Workplace bullying and employees’ turnover intention in hospitality industry: evidence of Nepal

References

• Adil, M. S., & Baig, M. (2018). Impact of job demands-resources model on burnout and employee’s well-being: Evidence from the pharmaceutical organisations of Karachi. IIMB Management Review, 30(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2018.01.004
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, N. O. (2015). Impact of emotional exhaustions on turnover intentions: A mediating role of organizational commitment in higher education institutes of Saudi Arabia. International Journal in Economics and Business Administration, 5(3), 13–26.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Jawazneh, B. I., & Smadi, Z. M. (2017). Workplace bullying as a predictor of intention to leave among workers at the industrial organization in Jordan. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 6(1), 15–39. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v6-i1/2559
   Google Scholar
• Andrew, A., & Azharudeen, N. (2018). Emotional exhaustion and employee turnover intention. International Journal of Research, 5(1), 227–240.
   Google Scholar
• Arenas, A., Leon, J. M., & Giorgi, G. (2011). An operative measure of workplace bullying: The negative acts questionnaire across Italian companies. Industrial Health, 49(6), 686–695. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.MS1287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arif, I., Muhammad, K., Siddiqui, M., & Kazmi, S. W. (2018). Impact of workplace bullying on job performance, intention to leave, OCB and stress. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 33(1), 55–74.
   Google Scholar
• Ariza-Montes, A., Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Han, H., & Law, R. (2016). Incidence of workplace bullying among hospitality employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(4), 1116–1132. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2015-0471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshadi, N., & Shahbazi, F. (2013). Workplace characteristics and turnover Intention: Mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 640–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.618
   Google Scholar
• Arulrajah, A. A., & Azharudeen, N. (2018). The relationship among emotional demand, job demand, emotional exhaustion and turnover intention. International Business Research, 11(11), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n11p8
   Google Scholar
• Awan, R. L., Bibi, R., Liaqat, I., & Liaqat, M. (2021). Exploring workplace bullying and turnover intention among registered nurses in tertiary hospitals, Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Nursing Education, 13(2), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijone.v13i2.14636
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., Phillips, L. W., & Yi, Y. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organization research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baharom, M. N., Memon, M. A., & Salleh, R. (2016). The link between training satisfaction, work engagement and turnover intention. European Journal of Training and Development, 40(6), 407–429. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2015-0077
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Nachreiner, F., & Demerouti, E. (2001). The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
   Google Scholar
• Barker, M. C., Ramsay, S. G., & Branch, S. (2013). Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: A review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 280–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00339.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. A., & Neuman, J. H. (1998). Workplace aggression the iceberg beneath the tip of workplace violence: Evidence on its forms, frequency, and targets. Public Administration Quarterly, 21(4), 446–464.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal-Conesa, J., Briones Peñalver, N. J., & Nieto, C. D. (2017). Analysis of corporate social responsibility in Spanish agribusiness and its influence on innovation and performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(2), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthelsen, M., Skogstad, A., Lau, B., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Do they stay or do they go? A longitudinal study of intentions to leave and exclusion from working life among targets of workplace bullying. International Journal of Manpower, 32(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111130198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, J. W., Glissmeyer, M. R., & Fass, R. D. (2007). Role conflict, role ambiguity and intention to quit the organization: The case of law enforcement officers. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82–111.
   Google Scholar
• Biswakarma, G. (2019). Employees’ emotional status and service performance in hospitality industry in Nepal. SOMTU Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(1), 70–90.
   Google Scholar
• Bookstein, F. L., & Fornell, C. (1982). Two structural equation models: Lisrel and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378201900406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cafasso, J. (2019). Emotional Exhaustion: What it is and how to treat it. www.healthline.com:https://www.healthline.com/health/emotional-exhaustion
   Google Scholar
• Carmeli, A., & Weisberg, J. (2006). Exploring turnover intentions among three professional groups of employees. Human Resource Development International, 9(2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678860600616305
   Google Scholar
• Chan, S. H., & James, M. (2020). Impact of politics on emotional exhaustion, satisfaction and turnover intention. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 31(4), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Li, X., & Liu, X. (2020). The impact of workplace bullying on employees’ turnover intention: The role of self-esteem. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(10), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810003
   Google Scholar
• Coetzee, M., & Dyk, J. V. (2017). Workplace bullying and turnover intention: Exploring work engagement as a potential mediator. Psychological Reports, 121(2), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117725073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, C., Ferreira, A. I., Ferreira, P., & Oliveira, D. (2019). How daily negative affect and emotional exhaustion correlates with work engagement and presentism-constrained productivity. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desrumaux, P., Nicolas, C., & Gillet, N. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of belief in a just world and supervisor support on burnout via bullying. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2330. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devonish, D. (2017). Dangers of workplace bullying: Evidence from the Caribbean. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 9(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-05-2016-0228
   Google Scholar
• Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarsen, S., Mathisen, G. E., & Mykletun, R. (2008). The occurrences and correlates of bullying and harassment in the restaurant sector. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00602.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2020). Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Theory research and practice. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Eldeen, A. T., Barakat, M., & Dar, H. (2017). Investigating the impact of workplace bullying on employees’ morale performance and turnover intentions in five- star Egyptian hotel operations. Tourism and Travelling, 1(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.21511/tt.1(1).2017.01
   Google Scholar
• Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. The University of Akron Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fay, C., Frame, M., Kenworthy, J., & Petree, R. (2014). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(2), 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghani, U., & Razzaghian, M. (2014). Effect of workplace bullying on turnover intention of faculty members: A case of private sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Business & Economic Review, 6(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.22547/BER/6.1.2
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Mulé, E., DeGeest, D. S., Kiersch, C. E., & Mount, M. K. (2013). Gender differences in personality predictors of counterproductive behavior. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(4), 333–353. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-12-2012-0397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouthier, M. H., & Kraemer, T. (2014). How organizational pride and emotional exhaustion explain turnover intentions in call centers: A multi-group analysis with gender and organizational tenure. Journal of Service Management, 25(1), 125–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-07-2013-0173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenglass, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Introduction to special issue on burnout and health. Psychology & Health, 16(5), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grobelna, A. (2021). Emotional exhaustion and its consequences for hotel service quality: The critical role of workload and supervisor support. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 30(4), 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1841704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2017). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In M. K. Christian Homburg (Ed.), Handbook of market research (pp. 1–34). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
   Google Scholar
• HAN. (2020, 4 10). Hotel Association of Nepal. Major Infrastructures added to target “Visit Nepal year 2020. https://www.hotelassociationnepal.org.np/pdf/Hotel%20Data.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Havaei, F., MacPhee, M., & Dahinten, V. S. (2015). RNs and LPNs: Emotional exhaustion and intention to leave. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(3), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D. W., Ketchen, D. J., Jr., Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., & Calantone, R. J. (2014). Common beliefs and reality about pls: Comments on rönkkö and evermann (2013). Organizational Research Methods, 17(2), 182–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114526928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1991). Traumatic stress: A theory based on rapid loss of resources. Anxiety Research, 4(3), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/08917779108248773
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E., Dunahoo, l A., & Monnier, J. (1995). Conservation of resources and traumatic stress. In J. R. Freedy & S. E. Hobfoll (Eds.), Traumatic stress (pp. 24–47). Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E., & Wright, T. (2004). Commitment, psychological well-being and job performance: An examination of conservation of resources (COR) theory and job burnout. Journal of Business and Management, 9(4), 389–406.
   Google Scholar
• Hoel, H., & Rayner, C. (1997). A summary review of literature relating to workplace bullying. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199706)7:3<181::AID-CASP416>3.0.CO;2-Y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, R. D., & Deery, M. (2007). Turnover culture in the hospitality industry. Human Resource Management Journal, 7(4), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.1997.tb00290.x
   Google Scholar
• Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., & Hidzir, N. I. (2020). Indirect effect of workplace bullying on emotional exhaustion through job insecurity among Malaysian workers: The buffering role of religion. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(7), 1325–1342. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-11-2018-0182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jannoo, Z., Auchoybur, N., Lazim, M. A., & Yap, B. W. (2014). The effect of non-normality on CB-SEM and PLS-SEM path estimates. International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering, 8(2), 29–35.
   Google Scholar
• Jha, K. C., & Rijal, N. (2022). Study on employment creation by hotel industries: A case of five star hotels of Kathmandu. Available at SSRN 3999463
   Google Scholar
• Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2007). Conflict, exhaustion, and motivation: A study of frontline employees in Northern Cyprus hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(3), 645–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2006.05.006
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. (2011). Book review of principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kõiv, K., Meriläinen, M., & Nissinen, P. (2019). Intention to leave among bullied university personnel. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(7), 1686–1704. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-01-2018-0038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang, H.-L. (2021). Does workplace bullying produce employee voice and physical health issues? Testing the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 610944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin & Wynne, W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling in modern methods for business research. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 8(2), 295–336.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P., & Tett, R. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path Analyse based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, P., Pandey, C., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchel, J. O. (1981). The effect of intentions, tenure, personal, and organizational variables on managerial turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 24(4), 742–751. https://doi.org/10.2307/256173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work & Stress, 26(4), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, D. L. (2020). Workplace bullying: An impact assessment. International Research Journal of Management and Commerce, 10–22.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, Y.-C., Chen, L.-J., Chang, C.-C., & Zhuang, W.-L. (2016). Workplace bullying and workplace deviance: The mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and the moderating effect of core self-evaluations. Employee Relations, 38(5), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2016-0014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, M., & Walker, J. (2018). The impact of workplace bullying. Association of workplace investigation Journal, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Redmond, M. V. (2015). Social exchange theory (p. 36)[English Technical Reports and White Papers]. Iowa State University.
   Google Scholar
• Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Editor’s comments: A critical look at the use of pls-sem in "mis quarterly". MIS Quarterly, 36(1), iii–xiv. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringle, C. M., Souza Bido, D. d., & Silva, D. d. (2014). Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 13(2), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v13i2.2717
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Antino, M., León-Pérez, J. M., & Ruiz-Zorrilla, P. (2022). Workplace bullying, emotional exhaustion, and partner social undermining: A weekly diary study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5–6), NP3650–NP3666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520933031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin, D., & Notelaers, G. (2017). The effect of exposure to bullying on turnover intentions: The role of perceived psychological contract violation and benevolent behaviour. Work & Stress, 31(4), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1330780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In Handbook of market research (pp. 587–632). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha, P., & Yukongdi, V. (2020). The Influence of affective commitment, job satisfaction and job stress on turnover intention: A study of nepalese bank employees. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 5(1), 88–98.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava, S., & Agarwal, S. (2020). Workplace bullying and intention to leave: A moderated mediation model of emotional exhaustion and supervisory support. Employee Relations, 42(6), 1547–1563. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2019-0293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, G., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using effect size—Or why the p value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4(3), 279–282. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanova, C., & Nadiri, H. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, jobsatisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior inhospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanova, C., & Said, H. (2021). Workplace bullying in the hospitality industry: A hindrance to the employee mindfulness state and a source of emotional exhaustion. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 102961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, S. T., Nguyen, D., & Bentley, T. (2019). Psychosocial work environment, work engagement, and employee commitment: A moderated, mediation model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibault, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Townend, A. (2008). Understanding and addressing bullying in the workplace. Industrial and Commercial Training, 40(5), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850810886522
   Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe, C., & Marchand, C. (2016). Perceived organizational support, emotional exhaustion, and turnover: The moderating role of negative affectivity. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(4), 350–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartia, M. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workplace Bullying Institute. (n.d.). https://workplacebullying.org/
   Google Scholar
• Wu, T.-Y., & Hu, C. (2009). Abusive supervision and employee emotional exhaustion: Dispositional antecedents and boundaries. Group & Organization Management, 34(2), 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601108331217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, W. (2017). Association between emotional labor, emotional exhaustion and turnover intention-A study of nurses in china. ISCTE Business School.
   Google Scholar