Disordered gaming: the interplay between user-avatar bond and sexual minority status

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Berle, D., Starcevic, V., Porter, G., & Fenech, P. (2015). Are some video games associated with more life interference and psychopathology than others? Comparing massively multiplayer online role‐playing games with other forms of video game. Australian Journal of Psychology, 67(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinka, L. (2008). The relationship of players to their avatars in MMORPGs: Differences between adolescents, emerging adults and adults. Cyberpsychology, 2(1). https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4211
   Google Scholar
• Brand, J. E., & Jervis, J. (2021). Digital Australia 2022. https://igea.net/2021/10/digital-australia-2022-da22-connected-by-games/
   Google Scholar
• Broman, N., & Hakansson, A. (2018). Problematic gaming and internet use but not gambling may be overrepresented in sexual minorities – a pilot population web survey study. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2184. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broman, N., Prever, F., diGiacomo, E., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Szczegielniak, A., Hansson, H., & Håkansson, A. (2022). Gambling, gaming, and internet behavior in a sexual minority perspective. A cross-sectional study in seven European Countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 707645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleigh, T. L., Stavropoulos, V., Liew, L. W. L., Adams, B. L. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Depression, internet gaming disorder, and the moderating effect of the gamer-avatar relationship: An exploratory longitudinal study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(1), 102–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9806-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01246098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, S. L., Brooks, A. S., Doll, K., Eaton, A. D., McInroy, L. B., & Hui, J. (2023). Processes and manifestations of digital resilience: Video and textual insights from sexual and gender minority youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 07435584221144958. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584221144958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, C., & Holohan, A. (2016). Cultures of experimentation: Role-playing games and sexual identity. In Communication and information technologies annual (Vol. 11, pp. 109–138). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020160000011016.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, M. (2002). Sex and gender are different: Sexual identity and gender identity are different. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003002
   Google Scholar
• DiCesare, D. M., Craig, S. L., Brooks, A. S., & Doll, K. (2023). Setting the game agenda: Reviewing the emerging literature on video gaming and psychological well-being of sexual and gender diverse youth. Games and Culture, 15554120231178883. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120231178883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dullur, P., & Starcevic, V. (2018). Internet gaming disorder does not qualify as a mental disorder. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(2), 110–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417741554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. L. G., Moore, E. W., & Hull, D. M. (2020). Finding latent groups in observed data: A primer on latent profile analysis in Mplus for applied researchers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 44(5), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419881721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2023). Minority stress theory: Application, critique, and continued relevance. Current Opinion in Psychology, 51, 101579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillin, L. E., & Signorella, M. L. (2023). Attitudes toward sexual orientation and gender identity in online multiplayer gaming spaces. Psychological Reports, 00332941231153798. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231153798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, R., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Avatar identification and problematic gaming: The role of self-concept clarity. Addictive Behaviors, 113, 106694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is “enough” in internet survey research. Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 6(3–4), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Juul, J., & Klevjer, R. (2016). Avatar. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect058
   Google Scholar
• Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction, 112(10), 1709–1715. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B.-N., Kang, H. S., & Park, J. (2023). A latent profile approach for classifying internet gamers based on motives for online gaming. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 12(1), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., Potenza, M. N., Demetrovics, Z., Billieux, J., & Brand, M. (2018). Internet gaming disorder should qualify as a mental disorder. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(7), 615–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418771189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Király, O., Koncz, P., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2023). Gaming disorder: A summary of its characteristics and aetiology. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 122, 152376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, R. A. (2022). Heteronormativity in virtual world design: character creation and the limitations and opportunities for playful expression in world of warcraft and Amtgard (Publication Number 29393567) [ Master’s thesis]. Trent University, Canada. ProQuest One Academic. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/heteronormativity-virtual-world-design-character/docview/2716520341/se-2?accountid=14844
   Google Scholar
• Kovacs, J., Zarate, D., de Sena Collier, G., Tran, T. T. D., & Stavropoulos, V. (2022). Disordered gaming: The role of a gamer’s distress profile. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J. (2013). Internet gaming addiction: Current perspectives. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 6, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S39476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Pontes, H. M. (2017). Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of internet gaming disorder: Issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, C., Leung, P., Poon, K., & Fung, X. (2021). The effects of internet gaming and social media use on physical activity, sleep, quality of life, and academic performance among university students in Hong Kong: A preliminary study. Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior, 4(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_81_20
   Google Scholar
• Lee, B. N., & Grubbs, J. B. (2023). Problem gambling within sexual and gender minorities: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 144, 107742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemenager, T., Neissner, M., Sabo, T., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2020). “Who Am I” and “How Should I Be”: A systematic review on self-concept and avatar identification in gaming disorder. Current Addiction Reports, 7(2), 166–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00307-x
   Google Scholar
• Lucassen, M. F. G., Merry, S. N., Hatcher, S., & Frampton, C. M. A. (2015). Rainbow SPARX: A novel approach to addressing depression in sexual minority youth. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucassen, M., Samra, R., Iacovides, I., Fleming, T., Shepherd, M., Stasiak, K., & Wallace, L. (2018). How LGBT+ Young people use the internet in relation to their mental health and envisage the use of e-therapy: Exploratory study. JMIR Serious Games, 6(4), e11249. https://doi.org/10.2196/11249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luk, J. W., Gilman, S. E., Sita, K. R., Cheng, C., Haynie, D. L., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2019). Cyber behaviors among heterosexual and sexual minority youth: Subgroup differences and associations with health indicators. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 22(5), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini, T., Imperato, C., & Sibilla, F. (2019). Does avatar’s character and emotional bond expose to gaming addiction? Two studies on virtual self-discrepancy, avatar identification and gaming addiction in massively multiplayer online role-playing game players. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Männikkö, N., Ruotsalainen, H., Miettunen, J., Pontes, H. M., & Kääriäinen, M. (2020). Problematic gaming behaviour and health-related outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317740414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of quantitative methods in psychology: Vol. 2: Statistical analysis (pp. 551–611). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199934898.013.0025.
   Google Scholar
• McKenna, J. L., Wang, Y.-C., Williams, C. R., McGregor, K., & Boskey, E. R. (2022). “You can’t be deadnamed in a video game”: Transgender and gender diverse adolescents’ use of video game avatar creation for gender-affirmation and exploration. Journal of LGBT Youth, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2022.2144583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlan, G. J. (1987). On bootstrapping the likelihood ratio test stastistic for the number of components in a normal mixture. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), 36(3), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.2307/2347790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morcos, M., Stavropoulos, V., Rennie, J. J., Clark, M., & Pontes, H. M. (2021). Internet gaming disorder: compensating as a draenei in world of warcraft. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(3), 669–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00098-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, H., Donovan, A., Almeida, R., Lin, A., & Perry, Y. (2020). The Role of the Avatar in Gaming for Trans and Gender Diverse Young People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8617. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/22/8617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulos, A. (2013). Confronting heteronormativity in online games: A critical discourse analysis of LGBTQ sexuality in world of warcraft. Games and Culture, 8(2), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412013478688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, L., Cheng, L., Hu, M., Liu, Q., Tong, J., Hao, W., Luo, T., & Liao, Y. (2020). Clarification of the cut-off score for nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF) in a Chinese context. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raith, L., Bignill, J., Stavropoulos, V., Millear, P., Allen, A., Stallman, H. M., Mason, J., De Regt, T., Wood, A., & Kannis-Dymand, L. (2021). Massively multiplayer online games and well-being: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 698799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.698799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehbein, F., King, D. L., Staudt, A., Hayer, T., & Rumpf, H.-J. (2021). Contribution of game genre and structural game characteristics to the risk of problem gaming and gaming disorder: A systematic review. Current Addiction Reports, 8(2), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00367-7
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, J. M., Beymer, P. N., Anderson, D. J., Van Lissa, C., & Schmidt, J. A. (2019). tidyLPA: An R package to easily carry out latent profile analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(30), 978. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00978
   Google Scholar
• Schuler, M. S., Rice, C. E., Evans-Polce, R. J., & Collins, R. L. (2018). Disparities in substance use behaviors and disorders among adult sexual minorities by age, gender, and sexual identity. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 189, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, V., Gomez, R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). In search of the optimum structural model for internet gaming disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03148-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, V., Gomez, R., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2019). Editorial: Internet gaming disorder: A pathway towards assessment consensus. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1822. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, V., Gomez, R., Mueller, A., Yucel, M., & Griffiths, M. (2020). User-avatar bond profiles: How do they associate with disordered gaming? Addictive Behaviors, 103, 106245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, V., & Hu, E. (2018). Mind games. InPsych, 40(2). https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2018/april/mind-games
   Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, V., Motti-Stefanidi, F., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Risks and opportunities for youth in the digital era. European Psychologist, 27(2), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, V., Ratan, R., & Lee, K. M. (2022). Editorial: User-Avatar bond: Risk and opportunities in gaming and beyond. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 923146. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, P., Morgan, H., Wright Toussaint, D., Lin, A., Winter, S., & Perry, Y. (2019). Trans and gender diverse young people’s attitudes towards game-based digital mental health interventions: A qualitative investigation. Internet Interventions, 18, 100280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2019.100280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szolin, K., Kuss, D., Nuyens, F., & Griffiths, M. (2022). Gaming disorder: A systematic review exploring the user-avatar relationship in videogames. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tullett-Prado, D., Stavropoulos, V., Mueller, K., Sharples, J., & Footitt, T. A. (2021). Internet gaming disorder profiles and their associations with social engagement behaviours. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 138, 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M.-C., Deng, Q., Bi, X., Ye, H., & Yang, W. (2017). Performance of the entropy as an index of classification accuracy in latent profile analysis: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(11), 1473–1482. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2017.01473
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S. L., & Mann, A. K. (2017). Sexual and gender minority health disparities as a social issue: How stigma and intergroup relations can explain and reduce health disparities. The Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 450–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. L., Mann, A. K., & Fredrick, E. G. (2017). Proximal minority stress, psychosocial resources, and health in sexual minorities. The Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 529–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2020). Addictive behaviours: Gaming disorder. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/addictive-behaviours-gaming-disorder
   Google Scholar