Publication Cover
GM Crops & Food
Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain
Volume 15, 2024 - Issue 1
1,128
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The Adoption of Genetically Modified Crops in Africa: the Public’s Current Perception, the Regulatory Obstacles, and Ethical Challenges

ORCID Icon
Pages 1-15 | Received 07 Feb 2024, Accepted 16 Apr 2024, Published online: 23 Apr 2024

References

  • Gbashi S, Adebo O, Adebiyi JA, Targuma S, Tebele S, Areo OM, Olopade B, Odukoya JO, Njobeh P. Food safety, food security and genetically modified organisms in Africa: a current perspective. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 2021;37(1):30–63. doi:10.1080/02648725.2021.1940735.
  • Kedisso EG, Barro N, Chimphepo L, Elagib T, Gidado R, Mbabazi R, Oloo B, Maredia K. Crop biotechnology and smallholder farmers in Africa. Genet Modif Plants Beyond. 2022;107–27.
  • Daba HG, Delele MA, Fanta SW, Satheesh N. The extent of groundnut post-harvest loss in Africa and its implications for food and nutrition security. J Agric Food Res. 2023;14:100826. doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100826.
  • Akpa AF, Osabohien R, Ashraf J, Al-Faryan MAS. Financial inclusion and post-harvest losses in West African economic and Monetary Union. Agric Financ Rev. 2023;83(2):320–32. doi:10.1108/AFR-06-2022-0076.
  • Akinbo O, Obukosia S, Ouedraogo J, Sinebo W, Savadogo M, Timpo S, Mbabazi R, Maredia K, Makinde D, Ambali A. Commercial release of genetically modified crops in Africa: interface between biosafety regulatory systems and varietal release systems. Front Plant Sci. 2021;12:605937. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.605937.
  • Gbadegesin LA, Ayeni EA, Tettey CK, Uyanga VA, Aluko OO, Ahiakpa JK, Okoye CO, Mbadianya JI, Adekoya MA, Aminu RO. GMOs in Africa: status, adoption and public acceptance. Food Control. 2022;141:109193. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109193.
  • Mmbando GS. The legal aspect of the current use of genetically modified organisms in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. GM Crops & Food. 2023;14(1):1–12. doi:10.1080/21645698.2023.2208999.
  • Benard O, Karim M, Ruth M. Advancing adoption of genetically modified crops as food and feed in Africa: The case of Kenya. African J Biotechnol. 2020;19(10):694–701. doi:10.5897/AJB2020.17159.
  • Kedisso EG, Maredia K, Guenthner J, Koch M. Commercialization of genetically modified crops in Africa: opportunities and challenges. African J Biotechnol. 2022;21(5):188–97. doi:10.5897/AJB2021.17434.
  • Bjornlund V, Bjornlund H, van Rooyen A. Why food insecurity persists in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of existing evidence. Food Secur. 2022;14(4):845–64. doi:10.1007/s12571-022-01256-1.
  • Thomas MAH. Improving crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa-what does the East African data say. International Monetary Fund; 2020. p. 95.
  • Jayne TS, Sanchez PA. Agricultural productivity must improve in sub-Saharan Africa. Science. 2021;372(6546):1045–47. doi:10.1126/science.abf5413.
  • Antwi-Agyei P, Dougill AJ, Doku-Marfo J, Abaidoo RC. Understanding climate services for enhancing resilient agricultural systems in Anglophone West Africa: The case of Ghana. Clim Serv. 2021;22:100218. doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2021.100218.
  • Kiaga A, Leung V. The transition from the informal to the formal economy in Africa. Glob Employ Policy Rev Backgr Pap. 2020;2.
  • Masehela TS, Barros E. The African continent should consider a harmonized consultative and collaborative effort towards coordinated policy and regulatory guidelines across the fields of biotechnology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:849. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1211789.
  • Muzhinji N, Ntuli V. Genetically modified organisms and food security in Southern Africa: conundrum and discourse. GM Crop Food. 2020;12(1):25–35. doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1794489.
  • Mustafa AS, Ssenku JE, Nyachwo EB, Ruto GC, Bunani N, Musimami G, Maseruka R, Anywar G. Assessing knowledge and willingness to use genetically modified crops in Uganda. Agric & Food Secur. 2023;12(1):28. doi:10.1186/s40066-023-00434-4.
  • Abdul Aziz M, Brini F, Rouached H, Masmoudi K. Genetically engineered crops for sustainably enhanced food production systems. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:1027828. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1027828.
  • Karalis DT, Karalis T, Karalis S, Kleisiari AS. Genetically modified products, perspectives and challenges. Cureus. 2020;12. doi:10.7759/cureus.7306.
  • Mmbando GS, Teranishi M, Hidema J. Transgenic rice Oryza glaberrima with higher CPD photolyase activity alleviates UVB-caused growth inhibition. GM Crop Food [Internet]. 2021;12(1):435–48. doi:10.1080/21645698.2021.1977068.
  • Patrick K, Jeffrey V, Pilja PV. Agriculture in sub-Sahara Africa developing countries and the role of government: Economic perspectives. African J Agric Res. 2022;18(7):493–509. doi:10.5897/AJAR2022.15990.
  • Catherine KN, Mugiira BR, Muchiri NJ. Public perception of genetically modified organisms and the implementation of biosafety measures in Kenya. Adv Agric. 2024;2024:1–15. doi:10.1155/2024/5544617.
  • Nowamukama M. Public perceptions, knowledge and factors associated with the acceptability of genetically modified foods in Kampala city, Uganda. bioRxiv. 2022;2011–22.
  • Ongu I, Olayide P, Alexandersson E, Mugwanya Zawedde B, Eriksson D. Biosafety regulatory frameworks in Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda and Sweden and their potential impact on international R&D collaborations. GM Crops & Food. 2023;14(1):1–17. doi:10.1080/21645698.2023.2194221.
  • Komparic A. The ethics of introducing GMOs into sub-Saharan Africa: Considerations from the sub-Saharan African Theory of Ubuntu. Bioethics. 2015;29(9):604–12. doi:10.1111/bioe.12191.
  • Whittingham J, Wynberg R. Is the Feminist Ethics of Care framework a useful lens for GM crop risk appraisal in the global south? Technol Soc. 2021;64:101455. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101455.
  • Chambers JA, Zambrano P, Falck-Zepeda JB, Gruère GP, Sengupta D, Hokanson K. GM agricultural technologies for Africa: a state of affairs. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. 2014.
  • ISAAA. International service for the acquisition of agri-biotech applications. 2024.
  • ABNE. African biosafety network of expertise 2022, 2023 Aug 17.
  • Kuada J. Culture and economic development in Africa–opportunities and challenges. African J Relig Philos Cult. 2020;1(1):83–99. doi:10.31920/2634-7644/2020/v1n1a5.
  • Naeem MA, Appiah M, Karim S, Yarovaya L. What abates environmental efficiency in African economies? Exploring the influence of infrastructure, industrialization, and innovation. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2023;186:122172. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122172.
  • Rafael BM. The importance of agricultural development projects: A focus on sustenance and employment creation in Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, and Uganda. J Agric Chem Environ. 2023;12(2):152–70. doi:10.4236/jacen.2023.122013.
  • Giller KE, Delaune T, Silva JV, van Wijk M, Hammond J, Descheemaeker K, van de Ven G, Schut AGT, Taulya G, Chikowo R. Small farms and development in sub-Saharan Africa: Farming for food, for income or for lack of better options? Food Secur. 2021;13(6):1431–54. doi:10.1007/s12571-021-01209-0.
  • Mavhunga CC. Africa’s move from raw material exports toward mineral value addition: Historical background and implications. MRS Bull. 2023;48(4):395–406. doi:10.1557/s43577-023-00534-3.
  • Teye-Gaga P, Obeng CK, Afful B, Boadu MT. Economic integration and survival of Ghana’s manufactured and agriculture raw material exports. Heliyon. 2023;9(1):e12723. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12723.
  • Adeyanju D, Mburu J, Gituro W, Chumo C, Mignouna D, Ogunniyi A, Akomolafe JK, Ejima J. Assessing food security among young farmers in Africa: evidence from Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda. Agric Food Econ. 2023;11(1):4. doi:10.1186/s40100-023-00246-x.
  • Diallo M, Wouterse F. Agricultural development promises more growth and less poverty in Africa: Modelling the potential impact of implementing the comprehensive Africa agriculture development programme in six countries. Dev Policy Rev. 2023;41(3):e12669. doi:10.1111/dpr.12669.
  • Kumar K, Gambhir G, Dass A, Tripathi AK, Singh A, Jha AK, Yadava P, Choudhary M, Rakshit S. Genetically modified crops: current status and future prospects. Planta. 2020;251(4):1–27. doi:10.1007/s00425-020-03372-8.
  • Turnbull C, Lillemo M, Hvoslef-Eide TAK. Global regulation of genetically modified crops amid the gene edited crop boom–a review. Front Plant Sci. 2021;12:630396. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.630396.
  • Roberts RJ, Naimy V. Overcoming Agricultural Challenges with GMOs as a Catalyst for Poverty Reduction and Sustainability in Lebanon. Sustainability. 2023;15(23):16187. doi:10.3390/su152316187.
  • Kovak E, Blaustein-Rejto D, Qaim M. Genetically modified crops support climate change mitigation. Trends Plant Sci. 2022;27(7):627–29. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.004.
  • Ghimire BK, Yu CY, Kim W-R, Moon H-S, Lee J, Kim SH, Chung IM. Assessment of benefits and risk of genetically modified plants and products: Current controversies and perspective. Sustainability. 2023;15(2):1722. doi:10.3390/su15021722.
  • Woźniak-Gientka E, Agata T, Milica P, Anna B, Dennis E, Nick V, Godelieve G, Selim C, Naghmeh A, Tomasz T. Public perception of plant gene technologies worldwide in the light of food security. GM Crops & Food. 2022;13(1):218–41. doi:10.1080/21645698.2022.2111946.
  • Brookes G, Barfoot P. Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2018: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops & Food. 2020;11(4):215–41. doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1773198.
  • Entine J, Felipe MSS, Groenewald J-H, Kershen DL, Lema M, McHughen A, Nepomuceno AL, Ohsawa R, Ordonio RL, Parrott WA. Regulatory approaches for genome edited agricultural plants in select countries and jurisdictions around the world. Transgenic Res. 2021;30(4):551–84. doi:10.1007/s11248-021-00257-8.
  • Ala-Kokko K, Nalley LL, Shew AM, Tack JB, Chaminuka P, Matlock MD, D’Haese M. Economic and ecosystem impacts of GM maize in South Africa. Glob Food Sec. 2021;29:100544. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100544.
  • Ampadu-Ameyaw R, Essegbey GO, Amaning EO. Public awareness, participation and attitude toward the national biosafety framework and genetically modified organisms in Ghana. J Biosaf Biosecurity. 2021;3(2):147–53. doi:10.1016/j.jobb.2021.10.003.
  • Chagwena DT, Sithole B, Masendu R, Chikwasha V, Maponga CC. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards genetically modified foods in Zimbabwe. African J Food Agric Nutr Dev. 2019;19(3):14752–68. doi:10.18697/ajfand.86.17140.
  • Wynberg RB. Biopiracy: Crying wolf or a lever for equity and conservation? Res Policy. 2023;52(2):104674. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104674.
  • Lukanda IN, Namusoga-Kaale S, Claassen G. Media as mediators in a science-based issue: politics, foreign influence and implications on adoption of genetically modified organisms in food production in Uganda. J Sci Commun. 2023;22(1):A03. doi:10.22323/2.22010203.
  • Kavhiza NJ, Zargar M, Prikhodko SI, Pakina EN, Murtazova K-S, Nakhaev MR. Improving crop productivity and ensuring food security through the adoption of genetically modified crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy. 2022;12(2):439. doi:10.3390/agronomy12020439.
  • Mukhtar FB. Exploring the potentials of genetically modified organisms for achieving food security and sustainable agriculture: The dilemma of African countries. Niger J Bot (NJB). 2021;34:(2).
  • Bowie RCK, Monahan WB, Fjeldså J. Climate cycles, habitat stability, and lineage diversification in an African Biodiversity Hotspot. Diversity. 2023;15(3):394. doi:10.3390/d15030394.
  • Chapman CA, Abernathy K, Chapman LJ, Downs C, Effiom EO, Gogarten JF, Golooba M, Kalbitzer U, Lawes MJ, Mekonnen A. The future of sub-Saharan Africa’s biodiversity in the face of climate and societal change. Front Ecol Evol. 2022;10:790552. doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.790552.
  • Lefebvre S, Cook LA, Griffiths MA. Consumer perceptions of genetically modified foods: a mixed-method approach. J Consum Mark. 2019;36(1):113–23. doi:10.1108/JCM-12-2016-2043.
  • Lukanda IN. Activists as strategic science communicators on the adoption of GMOs in Uganda. J Sci Commun. 2020;19(6):C06. doi:10.22323/2.19060306.
  • Lynas M, Adams J, Conrow J. Misinformation in the media: global coverage of GMOs 2019-2021. GM Crops & Food. 2022;1–10. doi:10.1080/21645698.2022.2140568.
  • Hartley S, Smith RDJ, Kokotovich A, Opesen C, Habtewold T, Ledingham K, Raymond B, Rwabukwali CB. Ugandan stakeholder hopes and concerns about gene drive mosquitoes for malaria control: new directions for gene drive risk governance. Malar J. 2021;20(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03682-6.
  • Morris EJ, Thomson JA. Genetically modified crops commercialized in South Africa. Biotechnol Africa Emerg, Initiat Futur. 2014;7:53–65.
  • Schnurr MA. Africa’s gene revolution: genetically modified crops and the future of African agriculture. Canada: McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP; 2019.
  • Caradus JR. Processes for regulating genetically modified and gene edited plants. GM Crops & Food. 2023;14(1):1–41. doi:10.1080/21645698.2023.2252947.
  • Smyth SJ, McHughen A, Entine J, Kershen D, Ramage C, Parrott W. Removing politics from innovations that improve food security. Transgenic Res. 2021;30(5):601–12. doi:10.1007/s11248-021-00261-y.
  • Dowd‐Uribe B, Rock JS, Spreadbury T, Chiril P, Uminsky D. Bridging the gap? Public–private partnerships and genetically modified crop development for smallholder farmers in Africa. Plants People Planet. 2024;6(2):437–51. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10453.
  • Rock JS, Schnurr MA, Kingiri A, Glover D, Stone GD, Ely A, Fischer K. Beyond the Genome: Genetically modified crops in Africa and the implications for Genome Editing. Dev Change. 2023;54(1):117–42. doi:10.1111/dech.12750.
  • Asfew M, Mitiku F, Gemechu A, Bekele Y, Lemma T. Do climate change and political instability affect crop production in sub-Saharan Africa countries? J Agric Food Res. 2023;12:100576. doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100576.
  • Kunyanga CN, Byskov MF, Hyams K, Mburu S, Werikhe G, Onyango CM. Perceptions of the governance of the technological risks of food innovations for addressing food security. Sustainability. 2023;15(15):11503. doi:10.3390/su151511503.
  • Kotzé M. GM food and collective sin: A Christian theological ethical reflection. Scriptura J Context Hermeneut South Africa. 2016;115(0):1–10. doi:10.7833/115-0-1288.
  • Komen J, Wafula DK. Authorizing GM crop varieties: policy implications for seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy. 2021;11(9):1855. doi:10.3390/agronomy11091855.
  • Akinola R, Pereira LM, Mabhaudhi T, De Bruin F-M, Rusch L. A review of indigenous food crops in Africa and the implications for more sustainable and healthy food systems. Sustainability. 2020;12(8):3493. doi:10.3390/su12083493.
  • Kom Z, Nethengwe NS, Mpandeli S, Chikoore H. Indigenous knowledge indicators employed by farmers for adaptation to climate change in rural South Africa. J Environ Plan Manag. 2023;66(13):2778–93. doi:10.1080/09640568.2022.2086854.
  • Brookes G. Farm income and production impacts from the use of genetically modified (GM) crop technology 1996-2020. GM Crops & Food. 2022;13(1):171–95. doi:10.1080/21645698.2022.2105626.
  • Pimbert MP, Barry B. Let the people decide: citizen deliberation on the role of GMOs in Mali’s agriculture. Agric Human Values. 2021;38(4):1097–122. doi:10.1007/s10460-021-10221-1.
  • Iles K. Environmental over-reaction: the implications of the cartegena protocol on biosafety for the African natural environment and African development. South African J Environ Law Policy. 2007;14:159–85.
  • Kingiri A, Ayele S. Towards a smart biosafety regulation: The case of Kenya. Environ Biosafety Res. 2009;8(3):133–39. doi:10.1051/ebr/2009014.
  • Knight J, Flack-Davison E, Engelbrecht S, Visagie RG, Beukes W, Mwale M. Compliance with the Nagoya protocol in the Southern African Development Community. South African J Bot. 2023;159:302–18. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2023.06.015.
  • Brans E, Dongelmans D. The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur supplementary protocol on liability and redress to the cartagena protocol on biosafety and the EU environmental liability directive: Similarities and differences. Int Liabil Regime Biodivers Damage, Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Suppl Protoc Routledge Law. 2014;2014:180–200.
  • Knight J, Flack-Davison E, Engelbrecht S, Visagie RG, Beukes W, Coetzee T, Mwale M, Ralefala D. A literature review analysis of engagement with the Nagoya Protocol, with specific application to Africa. South African J Bioeth Law. 2022;15(2):69–74. doi:10.7196/SAJBL.2022.v15i2.811.
  • Ivey PJ, Hill MP, Kenfack Voukeng SN, Weaver KN. Nagoya Protocol and Africa’s willingness to share biological control agents, are we deterred by barriers instead of using opportunities to work together? BioControl. 2023;68(3):253–59. doi:10.1007/s10526-023-10184-8.
  • Masuku MM, Bhengu AS. The value of indigenous foods in improving food security in Emaphephetheni rural setting. Indilinga African J Indig Knowl Syst. 2021;20:13–23.
  • Chanza N, Musakwa W. Revitalizing indigenous ways of maintaining food security in a changing climate: review of the evidence base from Africa. Int J Clim Chang Strateg Manag. 2022;14(3):252–71. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2021-0065.
  • Zambrano P, Wood-Sichra U, Ruhinduka RD, Phillip D, Nin Pratt A, Komen J, Kikulwe EM, Falck Zepeda J, Dzanku FM, Chambers JA. Opportunities for orphan crops: Expected economic benefits from biotechnology. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:825930. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.825930.
  • Cooper CF. Evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis Maize Yields in South Africa. 2022.
  • Gouse M. GM maize as subsistence crop: The South African smallholder experience. 2012.
  • Luna JK. Peasant essentialism in GMO debates: Bt cotton in Burkina Faso. J Agrar Chang. 2020;20(4):579–97. doi:10.1111/joac.12381.
  • Luna JK, Dowd-Uribe B. Knowledge politics and the Bt cotton success narrative in Burkina Faso. World Dev. 2020;136:105127. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105127.
  • Boluwade E, Uche N. Agricultural biotechnology annual. Report number: NI2020- 0005. United States Department of Agriculture - Foreign Agricultural Service. 2021.
  • Phillip D, Nin-Pratt A, Zambrano P, Wood-Sichra U, Edward K, Komen J, Hanson H, Falck-Zepeda J, Chambers JA. Insect-resistant cowpea in Nigeria. An Ex-Ante Econ Assess a Crop Improv Initiat. 2019.
  • ISAAA. Brief 55: global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2019. 2020.
  • Feyisa AS. Potential impact of using genetically modified crops in Ethiopia: A review. Agric Rev. 2022;43(Of):419–27. doi:10.18805/ag.R-213.
  • Bekhit M. Detection of genetically modified foods existence in Egypt markets. Ann Agric Sci Moshtohor. 2019;57(3):725–38. doi:10.21608/assjm.2019.98134.
  • Kedisso EG, Guenthner J, Maredia K, Elagib T, Oloo B, Assefa S. Sustainable access of quality seeds of genetically engineered crops in Eastern Africa-Case study of Bt Cotton. GM Crops & Food. 2023;14(1):1–23. doi:10.1080/21645698.2023.2210134.
  • Sinebo W, Watanabe KN, Gebre E. Agricultural biotechnology development challenges in Africa: lessons from Ethiopia. Int J Technol Glob. 2020;8(3/4):344–59. doi:10.1504/IJTG.2020.112065.
  • Mossie M, Gerezgiher A, Ayalew Z, Nigussie Z, Yildiz F. Determinants of small-scale farmers’ participation in Ethiopian fruit sector’s value chain. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2020;6(1):1842132. doi:10.1080/23311932.2020.1842132.
  • Haile K, Gebre E, Workye A. Determinants of market participation among smallholder farmers in Southwest Ethiopia: double-hurdle model approach. Agric & Food Secur. 2022;11(1):18. doi:10.1186/s40066-022-00358-5.
  • Low JW, Thiele G. Understanding innovation: The development and scaling of orange-fleshed sweetpotato in major African food systems. Agric Syst. 2020;179:102770. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102770.
  • Douthwaite B, Johnson N, Wyatt A. Using outcome trajectory evaluation to assess HarvestPlus’ contribution to the development of national biofortification breeding programs. Eur J Dev Res. 2023;35(2):426–51. doi:10.1057/s41287-022-00569-3.
  • Zilberman D, Lefler J. Biotechnology for African food security. Nat Food. 2021;2(2):79. doi:10.1038/s43016-021-00234-8.
  • Tripathi L, Dhugga KS, Ntui VO, Runo S, Syombua ED, Muiruri S, Wen Z, Tripathi JN. Genome editing for sustainable agriculture in Africa. Front Genome Ed. 2022;4:4. doi:10.3389/fgeed.2022.876697.
  • Pixley KV, Falck-Zepeda JB, Paarlberg RL, Phillips PWB, Slamet-Loedin IH, Dhugga KS, Campos H, Gutterson N. Genome-edited crops for improved food security of smallholder farmers. Nat Genet. 2022;54(4):364–67. doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01046-7.
  • Seralini G-E. Update on long-term toxicity of agricultural GMOs tolerant to roundup. Environ Sci Eur. 2020;32(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s12302-020-0296-8.
  • Bertho L, Schmidt K, Schmidtke J, Brants I, Cantón RF, Novillo C, Head G, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Results from ten years of post-market environmental monitoring of genetically modified MON 810 maize in the European Union. PloS One. 2020;15(4):e0217272. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217272.