References
- Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J, et al. COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1015–10. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30673-5
- Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):533–534. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
- Stringhini S, Wisniak A, Piumatti G, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): a population-based study. Lancet. 2020;396(10247):313–319. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31304-0
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Livingston E, Bucher K. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1335–. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4344
- Halaji M, Farahani A, Ranjbar R, et al. Emerging coronaviruses: first SARS, second MERS and third SARS-CoV-2: epidemiological updates of COVID-19. Infez Med. 2020;28(suppl 1):6–17.
- Zandi M, Farahani A, Zakeri A, et al. Clinical symptoms and types of samples are critical factors for the molecular diagnosis of symptomatic COVID-19 patients: a systematic literature review. Int J Microbiol. 2021 Sep 6;2021:1–20. doi: 10.1155/2021/5528786.
- Hosseini P, Afzali S, Karimi M, et al. The coronavirus disease 2019 and effect on liver function: a hidden and vital interaction beyond the respiratory system. Rev Med Microbiol. 2021 Jan 19;33(1):e161–e179. doi: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000267
- Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RA. Care for critically ill patients with COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1499–1500. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3633
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648
- Malekifar P, Pakzad R, Shahbahrami R, et al. Viral coinfection among COVID-19 patient groups: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Bio Med Res Int. 2021 Sep 3;2021:1–10. doi: 10.1155/2021/5313832.
- Soltani S, Zakeri A, Zandi M, et al. The role of bacterial and fungal human respiratory microbiota in COVID-19 patients. Bio Med Res Int. 2021 Feb 23;2021:1–13. doi: 10.1155/2021/6670798.
- Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with covid-19-preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement BMJ. BMJ. 2009;339(jul21 1):b2535. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2535
- Williams DM. Clinical Pharmacology of Corticosteroids. Respir Care. 2018;63(6):655–670. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06314
- Youssef J, Novosad SA, Winthrop KL. Infection risk and safety of corticosteroid use. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016;42(1):157-76, ix–x. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2015.08.004
- Yang M, Zhang Y, Chen H, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of upper respiratory tract infection in patients with asthma: a meta-analysis. Infection. 2019;47(3):377–385. doi: 10.1007/s15010-018-1229-y
- Chen H, Feng Y, Wang K, et al. Association between inhaled corticosteroids and upper respiratory tract infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):282. doi: 10.1186/s12890-020-01315-3
- Yang M, Du Y, Chen H, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;77:105950. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105950
- Jiang S, Liu T, Hu Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(26):e16239. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016239
- Huang J, Guo J, Li H, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive corticosteroids therapy for patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(13):e14636. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014636
- Zhikang YE, Wang Y, Colunga-Lozano LE, et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in COVID-19 based on evidence for COVID-19, other coronavirus infections, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2020;192(27):E756–E767. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200645
- Wee Song YEO, Qin Xiang NG. Distinguishing between typical Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:110263. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110263
- Rafiullah M, Siddiqui K. Corticosteroid use in viral pneumonia: experience so far and the dexamethasone breakthrough in coronavirus disease-2019. J Comp Eff Res. 2020;9(18):1247–1254. doi: 10.2217/cer-2020-0146
- Ma S, Xu C, Liu S, et al. Efficacy and safety of systematic corticosteroids among severe COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):83. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00521-7
- Pasin L, Navalesi P, Zangrillo A, et al. Corticosteroids for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with different disease severity: a meta-analysis of randomized Clinical trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;35(2):578–584. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.057
- Tang X, Feng YM, Ni JX, et al. Early use of corticosteroid may prolong SARS-CoV-2 shedding in non-intensive care unit patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized Control trial. Respiration. 2021;100(2):116–126. doi: 10.1159/000512063
- Søvik S, Barrat-Due A, Kåsine T, et al. Corticosteroids and superinfections in COVID-19 patients on invasive mechanical ventilation. J Infect. 2022 Jul;85(1):57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.015
- Ng QX, Lim YL, Han MX, et al. The performance of lateral flow tests in the age of the omicron: a rapid systematic review. Life (Basel). 2022 Nov 21;12(11):1941. doi: 10.3390/life12111941
- Briel M, Spoorenberg SMC, Snijders D, et al. Corticosteroids in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(3):346–354. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix801
- Martin-Loeches I, Torres A. Corticosteroids for CAP, influenza and COVID-19: when, how and benefits or harm? Eur Respir Rev. 2021;30(159):200346. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0346-2020