References
- Orenstein WA, Ahmed R. Simply put: vaccination saves lives. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(16):4031. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704507114.
- Olshansky SJ, Hayflick L. The role of the WI-38 cell strain in saving lives and reducing morbidity. AIMS Public Health. 2017;4(2):127. doi:10.3934/publichealth.2017.2.127.
- Okwo-Bele J-M. Together we can close the immunization gap [accessed Aug 9]. https://apps.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/vaccine-preventable-diseases/en/index.html .
- WHO Immunization. [accessed Aug 9]. https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization .
- The history of vaccines. [accessed May 3]. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/timeline/all .
- Jenner E. An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae: a disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the cow pox. England, London: Printed for the author, by S. Low and sold by Law [etc.]; 1800.
- Plotkin S, Bazin H. Vaccination: a history from Lady Montagu to genetic engineering. Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext; 2011.
- Snowden F. HIST 234: epidemics in western society since 1600 [accessed Oct 23]. https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-234/lecture-1 .
- Mather C. New World Encyclopedia. [accessed Aug 3]. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cotton_Mather .
- How an enslaved African man in Boston helped save generations from smallpox [accessed Apr 24]. https://www.history.com/news/smallpox-vaccine-onesimus-slave-cotton-mather.
- Williams G. Angel of death: the story of smallpox. Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan; 2010.
- Silverstein AM. A history of immunology. San Diego (USA): Academic Press; 1989.
- Henderson D. Smallpox: the death of a disease. New York (USA): Prometheus Books; 2009.
- Hamnett BR. A concise history of Mexico. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019.
- Gibson C. The Aztecs under Spanish rule: a history of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico 1519-1810. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1964.
- Lockhart J. The Nahuas after the conquest a social and cultural history of the Indians of central Mexico, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press; 1992.
- History of Mexico. [accessed Aug 3]. https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/history-of-mexico .
- Harris J. Hiding the bodies: the myth of the humane colonisation of Australia. J Aborig Hist. 2003;27:79–104.
- Fenn EA. Biological warfare in eighteenth-century North America: beyond Jeffery Amherst. J Am Hist. 2000;86(4):1552–80. doi:10.2307/2567577.
- Kiger PJ. Did colonists give infected blankets to native Americans as biological warfare? [accessed Aug 3]. https://www.history.com/news/colonists-native-americans-smallpox-blankets .
- Dowling PJ. “A great deal of sickness” introduced diseases among the aboriginal people of colonial Southeast Australia 1788-1900. Australian National University; 1997 [accessed Aug 3]. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/7529/1/02Whole_Dowling.pdf .
- Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Santos-Preciado JI. The Spanish Royal Philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the new world and Asia in the 19th century. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(9):1285–89. doi:10.1086/496930.
- Kean S. 22 Orphans gave up everything to distribute the world’s first vaccine. The Atlantic; 2021.
- Romeo J. How children took the smallpox vaccine around the world. JSTOR Daily; 2020.
- Mark C, Rigau-Pérez JG. The world’s first immunization campaign: the Spanish smallpox vaccine expedition, 1803–1813. Bull Hist Med. 2009;83(1):63–94. doi:10.1353/bhm.0.0173.
- Flight C. Smallpox: eradicating the scourge. BBC; 2011.
- Chapter 1: smallpox—eradicating and ancient scourge. [accessed May 3]. https://www.who.int/about/history/publications/public_health_stories/en/ .
- Health, A. G. D. o. National immunisation program schedule. [accessed Mar 24]. https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/immunisation/immunisation-throughout-life/national-immunisation-program-schedule .
- Government, N. NSW immunisation schedule; 2020 July 1 [accessed Mar 24]. https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Pages/schedule-changes.aspx .
- Slonim M, Starr M, Blashki G. Are we there yet? Travel vaccinations for Australian children. Aust Fam Physician. 2014;43:378–81.
- WHO Table 1: summary of WHO position papers - recommendations for routine immunization. [accessed 2019]. https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/Immunization_routine_table1.pdf .
- WHO Table 2: summary of WHO position papers - recommended routine immunizations for children. [accessed Nov 15]. https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/Immunization_routine_table2.pdf .
- Australian immunisation handbook. [accessed Aug 3]. https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccines .
- Medicine finder. [accessed Aug 3]. https://www.nps.org.au/medicine-finder/ .
- Vetter V, Denizer G, Friedland LR, Krishnan J, Shapiro M. Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know. Ann Med. 2018;50(2):110–20. doi:10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035.
- Kayser V, Françon A, Pinton H, Saluzzo J-F, Trout BL. Rational design of rabies vaccine formulation for enhanced stability. Turk J Med Sci. 2017;47:987–95. doi:10.3906/sag-1610-82.
- CDC Table 3. Recommended child and adolescent immunization schedule by medical indication, United States; 2021 [accessed 2021]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-indications.html .
- Kayser V, Reslan M. Pivotal biology, chemistry, biochemistry, and biophysical concepts of biologics and biosimilars. In: Ramzan I editor. Biologics, biosimilars, and biobetters: an introduction for pharmacists, physicians, and other health practitioners. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2020. p. 89–107.
- WHO WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables. [accessed May 3]. https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/ .
- A WORLD AT RISK - Annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies. [accessed May 3]. https://apps.who.int/gpmb/assets/annual_report/GPMB_annualreport_2019.pdf.
- WHO WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-5 March 2020. [accessed Mar 5]. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—5-march-2020 .
- How the Flu virus can change: “Drift” and “Shift.” [accessed May 2]. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm .
- Influenza. [accessed Mar 5].https://www.ncirs.org.au/sites/default/files/2020-04/Influenza-fact-sheet_March%202020_Final.pdf .
- Influenza (Seasonal). [accessed May 3]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ .
- Soema PC, van Riet E, Kersten G, Amorij J-P. Development of cross-protective influenza A vaccines based on cellular responses. Front Immunol. 2015;6:1–9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00237 .
- WHO influenza: burden of disease. [accessed Dec 5]. https://www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/bod/en/ .
- Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng P-Y, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, et al. Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(9):687–95. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4.
- CDC 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09 virus). [accessed Mar 24]. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html .
- Johnson NPAS, Mueller JJ. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med. 2002;76(1):1086–3176. doi:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022.
- Types of influenza viruses. [accessed May 3]. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm .
- Selecting viruses for the seasonal influenza vaccine. [accessed May 2]. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/vaccine-selection.htm .
- Murayama T, Shimizu N, Fujita S, Wakamiya S, Aramaki E. Predicting regional influenza epidemics with uncertainty estimation using commuting data in Japan. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250417. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250417.
- Influenza vaccines for Australians. [accessed May 3]. https://www.ncirs.org.au/sites/default/files/2018-12/Influenza_FAQs.pdf .
- Cruz E, Cain J, Crossett B, Kayser V. Site-specific glycosylation profile of influenza A (H1N1) hemagglutinin through tandem mass spectrometry. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(3):508–17. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1377871.
- Sahin Z, Akkoc S, Neeleman R, Haines J, Kayser V. Nile Red fluorescence spectrum decomposition enables rapid screening of large protein aggregates in complex biopharmaceutical formulations like influenza vaccines. Vaccine. 2017;35(23):3026–32. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.066.
- Fahey JL, McKelvey EM. Quantitative determination of serum immunoglobulins in antibody-agar plates. J Immunol. 1965;94:84.
- Sparrow E, Wood JG, Chadwick C, Newall AT, Torvaldsen S, Moen A, Torelli G. Global production capacity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in 2019. Vaccine. 2021;39(3):512–20. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.018.
- Hampson AW. Vaccines for pandemic influenza. The history of our current vaccines, their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2008;37:510.
- Tree JA, Richardson C, Fooks AR, Clegg JC, Looby D. Comparison of large-scale mammalian cell culture systems with egg culture for the production of influenza virus A vaccine strains. Vaccine. 2001;19(25):3444–50. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00053-6.
- CSSE JH. Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE. [accessed May 3]. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 .
- Ke R, Romero-Severson E, Sanche S, Hengartner N. Estimating the reproductive number R0 of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States and eight European countries and implications for vaccination. J Theor Biol. 2021;517:110621. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110621.
- Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KSM, Lau EHY, Wong JY, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
- Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(4):2000058. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058.
- WHO report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [accessed Mar 5]. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf .
- Investigational New Drug (IND) application. [accessed May 3]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/types-applications/investigational-new-drug-ind-application .
- Breakthrough therapy designation requests. [accessed May 3]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ind-activity/breakthrough-therapy-designation-requests.
- Fast track designation requests. [accessed May 3]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ind-activity/fast-track-designation-requests .
- PRIME – PRIORITY MEDICINES: paving the way for promising medicines for patients. [accessed May 3]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/leaflet/prime-paving-way-promising-medicines-patients-factsheet_en.pdf .
- Craven J. COVID-19 vaccine tracker. [accessed Apr 22]. https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker .
- COVID-19 vaccine tracker. [accessed Apr 22]. https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/.
- Terry M. UPDATED comparing COVID-19 vaccines: timelines, types and prices. [accessed May 3]. https://www.biospace.com/article/comparing-covid-19-vaccines-pfizer-biontech-moderna-astrazeneca-oxford-j-and-j-russia-s-sputnik-v/ .
- Weedon A, Walden M. China’s COVID-19 vaccines are being given the green light without the data being revealed. Why? https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-22/china-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-equity-sinovac-sinopharm/13066856 .
- Katella K. Comparing the COVID-19 vaccines: how are they different? [accessed May 3]. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison .
- Global COVID-19 vaccine summary: side effects. [accessed May 29]. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/global-covid-19-vaccine-summary-side-effects#Currently-authorized-COVID-19-vaccines .
- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): vaccines safety. [accessed May 29]. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines-safety .
- Doshi P. Covid-19 vaccine trial protocols released. BMJ. 2020;371:m4058. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4058.
- Queensland, T. U. o. Molecular clamp vaccines: lessons from a setback; 2020. [accessed May 29]. https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-020-00504-2?source=globalbiodefense .
- Schiffling S, Breen L. Russian COVID vaccine: why more and more countries are turning to Sputnik V. [accessed May 29]. https://theconversation.com/russian-covid-vaccine-why-more-and-more-countries-are-turning-to-sputnik-v-159158 .
- Jones I, Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. The Lancet. 2021;397(10275):642–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00191-4.
- WHO report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [accessed Aug 2]. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf.
- CDC Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine overview and safety. [accessed May 29]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/Pfizer-BioNTech.html.
- Department of Health, A. G. ATAGI statement on AstraZeneca vaccine in response to new vaccine safety concerns. [accessed May 3]. https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-statement-on-astrazeneca-vaccine-in-response-to-new-vaccine-safety-concerns .
- Stupp C. U.K., EU face privacy criticism for Covid-19 passport plans. The Wall Street J. 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-eu-face-privacy-criticism-for-covid-19-passport-plans-11617960601
- EU threatens to hold back coronavirus vaccine exports to safeguard its own supply. ABC; 2021.
- Coronavirus: EU stops short of vaccine export ban. BBC; 2021.
- Italy, EU refuse AstraZeneca request to ship 250,000 doses of vaccine to Australia. ABC; 2021.
- Findlay S, Peel M, Mancini DP. India blocks vaccine exports in blow to dozens of nations. Financial Times; 2021.
- WHO COVAX — working for global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. [accessed May 3]. https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax .
- WHO WHO vaccine pipeline tracker. [accessed May 3]. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/19otvINcayJURCMg76xWO4KvuyedYbMZDcXqbyJGdcZM/pubhtml# .