The unreversible reduced but persistent activated NK and CD8⁺ T cells in severe/critical COVID-19 during omicron pandemic in China

References

• Leung K, Lau EHY, Wong CKH, et al. Estimating the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 omicron BF.7 in Beijing after the adjustment of zero-COVID policy in November–December 2022. Nat Med. 2023 Jan 13;29:570–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, et al. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):727–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying-Hao P, Yuan-Yuan G, Hai-Dong Z, et al. Clinical characteristics and analysis of risk factors for disease progression of patients with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection: a retrospective study of 25207 cases in a Fangcang hospital. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:1009894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):762–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bivona G, Agnello L, Ciaccio M. Biomarkers for prognosis and treatment response in COVID-19 patients. Ann Lab Med. 2021 Nov 1;41(6):540–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng HY, Zhang M, Yang CX, et al. Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 May;17(5):541–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. 2020;11:827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaech SM, Wherry EJ. Heterogeneity and cell-fate decisions in effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation during viral infection. Immunity. 2007 Sep;27(3):393–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Ramirez SI, et al. Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Cell. 2020 Jun 25;181(7):1489–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Qiu Z, Zhang L, et al. Significant changes of peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 15;189(4):648–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Gozzi-Silva SC, Oliveira LM, Alberca RW, et al. Generation of cytotoxic T cells and dysfunctional CD8 T cells in severe COVID-19 patients. Cells. 2022 Oct 25;11(21):3359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Liu Z, Liu H, et al. Decreased T cell levels in critically ill coronavirus patients: single-center, prospective and observational study. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:1331–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narasaraju T, Tang BM, Herrmann M, et al. Neutrophilia and NETopathy as key pathologic drivers of progressive lung impairment in patients With COVID-19. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Q, Xu Y, Wang T, et al. Innate and adaptive immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection-current perspectives. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1053437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergantini L, d'Alessandro M, Cameli P, et al. NK and T cell immunological signatures in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Cells. 2021 Nov 15;10(11):3182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre S, Picard M, Cezar R, et al. T cell apoptosis characterizes severe COVID-19 disease. Cell Death Differ. 2022 Aug;29(8):1486–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rha MS, Shin EC. Activation or exhaustion of CD8(+) T cells in patients with COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Oct;18(10):2325–2333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhach O, Meyer B, Eckerle I. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Mar;21(3):147–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva MJA, Ribeiro LR, Lima KVB, et al. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1001198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemzadeh M, Ghasemzadeh A, Hosseini E. Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice. Hum Immunol. 2022 Jan;83(1):86–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Garcia I, Guerra-Garcia P, Ferreras C, et al. A phase I/II dose-escalation multi-center study to evaluate the safety of infusion of natural killer cells or memory T cells as adoptive therapy in coronavirus pneumonia and/or lymphopenia: RELEASE study protocol. Trials. 2021 Oct 2;22(1):674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar