143
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Current Empirical Research

Integrity according to Whom? An Experiment of the Effects of Gender, Moral Integrity, and Behavioral Consistency on Evaluations of Leaders

Pages 193-207 | Received 17 Dec 2018, Accepted 04 Jun 2019, Published online: 20 Jun 2019

References

  • Aguinis, H., & Bradley, K. J. (2014). Best practice recommendations for designing and implementing experimental vignette methodology studies. Organizational Research Methods, 17, 351–371. doi:10.1177/1094428114547952
  • Arce, M. D. G. (2004). Conspicuous by its absence: Ethics and managerial economics. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 261–277. doi:10.1007/s10551-004-1773-5
  • Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full range leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire (pp. 43–44). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
  • Becker, T. E. (1998). Integrity in organizations: Beyond honesty and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Review, 23, 154–161. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.192969
  • Biernat, M., & Manis, M. (1994). Shifting standards and stereotype-based judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 5–20.
  • Brown, T. A. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
  • Bughin, J., Byers, A. H., & Chui, M. (2011). How social technologies are extending the organization. McKinsey Quarterly, 20(11), 1–10.
  • Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
  • Burke, C. S., Sims, D. E., Lazzara, E. H., & Salas, E. (2007). Trust in leadership: A multi-level review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(6), 606–632. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.006
  • Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Halpin, S. M. (2006). What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams? A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 288–307. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.02.007
  • Chamberlain, A. (2015). Why is hiring taking longer? New insights from glassdoor data. Glassdoor. Retrieved from https://researchcontent.glassdoor.com/app/uploads/sites/2/2015/06/GD_Report_3.pdf
  • Clapp-Smith, R., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Avey, J. B. (2009). Authentic leadership and positive psychological capital: The mediating role of trust at the group level of analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15, 227–240. doi:10.1177/1548051808326596
  • Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425–445.
  • Colvile, R. (2016, July 20). Spot the WEIRDo. Aeon. Retrieved from https://aeon.co/essays/american-undergrads-are-too-weird-to-stand-for-all-humanity
  • Craig, S. B., & Gustafson, S. B. (1998). Perceived leader integrity scale: An instrument for assessing employee perceptions of leader integrity. The Leadership Quarterly, 9, 127–145. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(98)90001-7
  • Cuthbertson, A. (2018, June 08). Mark Zuckerberg lied to Congress about Facebook data scandal, congressman claims. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-data-scandal-lied-congress-david-cicilline-a8384261.html
  • Davis, A. L., & Rothstein, H. R. (2006). The effects of the perceived behavioral integrity of managers on employee attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 67, 407–419. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9034-4
  • Dawson, L. M. (1997). Ethical differences between men and women in the sales profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 1143–1152. doi:10.1023/A:1005721916646
  • Deckman, M. (2018, August 27). This survey shows why there’s never been a better time for women to run for office. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/08/27/this-survey-shows-why-theres-never-been-a-better-time-for-women-to-run-for-office/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.c216b77b4de3&wpisrc=nl_cage&wpmm=1
  • Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Abdalla, I. A., … Akande, B. E. (1999). Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? The Leadership Quarterly, 10, 219–256. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1
  • Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 611–628.
  • Dunn, C. P. (2009). Integrity matters. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 5, 102–125.
  • Eagly, A. H. (2013). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 3–22. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.3
  • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2011). Social role theory. Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology, 2, 458–476.
  • Eidelson, J. (2018, April 12) Tesla workers claim racial bias and abuse at electric car company. Bloomberg News. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-04-12/tesla-workers-claim-racial-bias-and-abuse-at-electric-car-factory
  • Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (2004). Implicit leadership theories in applied settings: Factor structure, generalizability, and stability over time. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 293–310. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.293
  • Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (2005). From ideal to real: A longitudinal study of the role of implicit leadership theories on leader-member exchanges and employee outcomes. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 659–676. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.659
  • Felfe, J., & Schyns, B. (2006). Personality and the perception of transformational leadership: The impact of extraversion, neuroticism, personal need for structure, and occupational self‐efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 708–739. doi:10.1111/jasp.2006.36.issue-3
  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Social cognition: From brains to culture. New York, NY: Sage.
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
  • Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. E., & Cheema, A. (2013). Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26, 213–224. doi:10.1002/bdm.1753
  • Goodstein, L., & Otterman, S. (2018, August 14) Catholic priests abused 1,000 children in Pennsylvania, report says. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/14/us/catholic-church-sex-abuse-pennsylvania.html
  • Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Piccolo, R. F. (2015). When leaders fail to “walk the talk” supervisor undermining and perceptions of leader hypocrisy. Journal of Management, 41, 929–956. doi:10.1177/0149206312442386
  • Hains, S., Hogg, M., & Duck, J. (1997). Self-categorization and leadership: Effects of group protypicality and leader stereotypicality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1087–1099. doi:10.1177/01461672972310009
  • Hempel, J. (2017, September 27). Mark Zuckerberg’s trust problem. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/story/mark-zuckerbergs-trust-problem/
  • Highhouse, S. (2008). Stubborn reliance on intuition and subjectivity in employee selection. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 333–342. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00058.x
  • Hoffman, B. J., Woehr, D. J., Maldagen‐Youngjohn, R., & Lyons, B. D. (2011). Great man or great myth? A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 347–381. doi:10.1348/096317909X485207
  • Hogan, J., & Hogan, R. (1989). How to measure employee reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 273–279. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.2.273
  • Jenkins, N. (2017, December 7). Al Franken resigns from the Senate amid sexual misconduct allegations. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/5053958/al-franken-resigns/
  • Johnson, R. E., Venus, M., Lanaj, K., Mao, C., & Chang, C. H. (2012). Leader identity as an antecedent of the frequency and consistency of transformational, consideration, and abusive leadership behaviors. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1262–1272. doi:10.1037/a0029043
  • Johnson, S. K., Murphy, S. E., Zewdie, S., & Reichard, R. J. (2008). The strong, sensitive type: Effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106, 39–60. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.12.002
  • Jones, D. (2010, June 25). A WEIRD view of human nature skews psychologists’ studies. Science, 328, 1627. Retrieved from http://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5986/1627
  • Just, M., & Crigler, A. (2000). Leadership image‐building: After Clinton and Watergate. Political Psychology, 21, 179–198. doi:10.1111/pops.2000.21.issue-1
  • Kaiser, R. B., & Hogan, R. (2010). How to (and how not to) assess the integrity of managers. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62, 216–234. doi:10.1037/a0022265
  • Kantor, J., & Twohey, M. (2017, October 5). Harvey Weinstein paid off sexual harassment accusers for decades. The New York Post. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html
  • Kenney, R. A., Schwartz-Kenney, B. M., & Blascovich, J. (1996). Implicit leadership theories: Defining leaders described as worthy of influence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1128–1143. doi:10.1177/01461672962211004
  • Korosec, K. (2018, April 20). Tesla shares fall as new workplace investigation revealed. Fortune. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2018/04/20/tesla-shares-fall-workplace-investigation/
  • Landers, R. N., & Behrend, T. S. (2015). An inconvenient truth: Arbitrary distinctions between organizational, Mechanical Turk, and other convenience samples. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 142–164. doi:10.1017/iop.2015.13
  • Lapidot, Y., Kark, R., & Shamir, B. (2007). The impact of situational vulnerability on the development and erosion of followers’ trust in their leader. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 16–34. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.11.004
  • Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1571–1582. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016
  • Lord, R. G., Foti, R. J., & De Vader, C. L. (1984). A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 343–378. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(84)90043-6
  • Lord, R. G., & Maher, K. J. (1993). Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance. London: Routledge.
  • Marr, B. (2017). Data strategy: How to profit from a world of big data, analytics and the internet of things. London: Kogan Page Publishers.
  • Martin, G. S., Keating, M. A., Resick, C. J., Szabo, E., Kwan, H. K., & Peng, C. (2013). The meaning of leader integrity: A comparative study across Anglo, Asian, and Germanic cultures. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 445–461. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.02.004
  • Martin, R. (2016, September 1). The making of Clinton and Trump. NPR. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2016/09/01/492013444/the-making-of-clinton-and-trump
  • Mayer, R. C., & Gavin, M. B. (2005). Trust in management and performance: who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss?. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 874-888.
  • Moorman, R. H., Blakely, G. L., & Darnold, T. C. (2018). Understanding how perceived leader integrity affects follower trust: Lessons from the use of multidimensional measures of integrity and trust. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25, 277–289. doi:10.1177/1548051817750544
  • Moorman, R. H., Darnold, T. C., & Priesemuth, M. (2013). Perceived leader integrity: Supporting the construct validity and utility of a multi-dimensional measure in two samples. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 427–444. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.02.003
  • Moorman, R. H., Darnold, T. C., Priesemuth, M., & Dunn, C. P. (2012). Toward the measurement of perceived leader integrity: Introducing a multidimensional approach. Journal of Change Management, 12, 383–398. doi:10.1080/14697017.2012.728746
  • Moorman, R. H., & Grover, S. (2009). Why does leader integrity matter to followers? An uncertainty management-based explanation. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 5, 102–114.
  • Offermann, L. R., Kennedy, J. K., & Wirtz, P. W. (1994). Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure, and generalizability. The Leadership Quarterly, 5, 43–58. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(94)90005-1
  • Palanski, M. E., Kahai, S. S., & Yammarino, F. J. (2011). Team virtues and performance: An examination of transparency, behavioral integrity, and trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 99, 201–216. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0650-7
  • Palanski, M. E., & Yammarino, F. J. (2007). Integrity and leadership: Clearing the conceptual confusion. European Management Journal, 25, 171–184. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2007.04.006
  • Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., & Woehr, D. J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 1129–1145. doi:10.1037/a0036751
  • Peterson, D. (2004). Perceived leader integrity and ethical intentions of subordinates. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25, 7–23. doi:10.1108/01437730410512741
  • Petrick, J. A., & Scherer, R. F. (2003). The Enron scandal and the neglect of management integrity capacity. American Journal of Business, 18, 37–50. doi:10.1108/19355181200300003
  • Pham, S. (2017, August 25). Samsung gets 5-year prison term for corruption. CNN Money. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/25/technology/samsung-verdict-jay-y-lee/index.html
  • Picchi, A. (2018, July 26) Facebook stock suffers largest one-day drop in history, shedding $119 billion. CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/facebook-stock-price-plummets-largest-stock-market-drop-in-history/
  • Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C. A., & Williams, E. S. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study. Journal of Management, 25(6), 897–933. doi:10.1177/014920639902500606
  • Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 269–281. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
  • Prinz, J. (2010, May 18). Sex on the bench: Do women and men have different moral values? Gender and judges: Do women and men have different moral values? Psychology Today.
  • Prottas, D. J. (2008). Perceived behavioral integrity: Relationships with employee attitudes, well-being, and absenteeism. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 313–322. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9496-z
  • Rogers, K. (2017, December 8). Trent Franks, accused of offering $5 million to aide for surrogacy, resigns. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/08/us/politics/trent-franks-sexual-surrogacy-harassment.html.
  • Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 138–158. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.09.001
  • Sendjaya, S., & Pekerti, A. (2010). Servant leadership as antecedent of trust in organizations. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(7), 643–663. doi:10.1108/01437731011079673
  • Shondrick, S. J., Dinh, J. E., & Lord, R. G. (2010). Developments in implicit leadership theory and cognitive science: Applications to improving measurement and understanding alternatives to hierarchical leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 959–978. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.004
  • Simons, T. L. (1999). Behavioral integrity as a critical ingredient for transformational leadership. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 89–104. doi:10.1108/09534819910263640
  • Smith, A., & Rogers, V. (2000). Ethics-related responses to specific situation vignettes: Evidence of gender-based differences and occupational socialization. Journal of Business Ethics, 28, 73–85. doi:10.1023/A:1006388923834
  • Smith, M., & Hartocollis, A. (2018, January 25) With Larry Nasser sentenced, focus is on what Michigan State knew. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/us/larry-nassar-michigan-state-investigation.html
  • Soroka, S., & McAdams, S. (2015). News, politics, and negativity. Political Communication, 32, 1–22. doi:10.1080/10584609.2014.881942
  • Staw, B. M., & Ross, J. (1980). Commitment in an experimenting society: A study of the attribution of leadership from administrative scenarios. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 249–260. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.65.3.249
  • Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2014). Up close and personal: Evidence that shared social identity is a basis for the ‘special’relationship that binds followers to leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 296–313. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.08.008
  • Treviño, L. K., Brown, M., & Hartman, L. P. (2003). A qualitative investigation of perceived executive ethical leadership: Perceptions from inside and outside the executive suite. Human Relations, 56, 5–37. doi:10.1177/0018726703056001448
  • Van Knippenberg, D. (2011). Embodying who we are: Leader group prototypicality and leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 1078–1091. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.004
  • Van Quaquebeke, N., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2008). Entwicklung und erste Validierung zweier Instrumente zur Erfassung von Führungskräfte-Kategorisierung im deutschsprachigen Raum. Zeitschrift Für Arbeits-Und Organisationspsychologie A&O, 5, 70–80. doi:10.1026/0932-4089.52.2.70
  • Van Quaquebeke, N., Graf, M. M., & Eckloff, T. (2014). What do leaders have to live up to? Contrasting the effects of central tendency versus ideal-based leader prototypes in leader categorization processes. Leadership, 10, 191–217. doi:10.1177/1742715013476081
  • Woo, S. E., Keith, M., & Thornton, M. A. (2015). Amazon Mechanical Turk for industrial and organizational psychology: Advantages, challenges, and practical recommendations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 171–179. doi:10.1017/iop.2015.21

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.