References
- Armijo, L.E. and Burges, S.W., 2010. Brazil, the Entrepreneurial and Democratic BRIC. Polity, 42 (1), 14–37. doi:10.1057/pol.2009.15.
- Babb, S.L. and Carruthers, B.G., 2008. Conditionality: Forms, function, and history. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 4 (1), 13–29. doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172254.
- Barnett, M., 2005. Humanitarianism Transformed. Perspectives on Politics, 3 (4), 723–740. doi:10.1017/S1537592705050401.
- Barnett, M. and Duvall, R., 2005. Power in International Politics. International Organization, 59 (1), 39–75. doi:10.1017/S0020818305050010.
- Barnett, M. and Finnemore, M., 2004. Rules for the World. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
- Bratersky, M., 2020. Is BRICS capable of filling the vacuum in global governance? In: L. Grigoryev and A. Pabst, eds. Global governance in transformation. Cham: Springer International, 129–143.
- Brooks, S.G., Ikenberry, G.J., and Wohlforth, W.C., 2013. Don’t come home, America: The case against retrenchment. International Security, 37 (3), 7–51. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00107.
- Chatin, M., 2016. Brazil: Analysis of a rising soft power. Journal of Political Power, 9 (3), 369–393. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2016.1232286.
- Cox, R.W., 1977. Labor and Hegemony. International Organization, 31 (3), 385–424. doi:10.1017/S0020818300026448.
- Cox, R.W., 1983. Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: An essay in method. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 12 (2), 162–175. doi:10.1177/03058298830120020701.
- Cox, R.W., 1986. Social forces, states, and world order: beyond IR theory. : R.O. Keohane, ed. Neorealism and its critics. New York: Columbia University Press, 204–254.
- Cox, M., Ikenberry, G.J., and Inoguchi, T., eds., 2000. American democracy promotion: impulses, strategies, and impacts. New York: Oxford University Press.
- De Mello, A., 2021. Rescuing Multilateralism. H.H.S. Viswanathan and A. Mathur, eds. The Future of BRICS. New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation, 14–22.
- Doty, R.L., 1996. Imperial encounters: the politics of representation in North-South relations. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Dubey, M., 2013. India’s foreign policy: coping with the changing world. Delhi: Pearson.
- DW, 29 December 2023. Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership. Available from: https://www.dw.com/en/argentina-formally-rejects-brics-membership/a-67856848
- Finnemore, M., 2009. Legitimacy, hypocrisy, and the social structure of unipolarity: Why being a unipole isn’t all it’s cracked up to be. World Politics, 61 (1), 58–85. doi:10.1017/S0043887109000082.
- Fukuyama, F., 2018. Identity. London: Profile Books.
- Gill, S., 2003. Power and resistance in the new world order. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hironaka, A., 2005. Neverending wars. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
- Ho, E., 2004. Empire through diasporic eyes: A view from the other boat. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 46 (2), 210–246. doi:10.1017/S001041750400012X.
- Hopgood, S., 2000. Reading the small print in global civil society: The inexorable hegemony of the liberal self. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 29 (1), 1–25. doi:10.1177/03058298000290010601.
- Huntington, S.P., 1999. The lonely superpower. Foreign Affairs, 78 (2), 35–49. doi:10.2307/20049207.
- Hurrell, A., 2010. Brazil and the new global order. Current History, 109 (724), 60–66. doi:10.1525/curh.2010.109.724.60.
- Hurrell, A., 2018. Beyond the BRICS: Power, pluralism, and the future of global order. Ethics & International Affairs, 32 (1), 89–101. doi:10.1017/S0892679418000126.
- Ignatieff, M., 2003. Empire lite: nation-building in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan. Toronto: Penguin Canada.
- Institute for International Education-IIE, 2023. International students totals by place of origin 2000/1-2022/3. Open Doors 2023. Open Doors 2023: https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/all-places-of-origin/ [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- Jash, A., October 2022. India–China boundary dispute: Progress on disengagement, but De-escalation remains far-fetched. IAI Commentaries, (22/48), 1–6.
- Juutinen, M., 2019a. Emerging dynamics of conflict and cooperation in a post- hegemonic age: A Kautilyan perspective on BRICS, ORF Occasional Paper No. 208. Observer Research Foundation
- Juutinen, M., 2019b. Leadership for a pluralistic order? Assessing BRICS and development finance. : A. Kangas, eds. Leading Change in a Complex World. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 301–320.
- Kaldor, M., 2007. New & old wars. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Kalyvas, S.N. and Balcells, L., 2010. International system and technologies of rebellion: How the end of the cold war shaped internal conflict. American Political Science Review, 104 (3), 415–429. doi:10.1017/S0003055410000286.
- Keck, M.E. and Sikkink, K., 1998. Activists beyond borders. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
- Keohane, R.O., 1984. After Hegemony. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
- Keohane, R.O. and Nye, J.S., 1989. Power and interdependence. Glenview: Scott, Foresman.
- Kissinger, H., 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Kobayashi, K., 2017. Whose global governance? Explaining the evolution of Russia’s approach to global governance, 1945-2016. Rising Powers Quarterly, 2 (1), 183–209.
- Lau, S., 4 November 2022. China’s Xi warns Putin not to use nuclear arms in Ukraine. Politico. Available from: https://www.politico.eu/article/china-xi-jinping-warns-vladimir-putin-not-to-use-nuclear-arms-in-ukraine-olaf-scholz-germany-peace-talks/
- Levitsky, S. and Way, L., 2010. Competitive authoritarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lührmann, A. and Lindberg, S.I., 2019. A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it? Democratization, 26 (7), 1095–1113. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029.
- Mearsheimer, J.J., 1994. The false promise of international institutions. International Security, 19 (3), 5. doi:10.2307/2539078.
- Mearsheimer, J.J., 2014. The tragedy of great power politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Meyer, J.W., et al. 1997. World society and the nation‐state. American Journal of Sociology, 103 (1), 144–181. doi:10.1086/231174.
- Mikulan, S., 1 April 2004. University of fear. LA Weekly. Available from: https://www.laweekly.com/university-of-fear/
- Morgenthau, H.J., 2006. Politics among nations. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
- OECD, 2023. Official Development Assistance. Available from: https://data.oecd.org/development.htm [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- O’Neill, J., 2001. Building Better Global Economic BRICs. Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper No. 66. Available from: https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/archive/building-better.html [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- O’Neill, J., et al. 2005. How solid are the BRICs? Goldman sachs global economics paper No.134. Available from: https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/archive/how-solid.html [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- Pant, H.V., 2012. The Pakistan Thorn in China–India–U.S. Relations. The Washington Quarterly, 35 (1), 83–95. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2012.642294.
- Pant, H.V., 2023. From BRICS to BRICS Plus: Old partners and new stakeholders. Observer Research Foundation, ORF Special Report No.214.
- Pengenlly, M., 12 April 2015. Kerry defends Obama on Cuba and Iran. The Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/12/kerry-defends-obama-cuba-iran-foreign-policy.
- Piketty, T., 2014. Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press-Harvard University Press.
- Qazi, S., 8 September 2019. Trump cancels Taliban talks: What does it mean for Afghanistan? Aljazeera. Available from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/8/trump-cancels-taliban-talks-what-does-it-mean-for-afghanistan
- Reuters, 30 October 2015. U.S. Officials hopeful on IMF governance reforms. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/imf-reform/u-s-officials-hopeful-on-imf-governance-reforms-idUSL1N12T4FB20151029.
- Rodrik, D., 2013. Roepke lecture in economic geography-who needs the nation-state? Economic Geography, 89 (1), 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2012.01177.x.
- Rodrik, D., 2018. What do trade agreements really do? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32 (2), 73–90. doi:10.1257/jep.32.2.73.
- Ruggie, J.G., 1998. Constructing the world polity. Essays on international institutionalization. London: Routledge.
- Ruggie, J.G., 2018. Multinationals as global institution: Power, authority and relative autonomy: Multinationals as global institution. Regulation & Governance, 12 (3), 317–333. doi:10.1111/rego.12154.
- Sagramoso, D., 2020. Russian imperialism revisited. London: Routledge.
- SIPRI., 2023. Military Expenditure Database. https://milex.sipri.org/sipri [Accessed20 Feb 2024].
- Stiglitz, J.E., 2016. The Euro and its threat to the future of Europe. London: Allen Lane.
- Stuenkel, O., 2015. The BRICS and the future of global order. Lanham: Lexington.
- Svolik, M.W., 2019. Polarization versus Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 30 (3), 20–32. doi:10.1353/jod.2019.0039.
- Trenin, D., 2009. Russia reborn: Reimagining Moscow’s foreign policy. Foreign Affairs, 88 (6), 64–78.
- UNDP, 2022. Human Development Report 2021/2022. UNDP.
- UNGA., 2 March 2022. A/RES/ES-11/1.
- UNSC., 22 May 2003a. S/Res/1483.
- UNSC., 14 August 2003b. S/Res/1500.
- Uppsala Conflict Data Program-UCDP. 2023. Available from: https://ucdp.uu.se/?id=1&id=1 [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- USAID-US State Department. 2024. ForeignAssistance.gov. Available from: https://foreignassistance.gov/ [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- US Congress, Public Law 111-5 [17 February 2009].
- US Treasury. 2023. ‘Major foreign holders of treasury securities’. Available from: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- Vecchiatto, P., 24 April 2023. BRICS Draws Membership Bids From 19 Nations Before Summit. Bloomberg. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-24/brics-draws-membership-requests-from-19-nations-before-summit#xj4y7vzkg
- Vitalis, R., 2015. White world order, black power politics: the birth of American international relations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Waltz, K.N., 1979. Theory of International Politics. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill.
- Watson Institute, 2024. ‘Cost of War Project’. Available from: https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- Westad, O.A., 2005. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Westad, O.A., 2017. The Cold War: A World History. New York: Basic Books.
- White House., 2002. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: White House.
- White House., 2010. National Security Strategy. Washington, DC: White House.
- Williamson, J., 1990. What Washington Means by Policy Reform. J. Williamson, ed. Latin American Readjustment: How Much Has Happened?. Washington: Institute for International Economics, 7–20.
- World Bank-WB. 2023. World Development Indicators. Available from: https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- World Integrated Trade Solution-WITS. 2024. Available from: https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=en [Accessed 20 February 2024].
- Wu, C., 2023. Decoding US-China Strategic Competition: Comparative Leverages and Issue Selection. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 16 (1), 31–60. doi:10.1093/cjip/poad001.
- Zhao, M., 2019. Is a New Cold War Inevitable? Chinese Perspectives on US-China Strategic Competition. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 12 (3), 371–394. doi:10.1093/cjip/poz010.