2,079
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A detailed study of a prominent dark web fentanyl trafficking organization

, , &

References

  • Beckert, J., & Wehinger, F. (2013). In the shadow: Illegal markets and Economic Sociology. Socio-Economic Review, 11(1), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mws020
  • Bergeaud, A., & Raimbault, J. (2020). An empirical analysis of the spatial variability of fuel prices in the United States. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.10.016
  • Brynjolfsson, E. and Yu Jeffrey, H. and Smith, M. D. (2006). From niches to riches: Anatomy of the Long Tail. Sloan Management Review, 47(4), 67–71. Summer Available at SSRN https://ssrn.com/abstract=918142
  • Caulkins, J. P. (2007). Price and Purity analysis for Illicit drugs: Data and conceptual issues. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90, S61–S68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.014
  • Caulkins, J., & Padman, P. (1993). Quantity discounts and quality premia for Illicit drugs. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(423), 748–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1993.10476335
  • Caulkins, J. P., & Reuter, P. (2006). Illicit drug markets and economic irregularities. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 40, 1–14.
  • Christin, N. (2017). An EU-focused analysis of drug supply on the AlphaBay marketplace. EMCDDA commissioned paper. Downloaded from https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28855/1/An%20EU-focused%20analysis%20of%20drug%20supply%20on%20the%20AlphaBay%20marketplace.pdf.
  • Cimpanu, C. (2017, July 14). AlphaBay dark web market taken down after law enforcement raids. Bleeping Computer. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/alphabay-dark-web-market-taken-down-after-law-enforcement-raids/.
  • Décary-Hétu, D., & Quessy-Doré, O. (2017). Are repeat buyers in cryptomarkets loyal customers? Repeat business between dyads of cryptomarket vendors and users. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(11), 1341–1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217734265
  • Desroches, F. J. (2005). The crime that pays: Drug trafficking and organized crime in Canada. Canadian Scholars’ Press.
  • Duxbury, S. W., & Haynie, D. L. (2018). The network structure of opioid distribution on a darknet cryptomarket. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 34(4), 921–941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9359-4
  • Duxbury, S. W., & Haynie, D. L. (2021). Network embeddedness in illegal online markets: Endogenous sources of prices and profit in anonymous criminal drug trade. Socio-Economic Review, 21(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwab027
  • Galofaro, C., & Whitehurst, L. (2019). The rise and fall of an Eagle Scout’s deadly fentanyl empire. AP News, September 15th. Downloaded on Febuary 9th, 2023 from https://apnews.com/article/health-salt-lake-city-us-news-ap-top-news-ut-state-wire-ce51cf7c958643629bce76764f71058d.
  • Gambetta, D. (2009). Codes of the underworld: How criminals communicate. Princeton University Press.
  • Gill, H., Kelly, E., & Henderson, G. (2019). How the complex pharmacology of the fentanyls contributes to their lethality. Addiction, 114(9), 1524. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14614
  • Greenberg, A. (2022). Tracers in the dark: The global hunt for the crimelords of cryptocurrency. New York: Doubleday.
  • Greif, A. (2006). Institutions and the path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval trade. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hedegaard, H., Miniño, A., Spencer, M., & Warner, M. (2021). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2020. NCHS Data Brief, No. 428. Natl Cent Health Stat.
  • Hillmann, H., & Aven, B. L. (2011). Fragmented networks and entrepreneurship in late imperial Russia. American Journal of Sociology, 117(2), 484–538. https://doi.org/10.1086/661772
  • Humphreys, K., Shover, C. L., Andrews, C. M., Bohnert, A. S., Brandeau, M. L., Caulkins, J. P., Chen, J. H., Cuéllar, M. F., Hurd, Y. L., Juurlink, D. N., Koh, H. K., Krebs, E. E., Lembke, A., Mackey, S. C., Larrimore Ouellette, L., Suffoletto, B., & Timko, C. (2022). Responding to the opioid crisis in North America and beyond: Recommendations of the Stanford–lancet commission. The Lancet, 399(10324), 555–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02252-2
  • Kleiman, M. (1992). Against excess: Drug Policy for Results. BasicBooks.
  • Kollock, P. (1994). The emergence of exchange structures: An experimental study of uncertainty, commitment, and trust. American Journal of Sociology, 100(2), 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1086/230539
  • Lusthaus, J., Van Oss, J., & Amann, P. (2022). The Gozi group: A criminal firm in cyberspace? European Journal of Criminology, 14773708221077615. https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.e1600be7
  • Mars, S. G., Rosenblum, D., & Ciccarone, D. (2019). Illicit fentanyls in the opioid street market: Desired or imposed? Addiction, 114(5), 774–780. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14474
  • Martin, J., Cunliffe, J., & Munksgaard, R. (2019). Cryptomarkets: A Research Companion. Emerald Group.
  • Martin, J., Munksgaard, R., Coomber, R., Demant, J., & Barratt, M. J. (2020). Selling drugs on darkweb cryptomarkets: Differentiated pathways, risks and rewards. The British Journal of Criminology, 60(3), 559–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz075
  • Moeller, K., Munksgaard, R., & Demant, J. (2021). Illicit drug prices and quantity discounts: A comparison between a cryptomarket, social media, and police data. International Journal of Drug Policy, 91, 102969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102969
  • Moeller, K., & Sandberg, S. (2019). Putting a price on drugs: An economic sociological study of price formation in illegal drug markets. Criminology, 57(2), 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12202
  • Morris, M. H. (1987). Separate prices as a marketing tool. Industrial Marketing Management, 16(2), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(87)90012-5
  • Munksgaard, R., & Tzanetakis, M. (2022). Uncertainty and risk: A framework for understanding pricing in online drug markets. International Journal of Drug Policy, 101, 103535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103535
  • Paquet-Clouston, M., Décary-Hétu, D., & Morselli, C. (2018). Assessing market competition and vendors’ size and scope on AlphaBay. International Journal of Drug Policy, 54, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.01.003
  • Pardo, B., Taylor, J., Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., Reuter, P., & Stein, B. D. (2019). The future of fentanyl and other Synthetic opioids. RAND.
  • Przepiorka, W., Norbutas, L., & Corten, R. (2017). Order without law: Reputation promotes cooperation in a cryptomarkets for illegal drugs. European Sociological Review, 33(6), 752–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcx072
  • Reuter, P. (1983). Disorganized crime: The economics of the visible hand. MIT press.
  • Reuter, P., & Caulkins, J. P. (2004). Illegal ‘lemons’: price dispersion in cocaine and heroin markets. Bulletin on Narcotics, 56(1–2), 141–165.
  • Sebagh, L., Lusthaus, J., Gallo, E., Varese, F., & Sirur, S. (2022). Cooperation and distrust in extra-legal networks: A research note on the experimental study of marketplace disruption. Global Crime, 23(3), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2031152
  • U.S. Attorney for Utah. (2020). Shamo sentenced to life in prison after conviction for organizing, directing drug trafficking organization. Press Release. Downloaded on October 30 , 2022 from https://www.justice.gov/usao-ut/pr/shamo-sentenced-life-prison-after-conviction-organizing-directing-drug-trafficking.
  • US Commission on Combating Synthetic Opioid Trafficking. (2021) . Commission on Combating Synthetic opioid trafficking. Rand Corporation.
  • US vs Cazes. (2017). Eastern California dist. Ct. July 19, 2017. Verified Complaint for Forfeiture in REM. https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/982821/download.
  • Williamson, O. E. (1975). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. New York: Free Press.
  • Wilson, J. Q., & Abrahamse, A. (1992). Does crime pay? Justice Quarterly, 9(3), 359–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829200091431
  • Wolf, C. A. (2010). Understanding the milk-to-feed price ratio as a proxy for dairy farm profitability. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), 4942–4948. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2998