Modelling formation of a drug reservoir in the stratum corneum and its impact on drug monitoring using reverse iontophoresis

References

• Amdisen , A. 1980 . Serum concentration and clinical supervision in monitoring of lithium treatment . Ther. Drug Monit. , 2 : 73 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettinger , T.L. and Crismon , M.L. 2006 . “ Lithium ” . In Applied Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics , 4th ed. , Edited by: Burton , M.E. , Shaw , L.M. , Shentag , J.J. and Evans , W.E. 798 – 812 . Baltimore, MD : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Brett , C.M.A. and Oliveira Brett , A.M. 1993 . Electrochemistry: Principles, Methods, and Applications , 31 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burnette , R.R. 1989 . “ Iontophoresis ” . In Transdermal Drug Delivery , Edited by: Hadgraft , J. and Guy , R.H. 247 – 291 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Cullander , C. and Guy , R.H. 1992 . Sites of iontophoretic current flow into the skin: Identification and characterization with the vibrating probe electrode . J. Invest. Dermatol. , 97 : 55 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Elias , P.M. and Feingold , K.R. 2006 . Skin Barrier , New York : Taylor and Francis Group .
   Google Scholar
• Gibaldi , M. 1971 . Introduction to Biopharmaceutics , Philadelphia, PA : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Gibaldi , M. and Perrier , D. 1975 . Pharmacokinetics , New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Glikfield , P. , Hinz , R.S. and Guy , R.H. 1989 . Noninvasive sampling of biological fluids by iontophoresis . Pharm. Res. , 6 : 988 – 990 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , F.K. and Jamison , K.R. 1990 . Manic-depressive Illness , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grundin , T.G. , Roomans , G.M. , Forslind , B. , Lindberg , M. and Werner , Y. 1985 . X-ray microanalysis of psoriatic skin . J. Invest. Dermatol. , 85 : 378 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keister , J.C. and Kasting , G.B. 1986 . Ionic mass transport through a homogeneous membrane in the presence of a uniform electric field . J. Memb. Sci. , 29 : 155 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keister , J.C. and Kasting , G.B. 1989 . Application of electrodiffusion theory for a homogeneous membrane to iontophoretic transport through skin . J. Cont. Release , 8 : 195 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Kharis Nugroho , A. , Della Pasqua , O. , Danhof , M. and Bouwstra , J.A. 2004 . Compartmental modelling of transdermal iontophoretic transport: I. In vitro model derivation and application . Pharm. Res. , 21 ( 11 ) : 1974 – 1984 .
   Google Scholar
• Kharis Nugroho , A. , Della Pasqua , O. , Danhof , M. and Bouwstra , J.A. 2005 . Compartmental modelling of transdermal iontophoretic transport: II. In vivo model derivation and application . Pharm. Res. , 22 ( 3 ) : 335 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Leboulanger , B. , Aubry , J.-M. , Bondolfi , G. , Guy , R.H. and Delgado-Charro , M.B. 2004 . Lithium monitoring by reverse iontophoresis in vivo . Clin. Chem. , 50 ( 11 ) : 2091 – 2100 .
   Google Scholar
• Leboulanger , B. , Guy , R.H. and Delgado-Charro , M.B. 2004 . Reverse iontophoresis as a non-invasive tool for lithium monitoring and pharmacokinetic profiling . Pharm. Res. , 21 : 1214 – 1222 .
   Google Scholar
• Leboulanger , B. , Guy , R.H. and Delgado-Charro , M.B. 2004 . Reverse iontophoresis for non-invasive transdermal monitoring . Physiol. Meas. , 25 : R35 – R50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledger , P.W. 1992 . Skin biological issues in enhanced transdermal delivery . Adv. Drug Deliv. , 9 ( 2–3 ) : 289 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macheras , P. and Iliadis , A. 2006 . Modelling in Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Approaches , New York : Springer Science and Business Media, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Mizock , B.A. and Falk , J.L. 1992 . Lactic acidosis in critical illness . Crit. Care Med. , 20 : 80 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , W.J. 1972 . Physical Chemistry , 5th ed. , London : Prentice Hall, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen-Kudsk , F. and Amdisen , A. 1979 . Analysis of the pharmacokinetics of lithium in man . Eur. J. Clin. Pharm. , 16 ( 4 ) : 271 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Nixon , S. , Sieg , A. , Delgado-Charro , M.B. and Guy , R.H. 2007 . Reverse iontophoresis of L-Lactate: In vitro and in vivo studies . J. Pharm. Sci. , 96 ( 12 ) : 3457 – 3465 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , G. , Guy , R.H. , Glikfield , P. , LaCourse , W.R. , Leung , L. , Tamada , J. , Potts , R.O and Azimi , N. 1995 . Reverse iontophoresis: Non invasive glucose monitoring in humans . Pharm. Res. , 12 : 1869 – 1873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. and Marks , R. 1980 . The determination of regional and age variations in the rate of desquamation: A comparison of four techniques . J. Invest Dermatol. , 74 : 13 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , M.S. , Cross , S.E. and Anissimov , Y.G. 2004 . Factors affecting the formation of a skin reservoir for topically applied solutes . Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. , 17 : 3 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatzberg , A.F. and Nemeroff , C.B. , eds. 1998 . The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychopharmacology , 2nd ed. , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. and Pope , M. 2002 . Nonadherence with mood stabilizers: Prevalence and predictors . J. Clin. Psychiatry , 63 : 384 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shargel , L. and Yu , A.B.C. 1996 . “ Drug distribution and protein binding ” . In Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics , 3rd ed. , 85 Norwalk, CT : Appleton and Lange .
   Google Scholar
• Thornhill , D.P. 1978 . Pharmacokinetics of ordinary and sustained-release lithium carbonate in manic patients after acute dosage . Eur. J. Clin. Pharm. , 14 ( 4 ) : 267 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Tierney , M.J. , Tamada , J.A. , Popps , R.O. , Eastman , R.C. , Pitzer , K. , Ackmann , N.R. and Fermi , S.J. 2002 . The GlucoWatch biographer: A frequent automatic and noninvasive glucose monitor . Ann. Med. , 32 : 632 – 641 .
   Google Scholar
• Tozer , T.N. and Rowland , M. 2006 . Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics , Baltimore, MD : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Vickers , C.F.H. 1963 . Existence of reservoir in the stratum corneum – experimental proof . Arch. Dermatol. , 88 : 20 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , M.E. 2003 . Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics , 4th ed. , Baltimore, MD : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar