COVID and the crisis: the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of elite athletes and their thoughts about career ending

References

• Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2010). Achievement goals, competition appraisals, and the well- and ill-being of elite youth soccer players over two competitive seasons. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(4), 555–579. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.4.555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, A., & Asim, M. (2019). Relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 9(2), 163–194. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i2.14618
   Google Scholar
• Argyle, M. (1999). Causes and correlates of happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. Chapter 18.
   Google Scholar
• Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2013). A qualitative study on causes and effects of employee turnover in the private sector in Malaysia. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 16(11), 1532–1541.
   Google Scholar
• Azeez, R. O., Jayeoba, F., & Adeoye, A. O. (2016). Job satisfaction, turnover intention and organizational commitment. Journal of Management Research, 8(2), 102–114.
   Google Scholar
• Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Postel-Vinay, G., & Watts, T. (2010). Long-run health impacts of income shocks: Wine and phylloxera in nineteenth-century France. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 714–728. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, C., & Juessen, F. (2015). Happiness and the persistence of income shocks. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 7(4), 160–187. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20120163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of Public Economics, 88(7-8), 1359–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00168-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breivik, G., Hanstad, D. V., & Loland, S. (2009). Attitudes towards use of performance-enhancing substances and body modification techniques. A comparison between elite athletes and the general population. Sport in Society, 12(6), 737–754. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430902944183
   Google Scholar
• Breuer, C., Hallmann, K., & Ilgner, M. (2017). Akzeptanz des Spitzensports in Deutschland – Zum Wandel der Wahrnehmung durch Bevölkerung und Athleten. Sportverlag Strauß.
   Google Scholar
• Breuer, C., & Wicker, P. (2010). Sportökonomische Analyse der Lebenssituation von Spitzensportlern in Deutschland. Hausdruckerei des Statistischen Bundesamtes.
   Google Scholar
• Breuer, C., Wicker, P., Dallmeyer, S., & Ilgner, M. (2018). Die Lebenssituation von Spitzensportlern und-sportlerinnern in Deutschland. Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. J., Webb, T. L., Robinson, M. A., & Cotgreave, R. (2019). Athletes’ retirement from elite sport: A qualitative study of parents and partners’ experiences. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, S., & Park, A. (2016). Permanent income and subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 130, 298–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.07.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, F., & Lucas, R. E. (2014). Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: Results from three large samples. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2809–2818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0726-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2008). Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95–144. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.46.1.95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (2002). A simple statistical method for measuring how life events affect happiness. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(6), 1139–1144. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.6.1139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, J. M., & Gjertson, L. (2013). Emergency savings for low-income consumers. Focus, 30(1), 12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Corrales, D. M., & Olaya-Cuartero, J. (2022). Analysis of school-age dropout in endurance sports: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(2), 311–320.
   Google Scholar
• Cosh, S., Crabb, S., & LeCouteur, A. (2013). Elite athletes and retirement: Identity, choice, and agency. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9536.2012.00060.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Ambrosio, C., Jäntti, M., & Lepinteur, A. (2020). Money and happiness: Income, wealth and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 148(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02186-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, M. (2014). Understanding athlete wellbeing: The views of national sporting and player associations. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(1), e132–e133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.118
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, A., Stephan, Y., & Fouquereau, E. (2006). Assessing reasons for sports career termination: Development of the Athletes’ Retirement Decision Inventory (ARDI). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(4), 407–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005). Income and well-being: An empirical analysis of the comparison income effect. Journal of Public Economics, 89(5-6), 997–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, B. S., & Gullo, A. (2021). Does sports make people happier, or do happy people more sports? Journal of Sports Economics, 22(4), 432–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002520985667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, B. S., Schaffner, M., Schmidt, S. L., & Torgler, B. (2013). Do employees care about their relative income position? Behavioral evidence focusing on performance in professional team sport. Social Science Quarterly, 94(4), 912–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402–435. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.40.2.402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2006). Clinical sport psychology. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Garner, J., Humphrey, P. R., & Simkins, B. (2016). The business of sport and the sport of business: A review of the compensation literature in finance and sports. International Review of Financial Analysis, 47, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2016.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gledhill, A., & Harwood, C. (2015). A holistic perspective on career development in UK female soccer players: A negative case analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 21, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinstein-Weiss, M., & Bufe, S. (2019). Financial shocks and financial well-being: Which factors help build financial resiliency in lower-income households? Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis.
   Google Scholar
• Hajek, A., & König, H. H. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of individuals screening positive for depression and anxiety on the phq-4 in the German general population: Findings from the nationally representative German socio-economic panel (GSOEP). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, T. A., Weiss, H. M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Hulin, C. L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16489–16493. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., Wakker, P. P., & Sarin, R. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 375–406. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights, S., Sherry, E., & Ruddock-Hudson, M. (2016). Investigating elite end-of-athletic-career transition: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1128992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Stillman, T. F., & Dean, L. R. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802216311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, C. (2011). Well-being in competitive sports—The feel-good factor? A review of conceptual considerations of well-being. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.584067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdougall, H., O’Halloran, P., Sherry, E., & Shields, N. (2016). Needs and strengths of Australian para-athletes: Identifying their subjective psychological, social, and physical health and well-being. The Sport Psychologist, 30(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinauskas, R. (2010). The associations among social support, stress, and life satisfaction as perceived by injured college athletes. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(6), 741–752. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.6.741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margalit, Y. (2019). Political responses to economic shocks. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-110713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., Perry, C., Horsely, C., & Roche, L. (1995). Multidimensional self-concepts of elite athletes: How do they differ from the general population? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.1.70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moksnes, U. K., Løhre, A., Lillefjell, M., Byrne, D. G., & Haugan, G. (2016). The association between school stress, life satisfaction and depressive symptoms in adolescents: Life satisfaction as a potential mediator. Social Indicators Research, 125(1), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0842-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlowski, J., & Wicker, P. (2019). Monetary valuation of non-market goods and services: A review of conceptual approaches and empirical applications in sports. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19(4), 456–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2018.1535609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes’ career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2012.687053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., Tod, D., & Lavallee, D. (2012). Exploring the retirement from sport decision-making process based on the transtheoretical model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(4), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D., & Parker, A. G. (2016). The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review. Sports Medicine, 46(9), 1333–1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satici, S. A., Uysal, R., Yilmaz, M. F., & Deniz, M. E. (2016). Social safeness and psychological vulnerability in Turkish youth: The mediating role of life satisfaction. Current Psychology, 35(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9359-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Moore, Z. (2018). International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes’ mental health, performance, and development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(6), 622–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1295557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder, C., Bartels, C., Grabka, M. M., König, J., Kroh, M., & Siegers, R. (2020). A novel sampling strategy for surveying high net-worth individuals—A pretest application using the socio-economic panel. Review of Income and Wealth, 66(4), 825–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shultz, K. S., Morton, K. R., & Weckerle, J. R. (1998). The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees’ retirement decision and adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. L., Ntoumanis, N., Duda, J. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2011). Goal striving, coping, and well-being: A prospective investigation of the self-concordance model in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 124–145. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312. https://doi.org/10.2307/270723
   Google Scholar
• Thormann, T. F., Gehrmann, S., & Wicker, P. (2022). The wellbeing valuation approach: The monetary value of sport participation and volunteering for different life satisfaction measures and estimators. Journal of Sports Economics, 23(8), 1096–1115. https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025221085716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torregrosa, M., Boixados, M., Valiente, L., & Cruz, J. (2004). Elite athletes’ image of retirement: The way to relocation in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00052-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & von Hanau, T. (2012). Is it profitable to represent the country? Evidence on the sport-related income of funded top-level athletes in Germany. Managing Leisure, 17(2-3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2012.674396
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Dallmeyer, S., & Breuer, C. (2020). Elite athlete well-being: The role of socioeconomic factors and comparisons with the resident population. Journal of Sport Management, 34(4), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., & Frick, B. (2015). The relationship between intensity and duration of physical activity and subjective well-being. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 868–872. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., & Orlowski, J. (2021). Coping with adversity: Physical activity as a moderator in adaption to bereavement. Journal of Public Health, 43(2), e196-e203. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Orlowski, J., & Breuer, C. (2018). Coach migration in German high performance sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1354902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, R. J. (2021). A literature review exploring the mental health issues in academy football players following career termination due to deselection or injury and how counselling could support future players. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(4), 859–868. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33(2), 141–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar