotions, and intimate partner violence perpetration: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.002
  • Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45(1), 5–32. 1010933404324 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:
  • Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984). Classification and regression trees. CRC Press.
  • Caballero, Y., Bello, R., Taboada, A., Nowé, A., García, M. M., & Casas, G. (2006). A new measure based in the Rough Set Theory to estimate the training set quality. Eighth International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (Timisoara. in IEEE;) 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1109/SYNASC.2006.6
  • Chadambuka, C. (2022). Coping strategies adopted by women who experienced intimate partner violence in the context of social norms in rural areas in Zimbabwe. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5–6), 2776–2800. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520943734
  • CHildress, S. (2018). “Plates and dishes smash; married couples clash”: Cultural and social barriers to help-seeking among women domestic violence survivors in Kyrgyzstan. Violence against Women, 24(7), 775–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217722239
  • Coleman-Brueckheimer, K., Spitzer, J., & Koffman, J. (2009). Involvement of Rabbinic and communal authorities in decision-making by Haredi Jews in the UK with breast cancer: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 68(2), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.003
  • Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87
  • Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Harding Thomsen, A., & Saltzman, H. (2000). Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 976–992. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.68.6.976
  • Daie-Gabai, A., Aderka, I. M., Allon-Schindel, I., Foa, E. B., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2011). Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Psychometric properties and gender differences in an Israeli sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(2), 266–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.012
  • D’Amore, C., Martin, S., Wood, K., & Brooks, C. (2021). Themes of healing and post-traumatic growth in women survivors’ narratives of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), NP2697–NP2724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518767909
  • Dardis, C. M., Strauss, C. V., & Gidycz, C. A. (2019). The psychological toll of unwanted pursuit behaviors and intimate partner violence on undergraduate women: A dominance analysis. Psychology of Violence, 9(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000189
  • Davies, L., Ford-Gilboe, M., Willson, A., Varcoe, C., Wuest, J., Campbell, J., & Scott-Storey, K. (2015). Patterns of cumulative abuse among female survivors of intimate partner violence: Links to women’s health and socioeconomic status. Violence against Women, 21(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214564076
  • Dekel, R., Shaked, O., Ben-Porat, A., & Itzhaky, H. (2020). The interrelations of physical and mental health: self-rated health, depression, and PTSD among female IPV survivors. Violence against Women, 26(3–4), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219832916
  • De Castella, R., & Simmonds, J. G. (2013). There’s a deeper level of meaning as to what suffering’s all about: Experiences of religious and spiritual growth following trauma. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16(5), 536–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.702738
  • Drumm, R., Popescu, M., Cooper, L., Trecartin, S., Seifert, M., Foster, T., & Kilcher, C. (2014). “God just brought me through it”: Spiritual coping strategies for resilience among intimate partner violence survivors. Clinical Social Work Journal, 42(4), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-013-0449-y
  • Dwarumpudi, A., Mshana, G., Aloyce, D., Peter, E., Mchome, Z., Malibwa, D., Kapiga, S., & Stöckl, H. (2022). Coping responses to intimate partner violence: Narratives of women in North-west Tanzania. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 4, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2022.2042738
  • Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015). A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314544222
  • Flanagan, J. C., Jaquier, V., Overstreet, N., Swan, S. C., & Sullivan, T. P. (2014). The mediating role of avoidance coping between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, mental health, and substance abuse among women experiencing bidirectional IPV. Psychiatry Research, 220(1–2), 391–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.065
  • Flasch, P., Murray, C. E., & Crowe, A. (2017). Overcoming abuse: A phenomenological investigation of the journey to recovery from past intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(22), 3373–3401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515599161
  • Flicker, S. M., Cerulli, C., Swogger, M. T., & Talbot, N. L. (2012). Depressive and post-traumatic symptoms among women seeking protection orders against intimate partners: Relations to coping strategies and perceived responses to abuse disclosure. Violence against Women, 18(4), 420–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212448897
  • Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The post-traumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
  • Free, B. A. L., Lipinski, A. J., Lewin, R. K., Majeed, R., Zakarian, R. J., & Beck, J. G. (2021). Using a person-centered approach to identify patterns of exposure to intimate partner violence and child abuse in women: associations with mental health. Child Maltreatment, 26(4), 376–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595211031655
  • Freund, A., & Band-Winterstein, T. (2013). Between tradition and modernity: Social work-related change processes in the Jewish ultra-orthodox society in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(4), 422–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.10.003
  • Gezinski, L. B., Gonzalez-Pons, K. M., & Rogers, M. M. (2023). “Praying does not stop his fist from hitting my face”: Religion and intimate partner violence from the perspective of survivors and service providers. Journal of Family Issues, 44(9), 2504–2524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19830140
  • Gillum, T. L., Sullivan, C. M., & Bybee, D. I. (2006). The importance of spirituality in the lives of domestic violence survivors. Violence against Women, 12(3), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206286224
  • Godoy-Ruiz, P., Toner, B., Mason, R., Vidal, C., & McKenzie, K. (2015). Intimate partner violence and depression among Latin American women in Toronto. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(6), 1771–1780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-0145-1
  • Hamama-Raz, Y., Walker, R., Palgi, Y., Mashiach, R., Lee-Ovadia, K., Manny, A., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2016). Comorbidity of post-traumatic stress symptoms and depressive symptoms among obstetric nurses with perinatal death exposure. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 53(2), 58–62.
  • Hegarty, K. L., O'Doherty, L. J., Chondros, P., Valpied, J., Taft, A. J., Astbury, J., Brown, S. J., Gold, L., Taket, A., Feder, G. S., & Gunn, J. M. (2013). Effect of type and severity of intimate partner violence on women’s health and service use: Findings from a primary care trial of women afraid of their partners. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(2), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512454722
  • Held, P., Owens, G. P., Schumm, J. A., Chard, K. M., & Hansel, J. E. (2011). Disengagement coping as a mediator between trauma‐related guilt and PTSD severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(6), 708–715. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20689
  • Hanson, G. C., Messing, J. T., Anderson, J. C., Thaller, J., Perrin, N. A., & Glass, N. E. (2021). Patterns and usefulness of safety behaviors among community-based women survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17–18), 8768–8791. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519853401
  • Kaufman, J. S., Allbaugh, L. J., & Wright, M. O. D. (2018). Relational wellbeing following traumatic interpersonal events and challenges to core beliefs. Psychological Trauma, 10(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000253
  • Kennedy, A. C., & Prock, K. A. (2018). “I still feel like I am not normal”: A review of the role of stigma and stigmatization among female survivors of child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(5), 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016673601
  • Kim, E., & Hogge, I. (2015). Intimate partner violence among Asian Indian women in the United States: Recognition of abuse and help-seeking attitudes. International Journal of Mental Health, 44(3), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2015.1035073
  • Kim, J., & Gray, K. A. (2008). Leave or stay? Battered women’s decision after intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(10), 1465–1482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508314307
  • Kirchner, T., Magallon-Neri, E., Forns, M., Munoz, D., Segura, A., Soler, L., & Planellas, I. (2020). Facing interpersonal violence: Identifying the coping profile of poly-victimized resilient adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(9–10), 1934–1957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517700617
  • Littleton, H., Horsley, S., John, S., & Nelson, D. V. (2007). Trauma coping strategies and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 977–988. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20276
  • Lilleston, P. S., Goldmann, L., Verma, R. K., & McCleary-Sills, J. (2017). Understanding social norms and violence in childhood: Theoretical underpinnings and strategies for intervention. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(sup1), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1271954
  • Lilly, M. M., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2010). Intimate partner violence and PTSD: The moderating role of emotion-focused coping. Violence and Victims, 25(5), 604–616. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.5.604
  • Lilly, M. M., Valdez, C. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2011). The mediating effect of world assumptions on the relationship between trauma exposure and depression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(12), 2499–2516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510383033
  • Lipinsky, A. S., & Goldner, L. (2022). “God, why?”: The experience of mothers from the Israeli Ultra-orthodox sector after their child’s disclosure of sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(17–18), NP16799–NP16828. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211021982
  • Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
  • Nur Hayati, E., Eriksson, M., Hakimi, M., Högberg, U., & Emmelin, M. (2013). ‘Elastic band strategy’: Women’s lived experience of coping with domestic violence in rural Indonesia. Global Health Action, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.18894
  • Madley-Dowd, P., Hughes, R., Tilling, K., & Heron, J. (2019). The proportion of missing data should not be used to guide decisions on multiple imputation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 110, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.02.016
  • Manor-Binyamini, I. (2012). Parental coping with developmental disorders in adolescents within the ultra-orthodox Jewish community in Israel. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(5), 815–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1313-y
  • Mayseless, O., & Scharf, M. (2009). Too close for comfort: Inadequate boundaries with parents and individuation in late adolescent girls. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(2), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015623
  • Milani, A., Leschied, A., & Rodger, S. (2018). ‘Beyond cultural sensitivity’: Service providers’ perspectives on Muslim women experiences of intimate partner violence. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 12(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0012.103
  • Moreira, P. A., Pinto, M., Cloninger, C. R., Rodrigues, D., & Da Silva, C. F. (2019). Understanding the experience of psychopathology after intimate partner violence: The role of personality. PeerJ. 7, e6647. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6647
  • Murugan, V. (2023). Intimate partner violence in an Orthodox Jewish Community in the United States: A qualitative exploration of community members’ perspectives. Violence against Women, 29(6–7), 1368–1390. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221120444
  • O’Brien, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in nursing: Standing on holy ground. (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • Orrù, G., Monaro, M., Conversano, C., Gemignani, A., & Sartori, G. (2020). Machine learning in psychometrics and psychological research. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2970. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02970
  • Overstreet, N. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2013). The intimate partner violence stigmatization model and barriers to help-seeking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746599
  • Overstreet, N. M., Willie, T. C., & Sullivan, T. P. (2019). Stigmatizing reactions to intimate partner violence disclosure and depression: Examining the mediating role of coping strategies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(8), 1734–1752. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516653753
  • Podolsky-Krupper, C., & Goldner, L. (2021). “God is a painter”: How Jewish Ultra-Orthodox art therapists and clients perceive mental health treatment. Transcultural Psychiatry, 58(6), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520944742
  • Pargament, K. I. (1999). The psychology of religion and spirituality? Yes and no. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0901_2
  • Pargament, K., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051
  • Peled, E., & Dekel, R. (2010). Excusable deficiency: Staff perceptions of mothering practices at shelters for abused women. Violence against Women, 16(11), 1224–1241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210386775
  • Peraica, T., Kovačić Petrović, Z., Barić, Ž., Galić, R., & Kozarić-Kovačić, D. (2021). Gender differences among domestic violence help-seekers: Socio-demographic characteristics, types and duration of violence, perpetrators, and interventions. Journal of Family Violence, 36(4), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00207-8
  • Perrin, N., Marsh, M., Clough, A., Desgroppes, A., Yope Phanuel, C., Abdi, A., Kaburu, F., Heitmann, S., Yamashina, M., Ross, B., Read-Hamilton, S., Turner, R., Heise, L., & Glass, N. (2019). Social norms and beliefs about gender-based violence scale: A measure for use with gender-based violence prevention programs in low-resource and humanitarian settings. Conflict and Health, 13(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0189-x
  • Quinn, D. M., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2009). Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 634–651. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015815
  • Quinn, D. M., & Earnshaw, V. A. (2011). Understanding concealable stigmatized identities: The role of identity in psychological, physical, and behavioral outcomes. Social Issues and Policy Review, 5(1), 160–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01029.x
  • Renner, L. M., & Hartley, C. C. (2022). Women’s perceptions of the helpfulness of strategies for coping with intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 37(4), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00293-2
  • Rodelli, M., Koutra, K., Thorvaldsdottir, K. B., Bilgin, H., Ratsika, N., Testoni, I., & Saint Arnault, D. M. (2022). Conceptual development and content validation of a multicultural instrument to assess the normalization of gender-based violence against women. Sexuality & Culture, 26(1), 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09877-y
  • Sammut, C., & Webb, G. I. (2017). Encyclopedia of machine learning and data mining (2nd ed.). Springer.
  • Scheffer-Lindgren, M., & Renck, B. (2008a). Intimate partner violence and the leaving process: Interviews with abused women. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 3(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482620801945805
  • Scheffer-Lindgren, M., & Renck, B. (2008b). ‘It is still so deep‐seated, the fear’: Psychological stress reactions as consequences of intimate partner violence. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01215.x
  • Shechory-Bitton, M. (2018). Battered women in Orthodox communities in Israel: Social support, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and coping styles. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 16(4), 292–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2015.1015198
  • Shechtman, Z., Vogel, D. L., Strass, H. A., & Heath, P. J. (2018). Stigma in help-seeking: The case of adolescents. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(1), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2016.1255717
  • Shmueli, G. (2010). To explain or to predict? Statistical Science, 25(3), 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1214/10-STS330
  • Shrira, A., Shmotkin, D., Palgi, Y., Soffer, Y., Hamama Raz, Y., Tal-Katz, P., Ben-Ezra, M., & Benight, C. C. (2015). How do meaning in life and positive affect relate to adaptation to stress? The case of firefighters following the Mount Carmel forest fire. Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 52(3), 68–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/a002060877.2.189
  • Sinko, L., & Saint Arnault, D. (2020). Finding the strength to heal: Understanding recovery after gender-based violence. Violence against Women, 26(12–13), 1616–1635. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219885185
  • Sinko, L., Goldner, L., & Saint Arnault, D. M. (2021). The trauma recovery actions Checklist: Applying mixed methods to a holistic gender-based violence recovery actions measure. Sexes, 2(3), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2030029
  • Spencer, C., Mallory, A. B., Cafferky, B. M., Kimmes, J. G., Beck, A. R., & Stith, S. M. (2019). Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence, 9(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000156
  • Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A. L., Kneib, T., Augustin, T., & Zeileis, A. (2008). Conditional variable importance for random forests. BMC Bioinformatics, 9(1), 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-307
  • Su, R., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). The development and validation of the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT). Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 6(3), 251–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12027
  • Sullivan, T. P., Weiss, N. H., Price, C., Pugh, N., & Hansen, N. B. (2018). Strategies for coping with individual PTSD symptoms: Experiences of African American victims of intimate partner violence. Psychological Trauma, 10(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000283
  • Taccini, F., & Mannarini, S. (2023). An attempt to conceptualize the phenomenon of stigma toward intimate partner violence survivors: A systematic review. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(3), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030194
  • Thananowan, N., Kaesornsamut, P., O’Rourke, T., & Hegadoren, K. (2021). How Thai women manage living in the context of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9-10), NP5192–NP5214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518799457
  • Tonsing, J. C., & Tonsing, K. N. (2019). Understanding the role of patriarchal ideology in intimate partner violence among South Asian women in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 62(1), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817712566
  • Tuito, I., & Band-Winterstein, T. (2021). Surviving intimate partner violence in a segregated community: The case of ultra-orthodox Jewish women. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(5), 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2021.1929891
  • Twerski, A. J. (2015). The shame borne in silence. Urim Publications.
  • Weiss, P., Shor, R., & Hadas‐Lidor, N. (2013). Cultural aspects within caregiver interactions of ultra-orthodox Jewish women and their family members with mental illness. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 520–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12045
  • Waugh, C. E., Leslie‐Miller, C. J., Shing, E. Z., Furr, R. M., Nightingale, C. L., & McLean, T. W. (2021). Adaptive and maladaptive forms of disengagement coping in caregivers of children with chronic illnesses. Stress and Health, 37(2), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2985
  • Weathers, F., Litz, B., Keane, T., Palmieri, T., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD. www.ptsd.va. gov.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). Gender and women’s mental health. http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Violence against women. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women.
  • Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J. V., & Rickwood, D. (2005). Measuring help seeking intentions: Properties of the general help seeking questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 39(1), 15–28. https://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/1527
  • Yarkoni, T., & Westfall, J. (2017). Choosing prediction over explanation in psychology: Lessons from machine learning. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1100–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693393
  • Yick, A. G. (2008). A metasynthesis of qualitative findings on the role of spirituality and religiosity among culturally diverse domestic violence survivors. Qualitative Health Research, 18(9), 1289–1306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308321772

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.