The blood acid base and gastrointestinal response to three different forms of sodium citrate encapsulation

References

• Allen, D. G. Lamb, G. D. & Westerblad, H.(2008). Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiological Reviews, 88(1), 287–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala, V., Martínez-Bebia, M., Latorre, J. A., Gimenez-Blasi, N., Jimenez-Casquet, M. J., Conde Pipo, J., Bach-Faig, A., & Mariscal-Arcas, M. (2021). Influence of circadian rhythms on sports performance. Chronobiology International, 38(11), 1522–1536. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2021.1933003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, J. A., Conway, B. R., & Merchant, H. A. (2017). Going natural: Using polymers from nature for gastroresistant applications. British Journal of Pharmacy, 2(1), 14–30. https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.2017.01
   Google Scholar
• Boegman, S., Stellingwerff, T., Shaw, G., Clarke, N., Graham, K., Cross, R., & Siegler, J. C. (2020). The impact of individualizing sodium bicarbonate supplementation strategies on world-class rowing performance. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, S. L., McLay-Cooke, R. T., Brown, R. C., Gray, A. R., & Fairbairn, K. A. (2010). Increased blood pH but not performance with sodium bicarbonate supplementation in elite rugby union players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20(4), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.4.307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerullo, G., Parimbelli, M., Perna, S., Pecoraro, M., Liguori, G., Negro, M., & D’Antona, G. (2020). Sodium citrate supplementation: An updated revision and practical recommendations on exercise performance, hydration status, and potential risks. Translational Sports Medicine, 3(6), 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.174
   Google Scholar
• Cunha, V. C., Aoki, M. S., Zourdos, M. C., Gomes, R. V., Barbosa, W. P., Massa, M., Moreira, A., & Capitani, C. D. (2019). Sodium citrate supplementation enhances tennis skill performance: A crossover, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0297-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deb, S. K., Gough, L. A., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2018). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves severe-intensity intermittent exercise under moderate acute hypoxic conditions. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(3), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3801-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira, L. F., Dolan, E., Swinton, P. A., Durkalec-Michalski, K., Artioli, G. G., McNaughton, L. R., & Saunders, B. (2021). Extracellular buffering supplements to improve exercise capacity and performance: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01575-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira, L. F., Saunders, B., & Artioli, G. G. (2018). Is bypassing the stomach a means to optimize sodium bicarbonate supplementation? A case study with a post bariatric surgery individual. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(6), 660–663. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, T. M. (Ed.). (2010). Textbook of biochemistry with clinical correlations. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• El-Sayed, M. S., Ali, N., & Ali, Z. E. S. (2005). Interaction between alcohol and exercise. Sports Medicine, 35(3), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535030-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitts, R. H.(1994). Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiological Reviews, 74(1), 49–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froio de Araujo Dias, G., da Eira Silva, V., de Salles Painelli, V., Sale, C., Giannini Artioli, G., Gualano, B., Saunders, B., & Earnest, C. P. (2015). (In) consistencies in responses to sodium bicarbonate supplementation: A randomised, repeated measures, counterbalanced and double-blind study. PloS One, 10(11), e0143086. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, L. A., Deb, S. K., Sparks, A. S., & McNaughton, L. R. (2017). The reproducibility of blood acid base responses in male collegiate athletes following individualised doses of sodium bicarbonate: A randomised controlled crossover study. Sports Medicine, 47(10), 2117–2127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0699-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, L. A., Deb, S. K., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2018). Sodium bicarbonate improves 4 km time trial cycling performance when individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate in trained male cyclists. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(15), 1705–1712. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1410875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, N. S., Van Dusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D., Arent, S. M., Antonio, J., Stout, J. R., Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Goldstein, E. R., Kalman, D. S., & Campbell, B. I. (2021). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heibel, A. B., Perim, P. H., Oliveira, L. F., McNaughton, L. R., & Saunders, B. (2018). Time to optimize supplementation: Modifying factors influencing the individual responses to extracellular buffering agents. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5(35), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Craig, M. M., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2020). Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate attenuates gastrointestinal side-effects. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 30(1), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Sparks, S. A., Gough, L. A., Craig, M. M., Deb, S. K., & McNaughton, L. R. (2019). A novel ingestion strategy for sodium bicarbonate supplementation in a delayed-release form: A randomised crossover study in trained males. Sports Medicine-Open, 5(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0177-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvis, K. Woodward, M. Debold, E. P. & Walcott, S.(2018). Acidosis affects muscle contraction by slowing the rates myosin attaches to and detaches from actin. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 39, 135–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. L., Stellingwerff, T., Artioli, G. G., Saunders, B., Cooper, S., & Sale, C. (2016). Dose-response of sodium bicarbonate ingestion highlights individuality in time course of blood analyte responses. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(5), 445–453–0286. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyser, R. E.(2010). Peripheral fatigue: High-energy phosphates and hydrogen ions. Pm&r, 2(5), 347–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., Meeusen, R., van Loon, L., Shirreffs, S. M., Spriet, L. L., Stuart, M., Vernec, A., Currell, K., Ali, V. M. … Erdener, U. (2018). IOC consensus statement: Dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaughton, L. R. (1990). Sodium citrate and anaerobic performance: Implications of dosage. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 61(5), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00236058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middlebrook, I., Peacock, J., Tinnion, D. J., Leach, N. K., Hilton, N. P., Saunders, B., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2021). Capsule size alters the timing of metabolic alkalosis following sodium bicarbonate supplementation. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 634465. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.634465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, P., Robinson, A. L., Sparks, S. A., Bridge, C. A., Bentley, D. J., & McNaughton, L. R. (2016). The effects of novel ingestion of sodium bicarbonate on repeated sprint ability. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(2), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbury, J. W., Cole, M., Kelly, A. L., Chessor, R. J., Sparks, S. A., McNaughton, L. R., Gough, L. A., & Sunderland, C. (2021). The time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO3–), pH, and the strong ion difference (SID) following sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion in highly trained adolescent swimmers. PLoS One, 16(7), e0248456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock, J., Sparks, S. A., Middlebrook, I., Hilton, N. P., Tinnion, D., Leach, N., Saunders, B., & McNaughton, L. R. (2021). Extracellular buffer choice influences acid-base responses and gastrointestinal symptoms. Research in Sports Medicine, 29(6), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2021.1896517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, M. J., & Simons, C. (2010). The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on high-intensity intermittent running and subsequent performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1834–1842. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e06e4a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Requena, B., Zabala, M., Padial, P., & Feriche, B. (2005). Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate: Ergogenic aids? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 213–224.10.1519/13733.1. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200502000-00036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romijn, J. A. Coyle, E. F. Sidossis, L. S. Gastaldelli, A. Horowitz, J. F. Endert, E. & Wolfe, R. R.(1993). Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology & Metabolism, 265(3), E380–E391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, C. Papadopoulos, E. Mezil, Y. Wells, G. D. Plyley, M. J. Greenway, M. & Klentrou, P.(2014). Acute versus chronic supplementation of sodium citrate on 200 m performance in adolescent swimmers. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R. C., & Sunderland, C. (2014). Sodium bicarbonate and high-intensity-cycling capacity: Variability in responses. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 9(4), 627–632. JSPP.2013-0295 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler, J. C., Marshall, P. W., Bray, J., & Towlson, C. (2012). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation and ingestion timing: Does it matter? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(7), 1953–1958. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182392960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundberg, C. W. Hunter, S. K. Trappe, S. W. Smith, C. S. & Fitts, R. H.(2018). Effects of elevated H+ and pi on the contractile mechanics of skeletal muscle fibres from young and old men: Implications for muscle fatigue in humans. Journal of Physiology, Paris, 596(17), 3993–4015.
   Google Scholar
• Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Jimenez-Morcillo, J., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2022). Central and peripheral fatigue in physical exercise explained: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 3909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnberg, L. A., Fordtran, J. S., Carter, N. W., & Rector, F. C. (1970). Mechanism of bicarbonate absorption and its relationship to sodium transport in the human jejunum. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 49(3), 548–556. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci106265
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urwin, C. S. Dwyer, D. B. & Carr, A. J.(2016). Induced alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms after sodium citrate ingestion: A dose-response investigation. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(6), 542–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urwin, C. S., Snow, R. J., Condo, D., Snipe, R., Wadley, G. D., & Carr, A. J. (2021). Factors influencing blood alkalosis and other physiological responses, gastrointestinal symptoms, and exercise performance following sodium citrate supplementation: A review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 31(2), 168–186. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urwin, C. S., Snow, R. J., Condo, D., Snipe, R. M., Wadley, G. D., Convit, L., & Carr, A. J. (2022). A comparison of sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate ingestion: Blood alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 33(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urwin, C. S., Snow, R. J., Orellana, L., Condo, D., Wadley, G. D., & Carr, A. J. (2019). Sodium citrate ingestion protocol impacts induced alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and palatability. Physiological Reports, 7(19), e14216. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urwin, C. S., Snow, R. J., Orellana, L., Condo, D., Wadley, G. D., Carr, A. J., & McNaughton, L. (2021). Does varying the ingestion period of sodium citrate influence blood alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms? PloS One, 16(5), e0251808. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaher, I. Timpmann, S. Aedma, M. & Ööpik, V.(2015). Impact of acute sodium citrate ingestion on endurance running performance in a warm environment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115, 813–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Loon, L. J. Greenhaff, P. L. Constantin‐Teodosiu, D. Saris, W. H. & Wagenmakers, A. J.(2001). The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans. Journal of Physiology, Paris, 536(1), 295–304.
   Google Scholar