A pilot study of a deliberate practice intervention for therapist trainees

References

• Anderson, T., Ogles, B. M., Patterson, C. L., Lambert, M. J., & Vermeersch, D. A. (2009). Therapist effects: Facilitative interpersonal skills as a predictor of therapist success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(7), 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T., Perlman, M. R., McCarrick, S. M., & McClintock, A. S. (2019). Modeling therapist responses with structured practice enhances facilitative interpersonal skills. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 659–675. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATLAS.ti. (2019). ATLAS.ti 8 [Computer software]. Retrieved from: http://atlasti.com
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2013). Therapist variables in psychotherapy research. In M. J. Lambert (ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (6th ed.). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow, D., Nock, M., & Hersen, M. (2009). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior for change (3rd ed.). Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett-Levy, J., & Finlay-Jones, A. (2018). The role of personal practice in therapist skill development: A model to guide therapists, educators, supervisors and researchers. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(3), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1434678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F. W., & Hutton, J. (2013). Cultivating self-care and compassion in psychological therapists in training: The experience of practicing loving-kindness meditation. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(4), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., &Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. L., Miller, S. D., Seidel, J. A., Kane, R. T., Thornton, J. A., & Andrews, W. P. (2015). The role of deliberate practice in the development of highly effective psychotherapists. Psychotherapy, 52(3), 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, K. M., Farb, N., Anderson, A., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Outcomes and possible mediating mechanisms. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 339–355). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill), 48(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorian, M., & Killebrew, J. E. (2014). A study of mindfulness and self-care: A path to self-compassion for female therapists in training. Women & Therapy, 37(1–2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2014.850345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erekson, D. M., Janis, R., Bailey, R. J., Cattani, K., & Pedersen, T. R. (2017). A longitudinal investigation of the impact of psychotherapist training: Does training improve client outcomes? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 514–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A. (2004). Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Academic Medicine, 79, S70–S81. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200410001-00022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., & Lehmann, A. C. (1996). Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence of maximal adaptation to task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology, 47(1), 273–305. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Muran, J. C., Dreher, D., Sergi, J., Silberstein, E., & Wasserman, M. (2019). Trainees’ experiences in alliance-focused training: The risks and rewards of learning to negotiate ruptures. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 36(2), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1977). Den psykoanalytiska terapins framtidsutsikter [The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy]. Prisma. (Original work published 1910).
   Google Scholar
• Gámez, W., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., & Watson, D. (2011). Development of a measure of experiential avoidance: The multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 692–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023242.supp
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelso, C. J., & Perez-Rojas, A. E. (2017). Inner experience and the good therapist. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects (pp. 101–115). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000034-007
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2006). Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, S. B., Babins-Wagner, R., Rousmaniere, T., Berzins, S., Hoyt, W. T., Whipple, J. L., Miller, S. D., & Wampold, B. E. (2016a). Creating a climate for therapist improvement: A case study of an agency focused on outcomes and deliberate practice. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 53(3), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, S. B., Rousmaniere, T., Miller, S. D., Whipple, J., Nielsen, S. L., Hoyt, W. T., & Wampold, B. E. (2016b). Do psychotherapists improve with time and experience? A longitudinal analysis of outcomes in a clinical setting. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear, R. K., & Bernard, J. M. (1998). Clinical supervision: Lessons from the literature. Counselor Education and Supervision, 38(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1998.tb00553.x
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. C. (1997). Working with emotions in psychotherapy. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grepmair, L., Mitterlehner, F., Loew, T., Bachler, E., Rother, W., & Nickel, M. (2007). Promoting mindfulness in psychotherapists in training influences the treatment results of their patients: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76(6), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, B., & Elliott, R. (2017). Therapist momentary experiences of disconnection with clients. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 16(4), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2017.1386588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., & Hummel, A. M. (2011). Managing countertransference. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 48(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen, E., & Nissen-Lie, H. A. (2019). The professional and personal characteristics of effective psychotherapists: A systematic review. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 30(4), 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2019.1620366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E. (2012). Consensual qualitative research: A practical resource for investigating social science phenomena. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Kivlighan, D. M., III, Rousmaniere, T., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., Gerstenblith, J. A., & Hillman, J. W. (2019). Deliberate practice for the skill of immediacy: A multiple case study of doctoral student therapists and clients. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 57(4), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 48(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irons, C., & Heriot-Maitland, C. (2021). Compassionate mind training: An 8-week group for the general public. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 94(3), 443–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.59.1.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A. (2011). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klatt, M. D., Buckworth, J., & Malarkey, W. B. (2009). Effects of low-dose mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR-ld) on working adults. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 36(3), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108317627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratochwill, T. R., & Levin, J. R. (2010). Enhancing the scientific credibility of single-case intervention research: Randomization to the rescue. Psychological Methods, 15(2), 124–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGillivray, J., Gurtman, C., Boganin, C., & Sheen, J. (2015). Self‐practice and self‐reflection in training of psychological interventions and therapist skills development: A qualitative meta‐synthesis review. Australian Psychologist, 50(6), 434–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S. D., Duncan, B., & Hubble, M. (2008). Supershrinks: What is the secret of their success? Psychotherapy in Australia, 14(4), 14–22.
   Google Scholar
• Montagno, M., Svatovic, M., & Levenson, H. (2011). Short‐term and long‐term effects of training in emotionally focused couple therapy: Professional and personal aspects. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37(4), 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00250.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley, S., Materson, C., & Main, C. (2018). Single case methods in clinical psychology: A practical guide. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Rønnestad, M. H., Høglend, P. A., Havik, O. E., Solbakken, O. A., Stiles, T. C., & Monsen, J. T. (2017). Love yourself as a person, doubt yourself as a therapist? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I.,Vannest, K. J.,Davis, J. L., &Sauber, S. B. (2011). Combining nonoverlap and trend for single-case research: Tau-U. Behavior Therapy, 42(2), 284–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.006 21496513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I., & Vannest, K. (2009). An improved effect size for single-case research: Nonoverlap of all pairs. Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perls, F. (1975). Det gestaltterapeutiska arbetssättet. Ögonvittne till psykoterapi [The Gestalt Apporach & Eye Witness to Therapy]. Wahlström & Widstrand.
   Google Scholar
• Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, R., &Harper, J. (2008). The Emotional Processing Inventory. Unpublished Manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Rochefort, C., Baldwin, A. S., & Chmielewski, M. (2018). Experiential avoidance: An examination of the construct validity of the AAQ-II and MEAQ. Behavior Therapy, 49(3), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. (1961). On Becoming a Person. Constable.
   Google Scholar
• Rousmaniere, T. G. (2016). Deliberate practice for psychotherapists: A guide to improving clinical effectiveness. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Rousmaniere, T. G. (2019). Mastering the inner skills of psychotherapy: A deliberate practice manual. Gold Lantern Books.
   Google Scholar
• Rousmaniere, T. G., Goodyear, R. K., Miller, S. D., & Wampold, B. E. (2017). The cycle of excellence: Using deliberate practice to improve supervision and training. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Safran, J., Muran, J. C., Demaria, A., Boutwell, C., Eubanks-Carter, C., & Winston, A. (2014). Investigating the impact of alliance-focused training on interpersonal process and therapists’ capacity for experiential reflection. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 24(3), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.874054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherr, S. R., Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2015). The role of therapist experiential avoidance in predicting therapist preference for exposure treatment for OCD. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli, E. (2007). Practicing existential psychotherapy: The relational world. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Tracey, T. J. G., Wampold, B. E., Goodyear, R. K., & Lichtenberg, J. W. (2015). Improving expertise in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 50(1), 7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Vannest, K. J., &Ninci, J. (2015). Evaluating Intervention Effects in Single‐Case Research Designs. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93(4), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannest, K. J., Parker, R. I., Gonen, O., & Adiguzel, T. (2016). Single Case Research: Web based calculators for SCR analysis. (Version 2.0) [Web-based application]. Texas A&M University. Retrieved Sunday 20th November 2022. Available from singlecaseresearch.org
   Google Scholar
• Waller, G. (2009). Evidence-based treatment and therapist drift. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E., Baldwin, S. A., Holtforth, M. G., & Imel, Z. E. (2017). What characterizes effective therapists? In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects (pp. 37–53). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Wise, E. H., & Barnett, J. E. (2016). Self-care for psychologists. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, D. K. Freedheim, & L. F. Campbell (Eds.), APA handbook of clinical psychology: Education and profession (Vol. 5, pp. 209–222). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar