EU enlargement in wartime Europe: three dimensions and scenarios

References

• Anghel, V., & Džankić, J. (2023). Wartime EU: Consequences of the Russia-Ukraine war on the enlargement process. Journal of European Integration, 45(3), 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2190106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, D., & Budd, L. C. (2019). Brexit and beyond: A Pandora’s box? Contemporary Social Science, 14(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2019.1621365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, D., Hearne, D., & Budd, L. C. (2023). People, places and policies beyond Brexit. Contemporary Social Science, 18(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2023.2216185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastasin, C. (2023). Want Ukraine in the EU? You’ll have to reform the EU, too. Brookings research. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/want-ukraine-in-the-eu-youll-have-to-reform-the-eu-too/
   Google Scholar
• Bechev, D. (2022). What Has Stopped EU Enlargement in the Western Balkans? Carnegie Europe article. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2022/06/20/what-has-stopped-eu-enlargement-in-western-balkans-pub-87348
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy, R., Kröger, S., & Lorimer, M. (2022). Flexible europe: Differentiated integration, fairness, and democracy. Bristol University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, B. (1989). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Bickerton, C. J. (2009). State-Building Exporting State Failure. Arena Journal, (32), 101–123.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T. A., Dimitrova, A., & Schimmelfennig, F. (2017). European Union enlargement and integration capacity: Concepts, findings, and policy implications. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1265576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgery-Gonse, T. (2022, December 6). Enlargement ‘could work’ without EU reform, says senior French diplomat. Euractiv. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/enlargement-could-work-without-eu-reform-says-senior-french-diplomat/
   Google Scholar
• Brunnbauer, U. (2022). Side Effects of “Phantom Pains”: How Bulgarian historical mythology derails North Macedonia’s EU accession. Comparative Southeast European Studies, 70(4), 722–739. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2022-0064
   Google Scholar
• Buras, P., & Morina, E. (2023). Vision 2030: Four steps towards the new EU enlargement. European Council on Foreign Relations Commentary. https://ecfr.eu/article/vision-2030-four-steps-towards-the-new-eu-enlargement/
   Google Scholar
• Caulcutt, C. (2023, August 28). Macron: EU should consider ‘multi-speed Europe’ to cope with enlargement”. Politico. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.politico.eu/article/france-president-emmanuel-macron-multi-speed-europe-enlargement-ukraine-moldova-balkans/
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, D. (2007). EU Statebuilding: Securing the liberal peace through EU enlargement. Global Society, 21(4), 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600820701562850
   Google Scholar
• Dandashly, A., & Noutcheva, G. (2019). Unintended consequences of EU democracy support in the european neighbourhood. The International Spectator, 54(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2019.1554340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbasani, A. (2013). Europeanization Travels to the Western Balkans: Enlargement strategy, domestic obstacles and diverging reforms. In A. Elbasani (Ed.), European integration and transformation in the Western Balkans: Europeanization or business as usual? (pp. 3–22). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Elysée. (2023). Closing speech by the President of the French Republic (Emmanuel Macron at the Globsec Summit in Bratislava). Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2023/06/01/globsec-summit-in-bratislava
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, M. (2023). The Potential Impact of Ukrainian Accession on the EU’s Budget – and the Importance of Control Valves. International Centre for Defence and Security Policy Paper. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://icds.ee/en/the-impact-on-the-eu-budget-of-ukraine-as-a-member-state/
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, M., Akhvlediani, T., Cenusa, D., Movchan, V., & Remizov, A. (2023). The EU accession prospects of Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. Centre for European Policy Studies In-Depth Analysis. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/eu-accession-prospects-of-ukraine-moldova-and-georgia/
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, M., Lazarević, M., Blockmans, S., & Subotić, S. (2021). A Template for Staged Accession to the EU. Centre for European Policy Studies Discussion Paper. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/a-template-for-staged-accession-to-the-eu/
   Google Scholar
• Ermurachi, A., Lupusor, A., Nasu, A., Goinic, D., Chirtoacă, I., Groza, I., … Gribincea, V. (2023). 9 steps towards the opening of accession negotiations with the European Union. Institute for European Policies and Reforms Shadow Report, 2. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://ipre.md/2023/07/20/raport-alternativ-nr-2-realizarea-planului-de-actiuni-pentru-implementarea-masurilor-propuse-de-comisia-europeana-in-avizul-sau-privind-cererea-de-aderare-a-republicii-moldova-la-ue/?lang = en
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2022). EU accession process step by step. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-10/eu_accession_process_clusters%20%28oct%202022%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2023). Commission adopts 2023 Enlargement package, recommends to open negotiations with Ukraine and Moldova, to grant candidate status to Georgia and to open accession negotiations with BiH, once the necessary degree of compliance is achieved. Commission Press Release. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_5633
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. (2023). Olaf Scholz: ‘We need a geopolitical, larger, reformed EU, open to the future’. Press release. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20230505IPR85002/olaf-scholz-we-need-a-geopolitical-larger-reformed-eu-open-to-the-future
   Google Scholar
• European Union External Action Service. (2022). Eastern Partnership. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eastern-partnership_en
   Google Scholar
• Freudenstein, R. (1998). Poland, Germany and the EU. International Affairs, 74(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyburg, T., Lavenex, S., Schimmelfennig, F., Skripka, T., & Wetzel, A. (2009). EU promotion of democratic governance in the neighbourhood. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(6), 916–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760903088405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. (2004). The Imperative of State-Building. Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2004.0026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, E. (2014). Security sector reform, statebuilding and local ownership: Securing the state or its people? Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 8(2-3), 126–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2014.930219
   Google Scholar
• Grävingholt, J., Faust, J., Libman, A., Richter, S., Sasse, G., & Stewart, S. (2023). Rebuilding Ukraine: What the International Community Now Needs to Consider. German Institute of Development and Sustainability Policy Brief, 4/2023. https://doi.org/10.23661/ipb4.2023
   Google Scholar
• Gressel, G., & Popescu, N. (2020). The Best Defence: Why the EU Should Forge Security Compacts with Its Eastern Neighbours. European Council on Foreign Relations Policy Brief. https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/The-best-defence-Why-the-EU-should-forge-security-compacts-with-its-eastern-neighbours.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, S., & Gross, L. (2013). Building an EU member state through democracy promotion: The case of Croatia's public administration reform. Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva, 10(1), 93–109. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show = clanak&id_clanak_jezik = 181817
   Google Scholar
• Heidbreder, E. G. (2014). Why widening makes deepening: Unintended policy extension through polity expansion. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(5), 746–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.897748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobolt, S. B. (2014). Ever closer or ever wider? Public attitudes towards further enlargement and integration in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(5), 664–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.897746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, J., Sasse, G., & Gordon, C. (2005). Europeanization and regionalization in the EU's enlargement to central and eastern Europe. The Myth of Conditionality. Palgrave Macmillan Londont.
   Google Scholar
• Interreg Europe Joint secretariat. (2023, June 15). Interreg Europe programme is ready to expand. Interreg Europe news. Retrieved November 3, 2023 from https://www.interregeurope.eu/news-and-events/news/interreg-europe-programme-is-ready-to-expand
   Google Scholar
• Juncker, J.-C. (2014). A new start for Europe. Speech by Jean-Claude Juncker. Speech delivered 15 July 2014. European Commission. Retrieved November 3, 2023 from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_14_567
   Google Scholar
• Juncos, A. E. (2012). Member state-building versus peacebuilding: The contradictions of EU state-building in Bosnia and Herzegovina. East European Politics, 28(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523279.2011.635650
   Google Scholar
• Karjalainen, T. (2022). “EU candidate Ukraine and the 27 gatekeepers: Pragmatizing the EU enlargement policy”. FIIA Comment 8. Finnish Institute of International Affairs. https://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/eu-candidate-ukraine-and-the-27-gatekeepers
   Google Scholar
• Karjalainen, T., & Mustasilta, K. (2023). European peace facility: From a conflict prevention tool to a defender of security and geopolitical interests. Trans European Policy Studies Association Brief. https://www.tepsa.eu/tepsa-brief-european-peace-facility-from-a-conflict-prevention-tool-to-a-defender-of-security-and-geopolitical-interests-tyyne-karjalainen-and-katariina-mustasilta/
   Google Scholar
• Kasianov, G. (2006). THE BURDEN OF THE PAST, The Ukrainian–Polish conflict of 1943/44 in contemporary public, academic and political debates in Ukraine and Poland. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 19(3-4), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610601029805
   Google Scholar
• Kelemen, R. D., Menon, A., & Slapin, J. (2014). Wider and deeper? Enlargement and integration in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(5), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.897745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempin, R. (2023). The impact of Ukraine’s accession on the EU’s common security and defence policy (CSDP). In N. von Ondarza (coord.), Ukraine’s possible EU accession and its consequences. German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP). https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/ukraines-possible-eu-accession-and-its-consequences#publication-article-64
   Google Scholar
• Klose, S., Perot, E., & Temizisler, S. (2023). Spot the difference: Differentiated co-operation and differentiated integration in the European Union. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 61(1), 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobzová, J. (2014). Can the EU support democracy in the Eastern Partnership? European View, 13(1), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-014-0310-x
   Google Scholar
• Lehne, S. (2023). A Reluctant Magnet: Navigating the EU’s Absorption Capacity. Carnegie Europe article. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2023/09/21/reluctant-magnet-navigating-eu-s-absorption-capacity-pub-90601
   Google Scholar
• Matthijs, M. (2022). Ukraine Could Become an EU Member. What Would That Mean? Council on Foreign Relations Brief. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/ukraine-could-become-eu-member-what-would-mean
   Google Scholar
• McMaster, I., & Vironen, H. (2023). Gone but not forgotten (yet): Interreg in post-Brexit UK. Contemporary Social Science, 18(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2023.2197874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen, T. (2023). EU kriisien aikakaudella. Unionin tulevaisuuden suuntaa etsimässä. Sitra muistio. https://www.sitra.fi/app/uploads/2023/10/sitra-eu-kriisien-aikakaudella.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Moravcsik, A., & Vachudova, M. A. (2003). National interests, state power, and EU enlargement. East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures, 17(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325402239682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, M. (2023). EU reform is back on the agenda. The many drivers of the new debate on treaty change. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs Briefing Paper, 363. https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/bp363_eu-reform-is-back-on-the-agenda.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M., & Silander, D. (2016). Democracy and security in the EU’s eastern neighborhood? Assessing the ENP in Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. Democracy and Security, 12(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2015.1135744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nizhnikau, R., & Moshes, A. (2023). A Window of Opportunity by Default: Will Moldova Use It?. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo 854. https://www.ponarseurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Pepm854_Nizhnikau-Moshes_September2023.pdf
   Google Scholar
• O’Brennan, J. (2014). ‘On the slow train to nowhere?’ The European Union, ‘Enlargement Fatigue’ and the Western Balkans. European Foreign Affairs Review, 19(2), 221–241. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014011
   Google Scholar
• Panagiotou, R. (2021). The Western Balkans between Russia and the European Union: Perceptions, reality, and impact on enlargement. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(2), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1798218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic, M., & Tzifakis, N. (2021). A geopolitical turn to EU enlargement, or another postponement? An introduction. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1891028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raik, K. (2022). Time to Downgrade the Eastern Partnership and Refocus on Enlargement. SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy 4. https://sceeus.se/en/publications/time-to-downgrade-the-eastern-partnership-and-refocus-on-enlargement
   Google Scholar
• Raik, K. (2023). The War in Ukraine Reshapes EU-Nato Complementarity. Trans-European Policy Studies Association Brief 9/2023. http://www.tepsa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/TEPSA-Brief-2023_EU-NATO-complementarity_Kristi-Raik.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Richter, S., & Wunsch, N. (2020). Money, power, glory: The linkages between EU conditionality and state capture in the Western Balkans. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1578815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotberg, R. (2003). Failed states, collapsed states, weak states: Causes and indicators. In R. I. Rotberg (Ed.), State failure and state weakness in a time of terror (pp. 1–26). Brookings Institution Press, World Peace Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F. (2015). Juncker’s enlargement standstill threatens the EU’s credibility. Friends of Europe insight. https://www.friendsofeurope.org/insights/junckers-enlargement-standstill-threatens-the-eus-credibility/
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F. (2023). The advent of geopolitical enlargement and its credibility dilemma. In J. Džankić, S. Kacarska, & S. Keil (Eds.), A year later: War in Ukraine and Western Balkan (Geo)Politics (pp. 185–193). European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., & Scholtz, H. (2008). EU democracy promotion in the european neighbourhood: Political conditionality, economic development and transnational exchange. European Union Politics, 9(2), 187–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116508089085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, C. J. (2014). Domestic politics and the widening-deepening trade-off in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(5), 699–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.897740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedelmeier, U. (2014). Anchoring Democracy from Above? The European Union and Democratic Backsliding in Hungary and Romania after Accession. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddi, M. (2023). European energy politics: The green transition and EU-Russia energy relations. Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Siddi, M., Karjalainen, T., & Jokela, J. (2022). Differentiated cooperation in the EU’s foreign and security policy: Effectiveness, accountability, legitimacy. The International Spectator, 57(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2022.2026683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solonenko, I. (2009). External democracy promotion in Ukraine: The role of the European Union. Democratization, 16(4), 709–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340903083851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stetsiuk, P. (2023). Ensuring the Irreversibility Of Ukraine’s European And Euro-Atlantic Course (Constitutional and Legal Aspects). Razumkov Centre. https://razumkov.org.ua/images/2023/08/30/2023-PAKT-July-ENGL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tamminen, T. (2023). Festina lente – Kuinka hitaasti EU:n pitäisi kiirehtiä laajentumista? SaferGlobe Policy Brief 1/2023.
   Google Scholar
• The Council of the EU. (no date). Qualified majority. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/voting-system/qualified-majority/
   Google Scholar
• Transparency International. (2023). CPI 2022 for eastern Europe & central Asia: growing security risks and authoritarianism threaten progress against corruption. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2022-eastern-europe-central-asia-growing-security-risks-authoritarianism-threaten-progress-corruption
   Google Scholar
• Tuomi, J., & Sarajärvi, A. (2009). Laadullinen tutkimus ja sisällönanalyysi. Tammi.
   Google Scholar
• Vinturis, C. (2022). A multi-speed fiscal Europe? Fiscal rules and fiscal performance in the EU former communist countries. Post-Communist Economies, 34(2), 149–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2020.1867432
   Google Scholar
• Von der Leyen, U. (2023). 2023 State of the Union Address by President von der Leyen. Speech delivered 13 September 2023, European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_23_4426
   Google Scholar
• von Ondarza, N. (2022). Ukrainian accession also requires reform of EU institutions. In N. von Ondarza (coord.), Ukraine’s possible EU accession and its consequences. German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP). https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/ukraines-possible-eu-accession-and-its-consequences#publication-article-64
   Google Scholar
• Woelk, J. (2013). EU Member State-building in the Western Balkans: (Prolonged) EU-protectorates or new model of sustainable enlargement? Conclusion. Nationalities Papers, 41(3), 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.768978
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt, D. (2023). Should the EU enlarge even if it threatens its common values? UK in a Changing Europe Commentary. https://ukandeu.ac.uk/should-the-eu-enlarge-even-if-it-threatens-its-common-values/
   Google Scholar
• Zaum, D. (2012). Statebuilding and governance. The conundrums of legitimacy and local ownership. In D. Curtis, & G. A. Dzinesa (Eds.), Peacebuilding, power, and politics in Africa. Cambridge Centre of African Studies Series (pp. 47–62). Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Żornaczuk, T. (2023). Demand the impossible: How Ukraine became a candidate for EU membership. The Polish Institute of International Affairs Policy Paper. https://www.europeum.org/en/articles/detail/5456/policy-paper-demand-the-impossible-how-ukraine-became-a-candidate-for-eu-membership
   Google Scholar